OF  THE 

U N I VLR.S  ITY 
Of  ILLINOIS 


331.8 

P>33X. 

* b 


LABOR’S  HARD  TIMES 
SCHOOL 


A VOLUME  OF  INTEREST  TO  EVERY 
WAGE  EARNER 
and 

TO  EVERY  EMPLOYER. 


Founded  on  the  Scriptural  Injunction, 

*Xbe  Eaborcr  i$  worthy  of  l)i$  biro/' 


By  geo.  H.  REYNOLDS 


ILLUSTRATED. 


PUBLISHED  ONLY  BY 

WABASH  PUBLISHING  HOUSE, 
Chicago,  III. 


A copy  of  this  book  can  be  obtained  only  from  the 


WABASH  PUBLISHING  HOUSE 
Or  its  Authorized  Agents. 

Sent  prepaid  for  $1.50. 


Copyrighted,  1897, 
by 

Wabash  Publishing  House. 
All  rights  reserved. 


'^^ADGE 


I 

c I I 


S 


that  great  army  to  whose  genius, 
Vl^  energy  and  activity  the  phenomenal 
progress  of  our  beloved  country  is  due, 
the  sellers  of  day^s  works,  this  volume  is 
dedicated. 

GEO.  H.  REYNOLDS. 


-i. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://ar6hive.org/details/laborshardtimess00reyn 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

Our  country  and  our  flag,  which  are  simply  our 
people,  are  quite  safe  when  the  masses  use  their  rea- 
soning faculties  and  in  the  broadest  and  best  sense 
follow  in  lines  politically  and  otherwise  that  have 
been  well  thought  out. 

An  individual  may  find  a special  delight  in  doing 
wrong,  and  in  going  wrong,  and  may  have  a follow- 
ing of  his  own  class  and  kind  who  ignore  all  conse- 
quences and  ends,  and  many  people  well  inclined 
fall  into  the  habit  without  enquiry  of  rendering 
support  to  the  sentiments  of  such  classes. 

While  the  lessons  following  cover  but  a fractional 
part  of  the  broad  field  of  our  industries,  we  feel  jus- 
tified in  claiming  that  the  points  made  in  the  few 
that  have  been  considered  and  discussed,  will  enable 
many  of  our  wage-earning  masses  who  desire  sub- 
stantial results  to  discover  the  intrigue  of  many  of 
our  flowery  and  polished  intriguers. 

The  American  workingman  is  ever  full  of  ears  for 
the  self-constituted  hero  who  in  a brass  band  voice 
offers  something  for  nothing,  and  later,  when  the 
strained  labor  seller  to  his  sorrow  has  learned  that 
on  the  lines  proposed  he  has  accepted  nothing  and 
exchanged  something  for  it,  instead  of  charging  his 
discomforts  to  the  false  prophet,  listens  to  him 
again  when  he  comes  claiming  that  his  medicine 
should  have  been  taken  in  stronger  and  more  heroic 
doses. 

It  is  these  features  of  the  wage-earners’  interests 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


that  in  an  indirect  way  we  have  aimed  to  treat.  We 
have  endeavored  to  show  why  we  have  had  hard 
times,  and  why  the  sorrow,  strife  and  want  of  the 
past  few  years.  As  well  have  we  endeavored  to 
point  the  way  to  relief  that  we  believe  can  become  in 
a large  measure  permanent,  subject,  of  course,  to  in- 
fluences that  tend  to  swell  and  broaden  at  times,  and 
to  be  less  promising  at  others,  but  in  reality  will  for- 
bid such  stringencies  and  perils  as  we  have  had  occa- 
sion to  battle  with  the  last  four  years. 

If  there  is  any  class  of  citizens  among  us  who  can- 
not afford  to  make  errors  it  is  our  sellers  of  days’ 
work,  whether  by  the  day,  week,  month  or  year,  and 
yet  they  are  the  very  first  that  the  conniving  parti- 
san smiles  upon,  and  attempts  to  bring  within  reach 
of  his  clamrny  grasp.  To  avoid  error,  and  so  far  as 
possible  shun  labor’s  enemy  should  be  the  wage- 
earner’s  study,  remembering  that  the  most  dangerous 
possible  enemy  is  one  in  the  disguise  of  a friend. 

The  following  lessons  undertake  to  draw  the  seller 
of  labor  close  to  his  own  interests.  And  as  faith- 
fully do  they  undertake  to  show  that  when  labor  is 
hurt  the  vital  interests  of  our  whole  country  are  hurt. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


9 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Knowledge  is  the  mould  in  which  must  be  cast  the 
character  and  value  of  every  country  that  turns  its 
face  to  the  Suh. 

Knowledge  is  the  parent  of  every  artificial  foun- 
dation and  every  superstructure  that  does  or  will 
grace  this  earth. 

“ Knowledge  is  an  increase  of  human  production.” 

“Knowledge  is  obedience  to  law.” 

“Knowledge  is  peace.” 

“ Knowledge  is  money.” 

Knowledge  is  what  we  know,  not  what  we  guess  at. 

What  proportion  of  those  claiming  distinction  as 
teachers  and  leaders  are  free  from  a blind  prejudice 
upon  subjects  and  questions  that  are  fads  with  them? 

Prejudice  may  be  inspired  by  selfish  motives  or  it 
may  be  inherited;  in  either  event  it  will  be  time 
wasted  to  combat  it,  except  in  the  former  it  may  be 
classed  as  commercial  integrity,  a commodity  on  the 
market  which  can  be  turned,  provided  you  choose  to 
pay  the  price.  Labor’s  Hard  Times  School  does  not 
even  hope  to  have  any  effect  upon  any  prejudice 
that  is  blind  except  to  rob  it  of  its  pernicious  and 
unpardonable  influence.  In  our  classes  we  shall  so 
far  as  is  possible  endeavor  to  instruct  by  demonstra- 
tion as  near  the  occular  as  words  can  make  it,  and 
those  who  believe  and  are  willing  to  admii  that  a 
fact  is  the  truth  and  that  the  truth  is  a fact,  w^'  hope 
to  benefit. 


i8 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School* 


LESSON  I. 

Labor.  Mr.  Jackson,  you  are  a worker  in  the  glass 
industry.  I will  call  on  you  first  in  opening  this 
school  to  please  tell  us  what  labor  is. 

Mr.  Jackson.  Labor  is  what  I have  to  sell. 

Labor.  Is  labor  all  you  have  to  sell? 

Mr.  Jackson:  Yes,  sir;  it  is  all  I have  to  dispose 
of;  not  a thing  else  is  there  in  my  possession  that  I 
can  command  a penny  for. 

Labor.  What  is  the  chief  commodity  in  manu- 
factured glass? 

Mr.  Jackson.  Labor, — it  is  practically  all  labor„ 

Labor,  Yes,  but  an  observer  would  call  it  glass. 

Mr.  Jackso7i.  Certainly,  but  it  is  wrongly  named. 
Mr.  Observer  can  as  well  call  it  sand,  but  when  you 
compare  the  value  of  the  sand  with  labor  does  not 
the  sand  lose  its  rights?  The  digging,  hauling  and 
freighting  the  sand,  which  is  paid  labor,  is  worth 
many  times  what  the  sand  was  before  it  was  moved. 

Of  course,  Mr.  Labor,  everything,  by  necessity,  has 
to  have  a name  and  that  without  recognizing  the 
labor  it  contains.  Everything  is,  quite  all  of  it  labor, 
but  by  custom  when  looking  at  a finished  article  or 
product  we  do  not  see  or  take  heed  of  the  days  works 
it  contains,  any  more  than  we  see  the  air  we  breathe, 
but  if  we  stop  to  think  we  know  the  days  works  are 
there.  I predict  nojv,  in  the  very  first  lesson  in  this 
school,  that  you  will  not  be  able  to  find  a product 
that  its  value  is  not  from  seven  to  nine-tenths  of  it 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  iq 

days  works  that  have  been  paid  for.  Exceptions 
may  be  cited,  but  if  they  are  it  will  be  like  finding  a 
swarm  of  bees  when  chopping  in  the  woods,  and 
with  but  little  effort  securing  the  honey;  but  if  the 
bees  are  hunted  for  the  honey,  when  gotten,  will  rep- 
resent labor  performed. 

Some  things  may  contain  an  extravagant  profit, 
but  if  they  do  it  will  be  at  the  expense  of  patience, 
time  and  hazard  in  disposing  of  them,  which  is  one 
kind  of  labor.  All  that  is  produced  through  care 
and  attention,  requiring  any  time  whatever,  is  labor 
of  its  kind. 

The  field  of  labor  is  so  broad  I could  not  define  it 
to  suit  myself,  and  I am  conscious  that  any  effort  I 
might  make  would  hold  but  little  satisfaction  for 
those  present.  I might  talk  a long  time  about  the 
manufacture  of  glass  yet  one  who  had  listened  to  me 
could  spend  thirty  minutes  in  some  glass  works  and 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  I had  hardly  referred  to 
the  subject. 

Labor,  - All  we  desire,  Mr.  Jackson,  relative  to  the 
manufacture  of  glass  is  to  gather  some  idea  as  to 
what  share  of  the  finished  product  belongs  to  labor. 
We  do  not  care  for  data  or  detail,  or  for  particulars. 
If  any  of  us  need  to  know  all  about  making  glass  we 
can  go  to  some  glass  works,  as  you  have  suggested, 
and  see  and  learn  what  it  would  be  very  difficult  for 
you  to  impart  by  word  of  mouth. 

Mr.  Jackson.  All  the  ingredients  used  in  making 
glass  traced  back  to  their  raw  state,  Mr.  Labor,  like 
the  sand,  contain  but  a trifle  of  value.  It  is  not  until 
the  hands  of  toil  have  transformed  them  into  pro- 
ducts called  material,  and  money  paid  for  such 
labor,  that  they  represent  any  special  value  or 


20 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


worth,  the  same  as  handling  the  sand  puts  value  into 
it.  Hence,  up  to  the  point  of  beginning  the  manu- 
facture of  glass,  we  must  make  due  allowance  for 
the  labor  the  material  we  begin  with  contains. 

The  first  process  is  to  purify  the  material,  which  is 
labor.  After  being  purified,  labor  places  it  into  a 
furnace  or  calcar,  to  be  calcined.  This  is  called 
fritting,  all  of  which  is  labor.  The  substance  when 
taken  out  in  a soft  and  yielding  state  is  cut  in 
chunks  which  soon  harden.  These  are  piled  away 
as  a product,  having  advanced  a step  further  and 
into  another  form,  but  are  still  called  material.  All 
this  is  accomplished  by  days  work,  Mr.  Labor,  and 
it  is  plain  enough  that  the  material  has  taken  on 
value  equal  to  the  cost  of  the  days  works  it  contains. 
This  material,  when  melted  again  by  labor,  is  formed 
into  all  kinds  of  designs,  up  to  the  limit  of  weaving 
it  into  cloth  for  a dress.  Some  of  it  is  cast  and  some 
of  it  is  blown;  but  regardless  of  the  forms  it  has  been 
made  to  assume  it  has  all  been  wrought  by  hands 
earning  wages,  either  by  the  day,  by  the  week  or  by 
the  piece. 

I would  not  have  you  infer,  Mr.  Labor,  from  the 
remark  I made  that  glass  cloth  has  become  a staple 
product.  It  was  for  the  novelty  of  showing  what 
could  be  done  with  glass  thread  that  cloth  has  been 
woven  from  it  and  a dress  made. 

It  is  wonderful  what  can  be  made  of  glass  in  the 
way  of  ornament,  as  well  as  goods  of  utility. 

Glass  vessels,  when  formed  complete,  are  placed 
in  the  annealing  oven,  where  they  are  heated  and 
then  very  gradually  cooled,  otherwise  they  would 
not  stand  changes  of  temperature,  or  handling  with- 
out breaking,  etc. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


21 


The  weight  and  size  of  glass  articles  cause  a vari- 
ance of  from  six  to  sixty  hours  in  annealing.  All  the 
process  requires  strict  care  and  attention,  which  is 
labor  that  must  be  remunerated. 

The  grinding,  polishing  and  squaring  plate  glass 
is  all  labor.  To  make  a mirror  is  days  works, 
and  the  additional  material  required  is  composed  in 
value  of  days  works.  Should  you  ask  me,  Mr.  Labor, 
to  tell  you  the  value  in  glass  after  the  days  works 
has  been  taken  out  of  it,  I would  be  compelled  to 
cite  you  to  the  value  of  the  sand  that  is  at  rest  on 
the  shores  of  the  sea.  This  citation  may  appear 
slightly  strained  when  the  coal  and  coke  used  are 
considered,  but  take  the  labor  out  of  them  and  place 
the  other  ingredients  required  back  into  the  earth 
and  the  strained  appearance  will  quite  disappear. 

I shall  claim,  Mr.  Labor,  that  while  certain  ingre- 
dients and  properties  are  required  to  manufacture 
glass,  the  only  real  thing  of  value  it  contains  is 
days  works. 

Before  I take  my  seat,  Mr.  Labor,  I want  to  con- 
demn the  practice  of  our  country  buying  abroad 
from  six  to  nine  million  dollars  worth  of  glassware 
yearly.  How  would  I look  buying  foreign  glassware 
to  equip  my  house,  and  thus  forbid  my  making  just 
that  amount  of  glass?  When  out  of  employment, 
on  this  principle,  which  means  no  food  for  me  or 
mine,  would  I be  entitled  to  any  sympathy  or 
charity? 

Then,  why  should  I buy  a foreign  made  clock, 
send  my  money  to  the  workmen  on  the  other  side  of 
the  deep,  and  thus  forbid  the  clockmaker  in  the 
United  States  having  that  money  to  buy  the  glass- 
ware I make? 


22 


Labors'  Hard  Times  School. 


The  man  who  has  built  a row  of  houses  and  de- 
manded that  the  glass  used  should  be  of  foreign 
make  ought  to  fail  to  sell  or  rent  them.  How  could 
I pay  him  rent,  or  buy  one  of  his  houses,  if  he  sends 
the  money  I ought  to  have  out  of  our  country? 

We  glass  workers,  Mr.  Labor,  can  make  all  the 
glass  our  country  needs,  and  if  our  people  send  in 
one  year  eight  million  dollars  to  other  countries  for 
glass  and  glass  goods  we  sellers  of  days  work  in  that 
line  will  have  fully  six  million  dollars  less  money  to 
spend  in  our  own  markets,  and  the  other  two  million 
dollars  would  fall  in  other  hands  in  this  country  and 
thus  increase  our  market. 

Every  seller  of  days  works  in  every  other  industry 
in  the  United  States  is  to  some  degree  interested  in 
us  sellers  of  days  works  in  making  glass  having  this 
six  million  dollars  that  goes  abroad,  because  when 
we  have  that  money  we  are  stronger  patrons  of  labor 
in  all  other  industries  to  just  the  extent  of  that  six 
million  dollars. 

Can  I word  this  any  plainer,  Mr.  Labor?  I hope 
the  point  I make  will  not  be  missed.  There  is  a 
great  principle  involved.  On  the  one  hand  it  holds 
plenty  for  the  American  wage  earner,  while  on  the 
other  hand  it  holds  hunger  and  want. 

I thank  you,  Mr.  Labor,  for  the  compliment  of  the 
first  lesson.  I hope  that  what  will  follow  in  this 
school  will  be  clearer  and  straighter  from  the 
shoulder  than  what  I have  said. 

Don’t  let  any  hesitate  for  fear  of  the  charge  of  re- 
peating. Iterate  and  reiterate  until  every  seller  of 
days  works  and  every  other  citizen  recognizes  the 
importance  of  the  sellers  in  this  country  finding  a 
market  for  their  days  works,  and  keeping  those 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


23 


24 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


wages  in  circulation  here  in  the  United  States. 

It  is  plain  that  our  money  cannot  be  in  circulation 
in  foreign  countries  and  here  at  home  at  the  same 
time.  If  our  money  goes  abroad  to  buy  glass  I can- 
not hope  to  find  employment  to  make  glass  here 
where  I want  to  live. 

I earnestly  hope  this  feature  will  be  kept  in  front 
of  this  class  on  every  product  that  shall  be  con- 
sidered. 

Labor,  Your  request  is  important,  Mr.  Jackson, 
and  I hope  it  will  not  be  lost  sight  of. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


2 S' 


LESSON  11. 

A gentleman  on  his  feet,  waving  his  hand,  secures 
Labor’s  attention,  and  addresses  him  in  the  follow- 
ing words: 

“ I am  a coal  mirier,  Mr.  Labor;  my  name  is  Slo- 
cum. With  your  permission,  I would  like  to  say  a 
word  with  relation  to  our  dreary  and  hazardous 
branch  of  toil.’- 

Labor.  Very  good,  Mr.  Slocum.  Yours  must 
truly  be  a life  of  toil,  burdened  with  risk  and 
venture,  requiring  a special  courage  in  forsaking  the 
sunshine  to  do  battle  for  bread  with  all  that  is 
gloomy  and  dismal.  We  shall  listen  to  you  with 
much  interest. 

Mr.  Slocum.  It  is  so  thoroughly  understood  that 
coal  represents  days  works  and  little  else,  that  I need 
not  consume  any  of  your  valuable  time  in  attempt- 
ing to  establish  that  fact.  An  incident  in  proof  that 
occurred  not  so  long  ago,  however,  might  not  be  out 
of  place  here.  A mine  owner  could  not  pay  the  price 
our  miners  demanded  per  ton  for  taking  out  the 
coal,  and  made  a settlement  with  them  by  giving  the 
miners  all  the  coal  they  took  out,  provided  the  latter 
would  keep  the  mine  in  good  order,  free  from  ac- 
cumulation of  water,  etc.  To  this,  of  course,  our 
people  could  take  no  exception,  and  by  force  of  cir- 
cumstances accepted  the  proposition.  The  result 
was  that  the  miners  realized  five  cents  per  ton  less 


26 


1>AB0RS’  Hard  Times  School. 


for  the  coal  than  they  demanded  from  the  owner  of 
the  mine  for  mining  it. 

Of  course,  a mine  owner  could  not  afford  to  con- 
tinue such  methods  very  long,  neither  could  he 
profitably  allow  his  mine  to  fill  with  water  and  get 
out  of  repair  generally.  He  was,  naturally  enough, 
waiting  and  hoping  for  conditions  to  change.  What 
were  the  then  present  or  past  conditions,  Mr.  Labor? 

Labor.  Undoubtedly,  Mr.  Slocum,  the  trouble  was 
due  to  the  fact  that,  including  the  whole  country, 
too  much  coal  was  being  mined  and  placed  on  the 
market. 

Mr.  Slocum.  You  have  named  the  very  fault,  Mr. 
Labor.  If  the  market  could  take  the  coal,  the  mine 
owners  and  we  miners  would,  if  possible  to  do  so, 
take  every  pound  of  coal  out  of  the  bowels  of  the 
earth  in  one  week. 

Labor.  Such  an  event  as  that  would  wreck  the 
world  with  our  present  preparation,  Mr.  Slocum. 

Mr.  Slocum.  We  miners  ^nd  the  mine  owners 
would  not  stop  to  think  about  the  wreck.  If  we  could 
get  the  coal  all  out  in  one  week  and  sell  it  we  would 
do  it,  and  this  very  disposition,  Mr.  Labor,  in  the 
coal  industry,  is  the  cause  of  the  starvation  wages 
many  of  us  miners  are  victims  of.  The  burden  all 
falls  back  on  us.  Everything,  virtually,  is  out  of  it 
already  except  labor;  that  is  the  only  thing  left 
where  a' cut  may  be  made,  as  was  evidenced  by  the 
owner  who  gave  the  miners  the  coal  for  taking  it 
out,  and  their  remuneration  in  the  end  was  five  cents 
per  ton  less  than  they  asked  him  for  mining  it. 

Labor.  Is  there  any  remedy  for  such  a condition, 
Mr.  Slocum? 

Mr.  Slocum.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  there  is  a remedy. 


Labors’  Haro  Times  School. 


V 


but  the  people  are  not  ready  to  submit  to  it;  but  it 
must  come,  and  time  will  bring  it. 

Labor.  What  is  the  remedy? 

Mr.  Slocum.  Kick  off  the  face  of  the  earth  that 
old  motto  that  competition  is  the  life  of  trade.  Com- 
petition today,  Mr.  Labor,  is  the  ruination  of  busi- 
ness, and  the  man  who  in  the  end  bears  the  burden 
is  the  seller  of  days  works,  as  was  made  manifest  and 
clear  again  in  our  branch  of  toil  when  the  mine  owner 
offered  the  diggers  his  mine  to  make  what  they  could 
out  of  it.  “Competition  is  the  life  of  trade”  might  have 
been  good  enough  as  a motto  long  ago,  but  like  many 
other  things  it  has  served  its  time  and  now  belongs 
to  the  scrap  pile  with  the  old  stage  coach,  ox  cart 
and  wooden  plow.  A plan  or  method  should  be 
sought  out  whereby  competition  can  be  regulated, 
Mr.Labor.  Open  competition  has  resolved  itself  into 
a bitter  fight  in  which  individuals  are,  in  a financial 
sense’,  trying  to  exterminate  each  other.  First,  the 
profits  in  nearly  all  industries,  as  in  coal,  are  elim- 
inated, and  the  next  and  only  available  step  towards 
lower  prices  is  to  reduce  wages. 

Labor.  We  are  a free  people,  Mr,  Slocum,  and 
every  person  is  supposed  to  manage  his  business  to 
suit  himself. 

Mr.  Slocum.  I do  not  agree  with  you,  Mr.  Labor. 
A man’s  business  may  be  open  thievery.  We  have 
laws  to  punish  that.  No  man  has  any  right  to 
take  from  me  stealthily,  or  in  any  other  way,  what 
is  my  own,  and  I believe  when  any  system  in  vogue 
keeps  full  pay  from  me  which  is  my  own,  the  system 
is  worse  than  the  thief,  for  I can  watch  the  latter  and 
head  him  off.  A man’s  full  rights  in  what  is  his  own 
is  a proper  and  good  sentiment,  but  those  rights 


28  ^../vUORS’  Hard  Times  School. 

should  not  be  broad  enough  to  allow  that  man  to 
absorb  me  and  thousands  of  others.  Do  not  take  it, 
Mr.  Labor,  that  I am  making  charges  against  indi- 
viduals. I am  arraigning  the  policy  which  individ- 
ual business  men  become  victims  of  and  which  forces 
them  to  do  things  they  abhor  themselves.  Public 
sentiment  says  that  we  must  have  open  competition, 
and  anything  short  of  that  is  combine.  I say  any 
law  that  prevents  business  men  in  any  branch  con-' 
ferring  with  the  view  of  making  the  line  of  business 
they  are  engaged  in  one  of  safety,  and  denies  such 
men  the  right  to  arrange  prices  and  output,  is  war- 
ranting a continuance  of  the  deplorable  statistics 
that  95  per  cent,  of  our  business  men  fail  to  succeed. 
Look  at  the  industry  where  I sell  my  days  works, 
Mr.  Labor.  What  can  be  plainer  than  that  the  prices 
and  output  should  be  regulated,  but  you  let  the  price 
of  coal  be  put  up  25  cents  a ton  and  what  a cry  of 
coal  combine  there  would  be,  even  though  we  miners 
should  get  twenty  cents  per  ton  of  the  raise,  and  the 
mine  owners  the  other  five  cents. 

Labor,  Do  you  think,  Mr.  Slocum,  if  coal  should 
sell  at  a higher  figure  that  the  miners  would  be  better 
paid? 

Mr,  Slocum,  The  mine  owner  cannot  pay  the  miner 
any  more  for  digging  the  coal  than  he  sells  it  for 
net  after  paying  freights,  can  he,  Mr.  Labor? 

Labor,  No,  certainly  not;  but  why  have  the  mine 
owners  allowed  the  price  to  drop  so  low? 

Mr,  Slocum.  Over  production,  open  competition 
and  the  keen  purchasing  agents  of  the  railroads  have 
done  it  all,  and  our  laws  forbid  the  mine  owners 
regulating  any  of  these  questions,  and  the  result  is 
that  we  miners  are  digging  coal  for  from  ten  to 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


>9 


twenty-five  cents  a ton  less  than  we  ought  to  have. 

Labor,  What  do  you  mean  by  the  keen  railroad 
purchasing  agent,  Mr.  Slocum? 

Mr,  Slocum,  It  will  only  be  the  smaller  railroads 
that  do  not  buy  fully  one  million  dollars  worth  of 
coal,  if  not  more,  each  year.  To  do  this  they  en^ploy 
the  keenest  kind  of  a man,  who  is  called  the  railroad 
fuel  agent.  The  position  is  a good  one,  and  the  man 
filling  it  endeavors  to  give  the  best  satisfaction  pos- 
sible to  the  company  and  the  men  over  him.  Should 
he  be  a new  man  in  the  position  he'  will  strive  to  beat 
the  record  of  the  man  he  succeeds,  while  if  an  old 
employee  in  the  place  he  fills  you  will  find  him 
straining  diligently  to  beat  his  own  record,  or  the 
record  of  some  fuel  agent  on  some  other  road.  Open 
competition  between  purchasing  agents,  you  see, 
Mr.  Labor.  Of  course  there  is  no  law  preventing  the 
fuel  agents  of  all  the  railroads  combining  regardless 
of  how  hard  we  miners  get  hit.  I do  not  charge, 
Mr.  Labor,  that  the  fuel  agents  of  the  various  roads 
ever  confer,  or  have  any  understanding  among  them- 
selves, but  if  they  do  the  law  will  protect  them.  I 
do  charge,  though,  that  as  an  expert  artist  touches 
up  his  picture,  the  fuel  agent  touches  up  the  mine 
owner  and  seller  of  coal.  Open  competition  sends 
all  the  sellers  to  him,  and  the  same  close  scrutiny 
that  tells  the  artist  where  to  land  another  stroke  of 
the  brush,  admonishes  the  fuel  agent  when  his  op- 
portunity has  come,  all  of  which  he  proceeds  to  im- 
prove. In  a word,  Mr.  Labor,  the  railroad  companies’ 
fuel  agents  become  experts  in  buying  and  are  the 
men  who  largely  make  the  price  of  coal,  and  the  only 
possible  remedy  is  for  the  mine  owners  to  arrange 
prices  between  themselves  below  which  they  will  not 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


3c 


go,  and  to  estimate  what  the  demand  for  coal  will 
be,  and  then  take  out  no  more  than  will  be  consumed. 

Labor,  Such  a course,  Mr.  Slocum,  would  possibly 
not  employ  all  the  miners. 

Mr.  Slocum.  We  would  soon  learn  then  how  many 
miners  could  depend  on  steady  employment,  and 
such  as  were  thrown  out  would  see  that  they  must 
look  for  work  in  some  other  field  of  labor.  Were  I 
one  I would  be  content  under  such  circumstances  to 
seek  some  other  mode  of  earning  my  living. 

Labor.  Then,  you  think,  Mr.  Slocum,  that  the  mine 
owners  ought  to  arrange  prices  among  themselves 
for  the  heavy  buyers,  such  as  railroads,  etc.? 

Mr.  Slocum.  What  show  have  the  mine  owners, 
pitted  separately  against  one  shrewd  buyer  of  years 
of  experience  in  his  line? 

Labor.  Wouldn’t  their  combining  in  that  way  have 
a bad  look  on  the  face  of  it? 

Mr.  Slocum.  In  keeping  with  past  customs,  it  would 
look  bad,  but  how  does  it  look  to  see  fifty  men  the 
victims  of  one  man,  and  when  you  add  us  miners, 
where  the  blow  hits  last  and  hurts  the  most,  it  is 
thousands  to  one,  and  all  of  us  practically  subjects 
of  his  mercy.  Let  the  mine  owners  select  one  man 
just  as  smart  as  the  railroad  companies’  purchasing 
agents,  and  then  let  them  loose  at  each  other,  and 
allow  them  both  to  become  experts,  one  in  selling 
and  the  other  in  buying,  arrange  their  prices  and 
publish  them  with  no  cards  up  their  sleeves.  Let  us 
workers  under  the  ground  have  full  pay  for  our  toil 
and  risk,  and  allow  the  owner  something  for  his 
property.  Any  condition  which  forces  the  owner  of 
a good  mine  to  say  to  the  miners:  “Boys,  take  the 
coal  out  and  sell  it  for  what  you  can  and  keep  the 


Labors’  Hard  Timrs  School. 


31 


money,”  is  deplorable,  out  under  the  present  cus- 
toms and  laws  that  is  about  the  condition  we  are  in. 
We  men,  ourselves,  Mr.  Labor,  are  very  much  to 
blame  that  uniformly  we  do  not  get  better  pay. 
Some  railroad  company  will  offer  to  contract  a large 
amount  of  coal  with  an  owner,  naming  a price.  The 
latter  goes  to  his  miners  and  tells  them  by  reducing 
their  pay  to  a given  figure  he  can  fill  this  contract 
and  give  them  steady  work.  The  miners  foolishly 
consent,  never  stopping  to  think  that  such  a step  on 
their  part  makes  a new  price  for  coal  that  other  mine 
owners  will  be  forced  to  meet,  and  cause  a fight  for 
lower  wages  all  along  the  line.  The  man  I am  work- 
ing for  is  bound  in  self-defence  to  come  to  me  and 
say,  ^‘In  such  and  such  a mine  the  men  are  working 
for  less  pay  and  unless  we  can  meet  the  price  we 
shall  have  to  shut  down.”  Then  with  me  it  is  a case 
of  out  of  work  or  less  pay,  and  in  place  of  the  mine 
owners  being  to  blame  for  the  cut,  it  is  the  fault  of 
our  own  men.  This  all  traces  back,  Mr.  Labor,  to 
the  shrewd  railroad  purchasing  agent.  He  can  tell 
the  color  of  shirt  the  seller  wore  last  year,  and  the 
color  he  will  wear  next  year.  Even  though  he  never 
saw  him  before,  he  can  discover  what  the  seller  goes 
home  and  tells  his  wife,  and  what  he  ought  to  go 
home  and  tell  her.  He  has  combined  against  thous- 
ands of  our  meal  chests,  which  are  always  scanty 
enough,  but  the  people  and  our  laws  say  the  sellers 
must  not  combine  against  the  fuel  agent. 

Labor.  You  will  continue,  Mr.  Slocum,  until  you 
convert  me  to  your  line  of  thinking,  I fear.  I begin 
to  recognize  the  power  in  the  market  of  skilled  and 
extensive  buyers,  and  I can  see  that  it  is  possible, 
when  sellers  are  anxious  and  not  in  harmony,  for 


32 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


such  buyers  to  send  hardships  where  they  should 
not  go. 

Mr.  Slocum.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  we  miners  have  hard- 
ships in  plenty  without  any  being  specially  sent,  and 
I shall  be  glad,  indeed,  when  everybody  is  converted 
to  the  principle  of  a willingness  to  pay  a price  that 
holds  a comfortable  living  to  those  who  produce 
it  for  what  he  requires.  The  head  of  a mine  said  to 
me  a few  days  ago  that  these  low  prices  did  untold 
harm.  On  one  hand  it  meant  starvation  and  on  the 
other  hand  it  meant  change  of  ownership.  I feel 
that  the  Government  ought  to  step  in  and  regulate 
the  whole  thing.  The  present  public  owes  to  any 
given  class  a fair  living,  and  manifestly  it  owes  to 
future  generations  that  no  coal  shall  be  wasted  now. 

Labor.  No  doubt,  Mr.  Slocum,  there  is  an  obliga- 
tion in  the  sense  you  cite,  resting  upon  us  to  future 
generations,  and  some  regulation  as  to  the  output  of 
coal  could  do  no  harm. 

Mr.  Slocum.  The  law  could  allow  the  mine  owners 
to  arrange  all  this  among  themselves,  to  say  the 
least,  without  the  cry  of  combine  being  thrust  at  us 
on  every  turn.  I like  one  thing  about  it,  anyway; 
they  all  think  so  much  of  our  votes  they  don’t  dare 
say  a word  to  us  miners  about  combine.  All  we  need 
is  to  do  what  is  right  and  know  enough  to  hang  to- 
gether and  the  people  will  be  with  us  all  the  time,  and 
the  mine  owners  will  be  with  us,  too,  if  we  treat  them 
all  alike.  I do  not  believe  but  the  consumers  would 
rather  pay  a good  price  for  coal  than  to  feel  that  a 
large  class  of  men  like  us  miners  are  living  the  clos~ 
est  kind  of  a pinched  life.  Anyway,  we  do  not  owe 
the  people  that  much,  neither  do  any  class  of  sellers 
of  days  works  in  any  of  our  industries.  You  can  add 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School, 


3.^ 


coal  as  one  more  product,  Mr.  Labor,  in  which 
days  works  are  about  all  that  can  be  found  and  they 
are  days  works  of  the  solid  kind,  too. 


Labors’  Hard  Timrs  School. 


3>- 


LESSON  III. 

Labor,  Are  you  ready,  Mr.  Horton,  to  tell  us 
your  experience  in  country  merchandizing?  Receiv- 
ing an  answer  in  the  affirmative.  Labor  adds: 

“I  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  Mr.  Horton. 

No  doubt  many  members  of  the  class  have  made 
the  gentleman’s  acquaintance  ere  this.” 

Mr.  Horton.  I want  to  assert  ^rst,  Mr.  Labor,  that 
in  looking  back  upon  thirty  years  devoted  to  the 
mercantile  trade  the  most  striking  element  that  con- 
fronts me  is  the  necessary  toil  I have  contributed 
during  that  time. 

You  will  pardon  me  for  interrupting,  Mr. 
Horton.  We  laboring  people  have  not  taken  the 
view  that  the  country  merchant,  or  any  other  mer- 
chant, if  you  please,  thought  of  classing  his  calling 
as  one  of  labor. 

Mr.  Horto7i.  That  is  just  where  the  sellers  of  “days 
works,”  as  the  term  is  commonly  accepted,  do  us  an 
injustice.  I have  simply  been  a seller  of  days  works 
to  myself  for  years,  and  I have  been  out  of  patience 
with  the  man  who  paid  me  a thousand  times. 

I have  worked  early  and  late  all  these  years,  rarely 
ever  failing  to  be  the  first  and  last  person  at  my 
place  of  business.  I cannot  conceive  of  any  seller  of 
days  works  who  has  uniformly,  from  the  demands  of 
his  toil,  been -so  late  to  bed  as  I,  or  who  has  as  a rule 
gone  to  bed  so  tired  and  exhausted  as  I have. 

My  whole  life,  Mr.  Labor,  has  been  one  unceasing 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


35 


round  of  work,  work,  work,  and  for  the  most  unsat- 
isfactory paymaster  a man  can  meet,  and  I want  it 
understood  from  now  on  that  I am  and  ever  have 
been  a man  of  toil. 

Labor.  It  is  supposed,  Mr.  Horton,  that  you  can 
add  to  your  goods  an  amount  that  would  warrant 
you  an  excellent  remuneration  for  your  labor. 

Mr.  Horto7i.  There  is  a gentleman  across  the 
street  from  me  and  some  others  a few  doors  down 
the  street  who  prevent  my  doing  that,  Mr.  Labor.  I 
do  not  deny  that  I would  do  that  very  thing  by  put- 
ting such  a price  on  my  goods  as  would  pay  me  well 
if  I could. 

Labor.  Could  not  some  place  be  found  where  you 
would  have  the  situation  more  to  yourself,  Mr. 
Horton? 

Mr.  LLorton.  Should  I start  a store  in  some  woods 
all  to  myself,  Mr.  Labor,  and  it  was  known  that  I 
was  selling  any  goods  and  making  any  money,  I 
would  awake  some  morning  to  find  a man  near  me 
with  a full  line  of  goods  in  a tent.  He  would  not 
wait  to  build,  but  would  afterwards  construct  his 
store  around  his  tent.  It  is  a very  skillful  and  for- 
tunate man  who  will  have  very  much  to  himself  in 
the  future. 

Nature’s  motto,  it  seems,  is  that  we  shall  make  a 
fair  division  whether  we  feel  so  disposed  or  not. 

The  only  method  to-day  that  holds  any  merit  in 
business,  or  anything  else  is,  “first  be  true  to  your- 
self; if  you  do  that  you  will  not  be  untrue  to  others,'’ 
and  when  this  is  found  out  and  the  people  compre- 
hend it  thoroughly  you  will  have  established  and 
fortified  yourself  in  a position  that  cannot  be  bat- 
tered down.  A man  cannot  seek  to  shift  his  mis- 


36  Labors’  HARD'TriviLS  School. 

takes  and  losses  on  to  the  shoulders  of  others  and 
at  the  same  time  realize  these  ends. 

If  through  some  strain  or  special  influence  you 
have  done  what  knowledge  acquired  later  on  con- 
demns in  your  own  mind,  go  square  yourself  with 
the  party  misled;  and  when  you  have  re- 
trieved yourself  in  your  own  conscience,  and  it  fails 
to  even  matters  up  with  the  party  appealed  to,  then 
the  latter’s  good  graces  are  of  little  worth  and  it  will 
be  of  little  matter  how  this  portion  of  the  contest 
ends  as  long  as  your  own  conscience  has  been  thor- 
oughly cleansed. 

There  are  people  whom  nature  has  so  ordained 
that  they  cannot  do  this,  others  are  naturally  so 
crooked  that  they  will  not.  Time  will  put  the  stamp 
of  the  latter  indelibly  on  both  of  them. 

Fifteen  years  of  faithfulness  to  yourself  in  your 
business  and  all  other  avenues  will  place  you  where 
but  little  need  be  expended  in  advertising,  while 
fifteen  minutes  in  the  opposite  direction  may  do  you 
up  in  all  kinds  of  affairs  for  all  time. 

How  many  we  meet,  Mr.  Labor,  who  will  declare 
there  is  not  a cloud  in  sight  when  there  is  nothing 
but  clouds  all  around  them.  The  time  is  certain  to 
overtake  that  class  when  they  deceive  no  one  but 
themselves. 

Labor.  As  a man  in  business,  Mr.  Horton,  will  you 
kindly  give  us  your  opinion  of  what  puts  money  in 
circulation  and  what  takes  it  out? 

Mr.  Horto7i.  I am  of  the  opinion,  Mr.  Labor,  that 
I am  an  agent  whereby  money  is  taken  out  of  circu- 
lation. My  trade  is  with  farmers  chiefly.  I sell 
them  goods,  and  when  they  pay  their  bills  I deposit 
the  money  they  pay  me  in  our  country  bank.  When 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


37 


the  sum  thus  gathered  is  of  a sufficient  amount  I 
forward  a check  or  draft  to  the  wholesaler  of  whom 
I purchase.  In  this  way  I cannot  see  why  I have 
not  taken  money  out  of  circulation.  The  latter  deal 
with  the  wholesale  merchant  is  purely  a bank  trans- 
action, and  does  not,  that  I can  see,  put  any  money 
in  circulation  except  what  I have  used  out  of  the 
margins  for  the  support  of  my  family,  and  what  I 
have  paid  to  my  clerks  and  other  help. 

Labor.  Does  not  the  wholesaler  you  have  remitted 
to  put  the  money  in  circulation? 

Mr.  Hortofi.  Only  such  a sum  as  he  pays  his 
salesmen,  clerks  and  help,  which  you  see  goes  for 
days  works.  Of  course,  what  he  expends  for  the 
support  of  his  family,  like  my  own,  goes  into  circu- 
lation. 

Labor.  How  does  it  get  into  circulation,  then  ? 

Mr.  Horton.  The  wholesaler’s  accumulations  are 
finally  sent  through  check  or  draft  to  the  manufac- 
turer, which  is  another  bank  transaction  and  puts  no 
money  in  circulation,  but  when  the  manufacturer 
pays  his  help  their  weekly  wages  and  they  send  the 
money  in  every  conceivable  direction,  then  the 
money  absolutely  gets  into  circulation. 

I am  confident  that  forty  per  cent,  of  the  money 
put  in  circulation  is  sent  there  by  the  straight  sellers 
of  days  works. 

Labor.  How  is  the  other  sixty  per  cent,  sent  into 
circulation,  Mr.  Horton? 

Mr.  Horton.  The  working  people  and  all  others 
consume  of  the  farmers’  products,  and  what  the 
latter  receive  puts  forty  per  cent,  more  of  our  money 
into  circulation, 


38 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Labor,  You  have  twenty  per  cent,  yet  unaccounted 
for,  Mr.  Horton. 

Mr,  Horto7i,  The  other  twenty  per  cent,  we  people 
in  between  start  on  its  travels.  You  will  not  ask  me, 
Mr.  Labor,  to  name  whom  this  last  class  covers. 

Labor,  No,  Mr.  Horton;  we  shall  have  to  use  our 
imagination  on  them.  I should  judge  that  wage 
earners,  when  all  considered,  put  more  than  forty 
per  cent,  of  money  in  circulation  and  this,  too,  with- 
out including  wages  paid  to  farm  help.  It  matters 
not,  however,  whether  the  proportions  are  correct. 
All  we  want  are  the  principles  involved.  Do  you 
sell,  or  in  any  way  handle  many  imported  goods,  Mr. 
Horton? 

Mr,  Horto7i,  Not  if  I can  avoid  it,  Mr.  Labor.  Of 
course,  tea,  coffee  and  such  articles  as  we  have  to  im- 
port, there  is  no  question  about  our  selling.  I try, 
though,  to  discourage  customers  from  dealing  in 
such  goods  from  abroad  as  we  can  produce  here  at 
home. 

Labor.  Will  you  kindly  give  your  reasons  for  such 
counsel? 

Mr.  ILorton.  Suppose,  Mr.  Labor,  all  the  goods  I 
should  handle  were  foreign.  Then,  when  I remitted 
money  to  the  wholesaler  he  would  have  to  forward 
it  on  to  the 'foreign  manufacturer  or  his  agent,  which 
is  the  same,  and  thus  the  money  would  be  lost  to  us. 
It  would  be  out  of  circulation  here  to  stay  out  and 
it  would  not  thus  increase  the  consumption  of  our 
farmers’  products,  and  anything  that  weakens  their 
purchasing  ability  hurts  my  business,  no  matter  how 
indirectly  or  in  how  small  a way  it  comes.  Farmers 
only  buy  abundantly  when  they  sell  abundantly  at 
fair  prices.  There  is  no  sense  in  claiming  that  for- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School^ 


39 


eign  countries  will  use  any  more  of  our  farm  products 
because  we  trade  with  them.  What  they  buy  of  us 
is  what  they  require  to  appease  their  hunger,  because 
they  cannot  raise  enough  to  supply  their  wants  at 
home,  the  same  as  we  buy  tea  and  coffee,  and  they 
will  buy  what  they  want  when  their  demands  urge 
them  to,  just  as  we  purchase  tea  and  coffee  of  other 
countries,  and  we  will  buy  the  tea  and  coffee  of 
them  whether  they  buy  anything  of  us  or  not. 

We  have  certain  brands  of  goods  that  other  coun- 
tries will  have,  the  same  as  we  demand  certain 
brands  of  tea  and  coffee,  regardless  of  any  other 
trade  we  may  have  with  the  countries  that  produce 
them. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  I buy  and  sell  American  goods 
because  if  it  helps  my  trade  ten  dollars,  one  hundred 
dollars,  or  one  thousand  dollars  each  year,  I am 
that  amount  ahead  without  perceptibly  having  taken 
an  extra  step  to  gain  it. 

By  purchasing  and  selling  American  goods  I pat- 
ronize our  own  labor,  and  when  I patronize  that 
labor  I increase  its  consuming  ability,  which  increases 
its  patronage  of  our  farmers,  who  are  my  patrons. 

Look  at  the  farmers’  trade  with  me  the  past  four 
years,  Mr.  Labor.  I never  in  my  life  knew  it  to  be 
reduced  to  such  narrow  limits.  Truly,  I have  not 
made  the  accounts  at  my  store  balance.  My  business 
expenses  have  been  in  excess  of  my  profits,  and  the 
expense  of  maintaining  my  family  has  eaten  into  my 
capital. 

What  has  brought  all  this  to  me?  I will  tell  you, 
Mr.  Labor,  what  has  done  it.  It  has  been  the  shrink- 
age in  consumption  by  our  working  people.  They 
have  been  idle  and  living  within  narrow  limits,  have 


40 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


gone  hungry  and  been  in  distress,  all  due,  every  bit 
of  it,  to  the  cry  of  free  trade  and  tariff  for  revenue 
only. 

I believe,  as  I have  stated,  that  8o  per  cent,  of  the 
money  that  goes  into  circulation  is  put  there  by  the 
working  man,  seller  of  days  works,  as  you  all  call  it, 
and  the  farmer,  and  that  you  cannot  weaken  the 
days  works  portion  without  injuring  the  farmers’ 
portion;  hence,  when  either  one  is  hurt  I am  hurt, 
and  so  it  is  with  everybody  else. 

I want  to  claim,  Mr.  Labor,  that  my  line  of  business 
is  good,  hard  work,  and  that  there  are  but  few  people 
who  work  harder  than  merchants;  and  it  is  a question 
whether  we  get  pay  for  it  or  not.  I know,  for  four 
years  I would  have  been  better  off  if  I had  been  out 
of  business.  Goods  and  commodities  of  all  kinds,  as 
you  claim  here,  represent  so  much  labor. 

When  I receive  a shipment  of  goods,  I must  add 
all  the  expense  I shall  be  to  in  selling  the  goods. 

The  wholesaler  has  already  added  his  expense, 
which  I have  paid,  and  I have  paid  his  profit  also. 
That  profit  and  that  expense  is  already  in  the  goods, 
much  of  which  is  pay  for  traveling  salesmen,  clerks, 
packers  and  all  the  help  demanded  in  and  about  a 
house  of  that  kind,  not  forgetting  the  army  of  teams- 
ters and  freight  handlers  a large  wholesale  house 
employs.  Some  of  them  have  from  one  to  three 
thousand  people  in  their  employ,  all  told,  which  can 
be  called  nothing  but  more  days  works  to  go  into 
goods. 

Labor.  As  yet,  we  have  said  nothing  in  particular 
about  what  profits  and  capital  in  goods  represent, 
Mr.  Horton. 

Mr,  Hortoa.  As  between  American  and  foreign 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


41 


goods  in  comparison,  you  have  no  need  to,  Mr. 
Labor.  It  is  a case  of  cancellation.  There  must  be 
a like  expense  in  handling  foreign  or  domestic  goods 
and  there  should  on  general  principles  be  profits  in 
each,  but  about  as  many  times  there  are  no  profits 
in  either,  days  works  and  expenses  for  freight  having 
eaten  them  all  up. 

Business  of  nearly  all  Icinds  has  gotten  down  to 
that  point  where  if  a man  or  firm  makes  net  an 
amount  equal  to  the  usual  rates  of  interest  on  the 
capital  they  turn  over  they  are  quite  satisfied.  Of 
course  none  will  object  to  realizing  more,  but  those 
who  accept  less  will  outnumber  by  far  the  few  who 
are  fortunate  enough  to  gather  in  profits  in  excess  of 
what  the  same  capital  would  bring  if  loaned. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


dP"- 


LESSON  IV. 

Labor.  I see,  Mr.  Sigler,  that  you  are  with  us  to- 
day, and  I will  ask  you  as  a retailer  of  goods  in  a 
factory  town  to  relate  to  us  some  of  your  ex- 
periences. 

Mr.  Sigler.  I have  been  deeply  interested  in  lis- 
tening to  Mr.  Horton,  and  what  he  has  related  rela- 
tive to  the  hard  work  and  toil  in  our  line.  I can,  from 
experience,  thoroughly  confirm,  although  the  class 
of  customers  we  have  each  had  are  not  quite  the 
same.  However,  I have  quite  a farming  trade,  but 
it  is  in  no  sense  equal  to  my  trade  with  factory  em- 
ployees when  they  have  work. 

I was  pleased  with  Mr.  Horton’s  sentiments  rela- 
tive to  handling  our  own  make  of  goods  and  his 
endeavor  to  impress  upon  his  customers  the  import- 
ance to  themselves  of  their  patronizing  and  using 
such  goods.  It  was  quite  a surprise  to  me,  Mr, 
Labor,  to  learn  that  a merchant  whose  patrons  were 
farmers  was  taking  so  broad  a view.  Mr.  Horton 
has  sent  his  mxind  out  over  the  whole  field,  which  is 
exceedingly  creditable  to  him. 

Since  listening  to  Mr.  Horton  I see  points  in  my 
own  interests  that  I had  not  grasped  before.  How 
manifest  it  is  that  if  the  farmer  gets  more  money  he 
will  be,  through  his  merchant,  a greater  consumer  of 
factory  goods  of  all  kinds,  and  anything  that  pushes 
the  factories  along,  increasing  the  demand  for  days 
works,  helps  trade. 

When  the  factory  employees  are  all  busy  they  are 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


43 


extensive  consumers  of  the  farmers’  small  stuff,  and 
it  is  these  products  that  hold  the  farmers’  most 
cheerful  profits.  I had  studied  this  gardening  inter- 
est of  the  farmers,  because  living  in  a factory  town 
I had  come  more  in  touch  with  it,  but  I had  not  gone 
out  into  the  broader  fields  of  farming  with  my  mind. 
It  does  us  good,  Mr.  Labor,  to  rub  up  against  each 
other;  nine-tenths  of  us  are  living  in  the  narrowest 
kind  of  a way. 

Many  farms  are  devoted  largely  to  fruit.  This  the 
factory  workmen  when  idle  do  not  buy,  but  when 
they  have  plenty  of  work  I see  them  carrying  a bas- 
ketful of  grapes,  peaches,  currants,  and  everything 
that  grows,  home  with  them  regularly.  When  you 
count  these  instances  by  the  thousands  in  each  fac- 
tory village,  in  addition  to  what  their  families  order 
delivered  from  the  store  in  these  relishing  fruits, etc., 
it  means  everything  to  the  farmer. 

It  means  everything  to  the  factory  employee,  too, 
for  the  farmers  send  the  money  back  to  them  to 
make  more  goods,  and  we  men  handling  the  goods, 
Mr.  Labor,  are  benefited  when  both  these  ends  are  in 
a healthy  and  robust  condition  financially. 

It  is  a wonderfully  interesting  sight  some  morn- 
ings to  see  the  stuff  farmers  cart  into  our  town,  be- 
sides what  the  railroads  bring  in  from  farther  away. 
Everything  in  its  season  comes — strawberries,  rasp- 
berries, blackberries,  blueberries,  cucumbers,  squash- 
es, radishes,  beets,  onions,  early  potatoes,  corn, 
cabbage,  turnips,  carrots,  and  everything  imaginable 
that  can  be  grown  and  eaten,  and  they  find  a market, 
too,  for  our  sellers  of  days  works  when  they  find  em- 
ployment are  great  livers.  When  times  are  good 
they  buy  and  use  what  each  other  makes,  and  the 


44 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


farmer  buys  what  they  all  make,  and  the  latter  sells 
them  what  he  raises,  and  so  the  money  flies  back 
and  forth. 

Labor,  That  is  the  kind  of  business,  Mr.  Sigler, 
that  puts  money  into  circulation? 

Mf.  Sigler.  It  is  emphatically,  Mr.  Labor,  and 
buying  foreign  goods  is  to  buy  days  works  away 
from  home  and  let  our  people  keep  theirs,  which  the 
Wilson  bill  tried  to  do. 

Labor.  You  say  '‘the  Wilson  bill  tried  to  do.” 
Did  not  that  bill  accomplish  what  it  tried  to? 

Mr.  Sigler.  Not  in  our  town,  if  you  mean  buying 
foreign  days  works  stored  in  foreign  goods. 

Labor.  What  did  you  sell,  Mr.  Sigler;  our  own 
make? 

Mr.  Sigler.  We  didn’t  sell  our  own  make  or  any 
other.  What,  Mr.  Labor,  did  the  factory  employees 
have  to  buy  anything  with  when  our  factories  closed 
down  or  run  on  one- quarter  time,  etc.? 

Labor.  You  had  your  farming  trade  loft,  did  you 
not? 

Mr.  Sigler.  I asked  some  of  my  farm  customers 
why  they  did  so  little  trading,  and  their  reply  was 
that  all  they  could  sell  the  factory  employees  or  gro- 
cery stores  now  was  potatoes  and  a few  cabbages, 
and  claimed  the  sellers  of  days  works  were  not  buy- 
ing butter  and  eggs  and  all  the  little  things  they  had 
dealt  in  so  freely,  and  by  this  means  the  farmers  had 
no  money  to  buy  of  us  what  the  factory  men  made, 
either  at  home  or  abroad.  Our  own  market,  Mr. 
Labor,  was  gone  up;  a thing  of  the  past,  and  the 
families  of  the  factory  hands  were  not  using  one  sack 
of  flour  where  formerly  they  had  used  three,  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


45 


sugar,  tea,  coffee  and  everything  else  in  that  same 
ratio. 

Labor.  You  do  not  claim,  Mr.  Sigler,  that  they 
were  making  one  sack  of  flour  answer  where  they 
had  used  three  before,  do  you? 

Mr.  Sigler.  I make  just  that  claim,  Mr.  Labor. 
The  people  were  not  throwing  dry  bread  and  old 
cake  out  of  the  back  doors  as  they  had  done.  They 
were  frying  and  making  toast  of  the  bread,  and  they 
had  abandoned  the  thought  of  making  pie  and  cake. 

Labor.  Then,  Mr.  Sigler,  we  can  consider  the 
Wilson  bill  a lesson  in  economy? 

Mr,  Sigler.  To  the  winds  with  such  lessons  in 
economy!  We  Americans,  if  our  market  is  kept  as 
our  own,  which  it  is,  can  have  what  we  want.  Any- 
thing that  contributes  to  make  life  agreeable  is  what 
we  are  seeking.  The  man  or  woman  who  has  found 
the  greatest  comfort  and  contentment  through  life  is 
the  one  who  dies  the  richest.  It  is  not  the  idiot  who 
has  left  a great  quantity  behind  him  to  spoil  others 
who  has  in  most  instances  met  and  utilized  the  elixir 
of  living. 

Labor.  Would  you  advise  people  to  be  profligate 
and  extravagant,  Mr.  Sigler? 

Mr.  Sigler.  You  misinterpret  me,  Mr.  Labor.  I 
would  not  counsel  that  people  go  to  the  bad  or  that 
they  waste  their  means;  I would  help  them  to  be 
prudent  and  save  for  old  age,  but  to  do  this  I would 
not  invite  a condition  that  would  force  them  to  be 
constantly  under  a strain  that  forbade  the  possibility 
of  contentment  or  saving,  either.  That  is  all  the 
Wilson  bill  did.  It  never  taught  any  economy.  It 
will  require  wider  brains  than  the  men  who  origin- 
ated that  bill  posses  to  teach  true  economy. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


|6 


True  economy  does  not  need  pain  and  starvation 
to  accomplish  it.  Punishment  and  lessons  are  two 
different  things.  Lessons  which  take  the  blood  out 
of  everything  in  order  to  punish  a few  ought  to  be 
called  by  some  other  name. 

I do  not  want  to  be  found  discourteous,  Mr.  Labor, 
and  I am  to  blame  for  introducing  the  Wilson  bill 
into  this  talk.  I had  agreed  with  myself  never  to 
confer  with  myself,  or  anyone  else,  again  upon  that 
bill.  It  is  so  odious  and  so  repulsive  to  everything 
tending  towards  a higher  civilization  for  our  people 
that  my  patience  gives  out  completely  when  it  is 
under  consideration.  I .beg  your  pardon  again,  Mr. 
Labor,  for  exhibiting  temper.  We  can  become 
rational  by  dropping  that  bill,  a thing  everybody 
should  have  done  four  years  ago. 

Labor,  I am  inclined  to  agree  with  you,  Mr.  Sig- 
ler, that  we  could  have  gotten  along  without  that 
bill. 

Mr.  Sigler,  I have  no  mental  relish  for  it  and  will 
not  take  it  in  my  mouth  again;  the  taste  it  leaves  is 
too  much  for  me. 

In  regard  to  our  patronizing  other  countries,  Mr. 
Labor,  I have  something  slightly  realistic  in  the  way 
of  illustration  here  which  I will  take  the  liberty  to 
read,  and  request  that  it  appear  in  your  records 
as  I read  it  and  where  I read  it. 

The  article  is  an  editorial  clipped  from  the  “Akron 
Evening  JournaL’  of  May  27,  1897. 

“AKRON  A SUBURB  OF  CLEVELAND. 

“Is  Akron  to  maintain  the  independence  as  a 
business  center  which  she  has  won  by  long  years  of 
energy  and  enterprise  and  effort,  or  is  she  to  become 
— as  far  as  her  mercantile  interests  are  concerned — a 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


47 


mere  suburb  of  Cleveland?  That  this  question  must 
be  answered,  and  answered  soon,  can  be  shown  by 
taking  the  merchant  tailoring  business  as  an  ex- 
ample. 

“A  few  months  ago  the  largest  establishment  of 
this  kind  in  Akron  closed  up  its  department  because 
it  was  no  longer  profitable  to  maintain  it  owing  to 
the  fact  that  so  many  Akron  orders  were  placed  in 
Cleveland.  Last  week  another  prominent  merchant 
tailor  was  forced  to  make  an  assignment,  on  account 
of  the  competition  of  Cleveland  tailors. 

“While  these  changes  were  taking  place  in  Akron 
business  circles  an  agent  for  a Cleveland  merchant 
tailor  was  vigorously  canvassing  this  city.  Last  year 
he  alone  secured  orders  to  the  amount  of  over 
$y,QOO.  This  year  he  claims  his  business  in  Akron 
will  be  considerably  greater.  On  one  day  not  long 
ago  nine  suits  of  clothes  were  sent  to  him  from 
Cleveland  to  be  delivered  to  his  Akron  customers. 

“This  agent  pays  no  rent,  no  insurance,  no  taxes, 
does  not  leave  a dollar  in  Akron  except  what  he 
pays  for  his  hotel  bill  and  his  personal  expenses, 
and  he  does  absolutely  nothing  towards  maintaining 
or  building  up  this  municipality.  While  he  is  reap- 
ing a rich  harvest  for  his  Cleveland  employer,  his 
Akron  competitors  who  have  to  help  support  our 
fire  and  police  departments,  who  pay  their  full  share 
of  the  salaries  of  our  city  and  county  officials,  who 
are  taxed  to  keep  up  our  city  and  county  govern- 
ments, who  pay  rent  to  Akron’s  property  owners  and 
wages  to  Akron  working  people — while  the  Cleve- 
land tailor  is  getting  rich  on  Akron  money,  Akron 
tailors  are  placed  under  such  hardships  that,  as  we 
stated  above,  one  concern  decided  to  abandon  the 


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business  and  another  one,  almost  as  prominent,  is 
forced  into  bankruptcy. 

^‘The  Cleveland  tailor  cannot  be  blamed  for  send- 
ing an  agent  to  Akron — he  has  a perfect  right  to  do 
so — and  he  is  very  fortunate  in  being  able  to  find  a 
representative  who  has  the  ability,  the  tact  and  the 
energy  to  secure  so  many  Akron  orders  and  to 
divert  so  many  thousands  of  Akron  dollars  to 
Cleveland. 

“The  root  of  the  trouble  is  not  located  in  Cleve- 
land, but  right  here  in  Akron.  If  Akron  men  had 
the  proper  public  spirit,  if  they  had  any  adequate 
realization  of  the  duty  one  citizen  owes  to  another, 
if  they  had  any  regard  for  the  great  principles  of  the 
Golden  Rule,  the  agent  of  the  Cleveland  tailor  could 
not  get  an  order  for  a dollar’s  worth  of  clothing  in  a 
year. 

“The  most  surprising  thing  in  this  whole  matter  is 
the  fact  that  the  list  of  customers  of  this  Cleveland 
agent  is  made  up  of  names  of  men  who  depend 
entirely  upon  Akron  money  for  their  own  living.  In 
the  list  are  the  names  of  city  and  county  officials, 
policemen,  firemen,  lawyers,  doctors,  and  even  mer- 
chants who  are  in  the  retail  trade  and  who  howl 
lustily  whenever  the  effects  of  Cleveland  competi- 
tion are  felt  in  their  own  respective  lines  of  business. 
The  men  who  do  not  stand  by  Akron  and  Akron 
enterprises  should  not  receive  one  iota  of  sympathy 
when  they  are  hurt  by  outside  competition. 

“Thus  far  we  have  spoken  only  of  what  Akron 
business  houses  have  suffered  through  the  efforts  of 
one  agent  of  one  Cleveland  concern.  But  even  now 
another  Cleveland  clothing  establishment  has  a dis- 
play, in  a prominent  hotel,  of  boys’  and  children’s 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


49 


suits,  ladies'  shirt  waists  and  similar  articles.  The 
town  has  been  flooded  with  circulars  announcing 
this  display,  and  we  presume  that  the  wives  of  the 
lawyers  and  the  doctors,  and  the  city  officials  and 
the  merchants — all  of  whom  depend  upon  the  wel- 
fare and  prosperity  of  this  community  for  their 
individual  success — we  presume  that  these  wives 
will  take  the  money  which  has  been  paid  their  hus- 
bands by  Akron  people  and  buy  clothing  for  the 
children  who  are  to  be  educated  in  Akron  schools 
by  Akron  money — will  buy  clothing  from  this 
Cleveland  concern  which  does  not  pay  one  penny  of 
tax  in  Akron,  or  one  nickel  for  insurance,  or  one 
dime  for  wages  to  Akron  people,  or  one  dollar  for 
anything  except  the  hotel  bill  of  its  agent. 

“It  can  be  stated  with  truth  not  only  in  regard  to 
the  clothing  business,  which  we  have  been  consider- 
ing, but  in  regard  to  other  classes  of  retail  trade,  that 
Akron  stores  can  furnish  goods  in  their  particular 
line,  of  as  good  variety  and  quality,  and  at  as  low  a 
price  as  the  same  goods  can  be  purchased  in  Cleve- 
land stores.  Yet  it  seems  impossible  to  get  this  fact 
fixed  in  the  minds  of  local  purchasers.  Akron  mer- 
cantile establishments  are  first-class,  and  should 
enjoy  the  patronage  and  receive  the  support  of  the 
local  trade,  this  being  especially  true  when  the  qual- 
ity of  the  goods  is  equal  to  and  prices  are  as  low  as 
are  to  be  found  in  a foreign  market.  Loyalty  to 
home  industries  helps  to  widen  the  extent  of  home 
business. 

“The  principle  that,  other  things  being  substantially 
equal,  the  stocks  of  Akron  stores  should  be  given 
the  preference  by  Akron  buyers,  is  as  sound  as  the 
law  of  nature.  If  we  are  to  secure  the  full  benefit 


50 


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of  reviving  commercial  activity,  we  must  give  all 
possible  encouragement  to  our  own  industries,  so 
that  they  can  meet  and  withstand  competition  and 
eventually  push  further  into  the  fields  that  form  the 
debateable  ground  for  their  business. 

“The  time  is  auspicious  for  a new  impetus  to  the 
patronage  of  home  industry.  With  increased  oppor- 
tunities for  employment,  the  people  will  have  in- 
creased resources  for  purchasing  goods  to  satisfy 
their  needs  and  they  should  be  impressed  with  their 
duty  to  prove  their  loyalty  to  their  own  city  in  every 
possible  way.” 

It  is  not  necessary  to  remind  any  of  you  that 
Akron  is  in  the  great  State  of  Ohio,  where  all  our 
Presidents  come  from. 

This  editorial  talks  common  sense,  so  far  as  the 
interests  of  Akron  are  concerned.  The  best  thing 
the  citizens  of  Akron  can  do  to  weaken  the  dignity, 
character  and  standing  of  their  own  town  is  for  all 
of  them  to  go  to  Cleveland  or  some  other  city  to  do 
their  trading,  and  this  sentiment  will  hold  good  for 
any  other  city,  and  as  well  does  it  hold  good  for  a 
nation. 

In  proportion,  Mr.  Labor,  as  the  citizens  of  Akron 
can  benefit  their  own  city  by  trading  away  from 
home  for  things  they  can  get  at  home,  our  whole 
country  can  benefit  itself  by  going  to  other  coun- 
tries to  purchase  what  they  can  as  well  buy  at  home. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


LESSON  V. 

Labor,  Will  some  farmer  present,  who  depends 
chiefly  upon  the  product  of  grain  for  his  income, 
explain  to  the  class  how  far  labor  enters  into  his 
industry. 

(A  m'ember  of  the  class  rises  to  answer.) 

Labor,  Give  your  name,  please.  ' Ajiswer,  Henry 
Williams,  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Labor.  You  Lire  a farmer,  Mr.  Williams? 

Mr,  Williams.  Yes  sir;  I have  320  acres  of  good 
productive  land.  I suppose  you  want  a direct  answer 
to  your  question. 

Labor:  Yes  sir,  if  you  will  kindly  give  it. 

Mr,  Williams.  With  your  permission  I will  take 
the  question  up  from  the  standpoint  of  hiring  all  the 
work  done,  and  see  what  part  of  it  is  labor. 

Labor.  That  is  a good  method. 

Mr.  Williams.  I can  hire  a man  with  his  own  team 
to  plow  for  about  ^2.00  per  acre,  including  harrowing 
the  land  once  before  seeding.  I can  hire  the  grain 
drilled  in  for  about  50  cents  per  acre.  I can  get  it 
cut,  bound  and  set  up  at  harvest  time  for  about  $1. 
per  acre.  I can  hire  it  hauled,  stacked  and  put  into 
the  barn,  threshed  and  afterwards  cleaned  and  taken 
to  market  for,  say  ^1.50  per  acre. 

Labor.  What  particular  grain  are  you  referring  to 
now,  Mr.  Williams? 

Mr.  Williams.  The  cost  I have  mentioned  thus  far 
will  apply  to  nearly  all  kinds  of  grain.  What  we 
have  now  is: 


y.  OF  ILL  UB, 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


52 


For  preparing  the  ground,  per  acre,  ^2.00 

For  seeding, 50 

Harvesting, i.oo 

Threshing  and  cleaning  and  marketing.  1.50 

$S-00 

Amounting  to  ^5.00  per  acre. 

Suppose  now  we  consider  wheat,  and  the  price  I 
am  to  get  for  it  is  70  cents  per  bushel.  I shall  have 
now  to  add  the  cost  of  two  bushels  of  wheat  per 
acre  for  seed,  and  while  good  seed  wheat  usually 
brings  a little  more  than  the  market  price,  we  will 
only  call  it  70  cents  per  bushel.  The  former  cost 
with  the  two  bushels  of  seed  wheat  added  brings  our 
estimate  up  to  $6.40  per  acre.  A fair  yield  of  wheat 
on  my  farm  is  from  eight  to  twelve  bushels  to  the 
acre.  If  the  latter  figure,  my  receipts  will  be  $8.40, 
leaving  just  ;^2.oo  profit  to  the  acre.  If  the  former 
(8  bushels)  I shall  have  lost  80  cents  per  acre. 

Labor.  Mr.  Williams,  are  there  not  other  items  to 
add  to  your  cost? 

Mr.  Williams.  Certainly;  boarding  parties  doing 
the  work,  feeding  their  team,  hauling  manure  on  to 
the  land  from  time  to  time,  taking  care  of  and  re- 
building fences,  etc.,  etc.,  are  all  to  be  added,  but  it 
is  difficult  to  make  an  estimate  on  these  items. 

Labor.  I supposed,  Mr.  Williams,  that  farmers 
usually  did  a large  part  of  their  own  work. 

Mr.  Williams.  True,  we  do;  but  you  see  from  the 
estimate  that  it  is  a question  whether  we  get  fair 
wages  for  our  work,  let  alone  making  any  money. 

Labor.  What  about  other  grains;  barley,  oats,  rye, 
etc.? 

Mr.  Williams.  The  yield  of  those  grains  is  more 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


53 


to  the  acre,  but  the  prices  are  corres'ponding'ly  less 
per  bushel;  hence  the  results  are  about  the  same. 

Labor.  How  about  corn? 

Mr.  Williams.  Corn  requires  more  attention,  and  I 
have  never  raised  any  more  than  I needed  for  feed. 

I would  not  think  I could  get  anywhere  near  fair  pay 
for  my  labor  by  growing  it  for  market. 

Labor.  We  are  inclined  to  think,  when  we  see  a 
cargo  of  wheat  or  grain  of  any  kind,  that  it  simply 
grew  and  that  there  was  but  little  if  any  labor  in  it, 
but  from  your  analysis  it  appears  to  be  all  labor. 

Mr.  Williams.  It  is  all  labor;  grain  of  any  kind 
represents  labor  in  the  same  ratio  as  anything  else, 
and  you  are  right  in  your  claims  that  everything  is 
from  seven  to  nine-tenths  labor. 

With  your  permission,  I will  add  that  30  and  40 
years  ago  when  I was  a boy  my  father  could  always 
get  a dollar  a bushel  and  upwards  for  his  wheat  and 
could  raise  50  per  cent,  more  to  the  acre  than  we  can 
now.  Our  land  is  in  a sense  worn  out,  and  for  the 
last  20  years  we  farmers  in  the  East  have  been  using 
our  spare  time  nights  hunting  around  with  the  old 
lantern  trying  to  find  tracks  our  fathers  made,  when 
in  fact  we  should  have  been  hunting  for  the  reasons 
why  grain  has  not  been  bringing  the  price  in  recent 
years  that  it  did  formerly. 

Since  the  war  closed  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas, 
Minnesota,  Dakota  and  other  States  covering  an 
unlimited  territory  of  the  richest  soil  the  sun  shines  ’; 
upon  has  been  opened  up  by  railroads,  where  plow- 
ing is  done  by  steam  and  the  farming  done  on  so 
broad  a scale  that  with  the  bountiful  yields  they  get 
wheat  can  be  raised  at  a profit  when  the  farmer  nets 
40  and  50  cents  per  bushel.  Many  of  us  farmers  in 


54 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


New  York  have  been  asleep  for  years.  We  can’t  raise 
grain  here  and  compete  with  those  people  in  that 
new  and  comparatively  level  and  fertile  country  with 
a rich  black  loam  from  six  inches  to  three  feet  deep 
all  over  it.  We  must  grow  more  meat  and  garden 
stuff,  milk  more  cows  and  ship  the  milk  or  make 
more  butter  and  cheese  for  the  city  and  factory 
towns,  which  will  pay,  provided  Congress  ever  gives 
us  a law  that  will  justify  the  factories  in  trying  to 
run. 

A very  pleasant  gentleman  said  a few  months  ago 
that  times  were  always  good  when  wheat  brought 
gi.25  per  bushel. 

If  it  could  be  known  that  wheat  would  bring  $1.25 
a bushel  for  the  next  three  years  how  much,  Mr. 
Labor,  do  you  suppose  the  new  and  fertile  lands  of 
the  west  would  produce?  They  would  raise  enough 
to  supply  the  whole  world;  anyway,  they  would  try  to. 

No,  Mr.  Labor;  except  in  the  event  of  war  or 
some  failure  of  crops  in  this  or  some  other  country, 
or  for  some  specially  good  reason,  wheat  will  not 
bring  $1.25  a bushel  again  in  the  next  40  years. 

Labor,  You  say,  Mr.  Williams,  that  grain  repre- 
sents toil;  how  will  it  be  if  you  raise  stock,  milk 
cows  and  ship  the  milk,  or  make  butter  and  cheese, 
grow  garden  stuff,  etc.? 

Mr.  Willia?ns.  Gardening  will  be  all  work  and  no 
play;  in  shipping  milk  and  making  butter  and  cheese 
there  will  be  plenty  of  toil,  and  early  and  late  at 
that;  caring  for  stock  from  its  birth  until  it  is  ready 
for  market  means  close  attention  and  much  work, 
also. 

Labor.  Mr.  Williams,  while  you  have  been  raising 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


55 


grain  for  the  market  and  not  feeding  much  stock, 
did. you  have  any  hay  to  sell? 

Mr,  Williams.  Yes,  and  I am  glad  you  remind  me 
of  it.  I was  making  some  money  on  my  hay  and 
found  a bit  of  comfort  in  that  until  the  Wilson  bill 
reduced  the  duty  from  four  to  two  dollars  per  ton. 
Since  then  I have  taken  less,  and  sometimes  it  has 
been  difficult  to  market  my  hay  at  all.  Canada  has 
seemed  to  bound  over  here  with  her  hay,  sold  it  and 
taken  the  money  home  with  her  to  spend  on  the 
other  side  of  the  line.  I think  we  farmers  here  in 
the  United  States  might  better  have  that  money  and 
spend  it  here  in  the  States. 

I have  some  data  here,  Mr.  Labor,  showing  how 
much  hay  was  imported  during  the  last  seventeen 
months  of  the  McKinley  law,  and  how  much  was 
imported  during  the  first  seventeen  months  under 
the  Wilson  law. 

It  also  gives  the  acreage,  tons  and  value  of  our  hay 
crop  for  the  year  1895. 


Last  17  Months  of  McKinley  Law. 

1803:  Tons. 

Last  17  Months  of 

1894. 

Wilson  Law* 
Tons. 

April 

September. 

21.538 

May 

. . . 7,604 

October 

14,278 

June 

November. 

11,373 

July 

August 

. ..  6,186 

, . . 2,477 

December. 

1895. 

19.927 

September. 

. . . 4,188 

January 

October  — 

...  8,178 

February. . 

13.823 

November. 

. . . 5^292 

March 

December. 

1894. 

• • • 5.536 

April 

May 

12,538 

January  

. . . 9.546 

June 

26,858 

F ebruary . . 

• • • 9.339 

July 

30.306 

March 

. . . 8,587 

August 

April 

. ..  6,182 

September. 

21,068 

May 

October 

■ . . ■ . 34,637 

June 

November. 

July 

August . . . : 

. ..  11,799 
, , . 6,040 

December. 

January 

1896. 

30,529 

28,513 

Total. . . . 

. . . 140,080 

Total. . . . 

373.864 

56 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


It  is  unnecessary  to  remind  anyone  that  largely 
our  hay  crop  is  fed  to  stock  on  our  farms  where  it  is 
produced.  With  me,  however,  while  I have  been 
giving  more  attention  to  raising  grain  than  I have 
stock,  I have  as  a rule,  when  I could,  marketed 
most  of  my  hay.  The  above  history  of  comparative 
importations  of  hay  under  the  McKinley  and  Wilson 
laws  shows  why  it  has  been  difficult  at  times  for  me 
to  find  sales  for  my  hay  recently,  and  why  I have 
\aken  less  for  it. 

Farmers  who  pay  special  attention  to  stock  raising 
as  a rule  make  their  plans  to  have  an  abundance  of 
hay,  and  it  is  rare,  except  the  winter  is  unusually 
long  and  severe,  that  they  do  not  have  some  over  for 
the  matket,  and  the  money  to  them  from  this  source 
is  always  very  acceptable  and  looked  upon  as  an 
extra;  at  least,  it  is  a portion  that  is  never  classed  as 
a product  for  market. 

By  the  above  record,  Mr.  Labor,  we  see  that  in 
seventeen  months  under  the  McKinley  bill  140,080 
tons  of  hay  were  imported.  I may  be  called  narrow, 
but  for  the  life  of  me  I cannot  see  what  we  wanted 
of  that  amount  of  hay  even.  Not  less  than  a million 
dollars  of  our  money  went  to  some  other  country  for 
it,  and  no  doubt  our  people  had  hay  that  rotted  in 
the  stack  and  went  to  waste  during  that  time.  With 
this  view  of  the  McKinley  bill,  what  should  we  say 
of  the  Wilson  bill  when  373,864  tons  were  imported 
in  17  months? 

It  is  too  much  like  the  family  of  a dry  goods 
merchant  going  to  some  other  store  to  purchase 
their  dry  goods  to  have  any  relish  for  me.  How 
would  I look,  Mr.  Labor,  going  to  a neighbor  farmei 
to  buy  corn  to  fatten  my  hogs  when  I had  a crib  full 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


57 


of  corn  at  home?  Such  kind  of  an  exchange  of  trade  as 
that  is  an  infernal  nonsense,  and  Mr.  Wilson  might 
just  as  well  tell  my  neighbors  to  come  and  milk  my 
cows  and  take  the  milk  away,  and  then  urge  that  the 
reason  my  family  have  no  milk  and  butter  is  due  to 
the  breed  of  cows  I keep  as  to  try  and  mislead  the 
people,  and  convince  them  they  are  hard  pressed  for 
reasons  thal  are  not  true.  Mr.  Wilson  was  instru- 
mental in  arranging  for  other  countries  to  sell  their 
truck  in  our  markets,  get  our  money  and  take  it 
home  with  them,  and  however  much  he  may  try  to 
distort  the  cause  that  is  just  what  ails  us. 

Such  conditions  and  such  sentiments  are  shams 
and  the  man  who  defends  them  is  the  farmer’s 
enemy,  and  it  is  beyond  my  conception  how  a 
farmer  can  take  any  other  view.  We  tillers  of  the 
soil  ought  to  all  act  together  on  lines  that  will  con- 
demn such  people  and  fire  them  into  oblivion  so  far 
as  public  affairs  are  concerned,  and  to  do  all  within 
our  power  to  minimize  their  influence,  for  it  is  per- 
licious. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


LESSON  VI. 

Mr.  Labor,  I have  been  an  attentive  listener  to 
your  lessons  thus  far,  and  I have  been  most  singular- 
ly impressed. 

Labor.  What  is  your  name,  please? 

My  name  is  Grover. 

Labor.  What  is  your  line  of  business,  Mr.  Grover? 

Mr.  Grover.  I have  simply  been  an  observer  and 
listener  here;  am  able  to  live  without  engaging  in 
any  business. 

Labor.  You  are  one  of  the  fortunate  ones  and  I am 
glad  of  it.  As  an  observer  and  listener  you  are  wel- 
come here.  What  have  you  to  offer,  Mr.  Grover? — 
Any  suggestions  or  criticisms  from  your  standpoint 
as  an  observer  will  be  appreciated.  We  are  seeking 
after  light  and  knowledge. 

Mr.  Grover.  As  I said,  I have  been  very  deeply 
impressed,  and  one  thing  that  has  attracted  my 
special  attention  is  what  has,  by  most  people, 
thoughtlessly  been  termed  raw  material.  We  have 
been  looking  at  lumber,  pig  iron,  leather,  wagon- 
hubs,  felloes  and  spokes,  cotton  thread,  woolen 
yarns,  silk  thread,  and  a thousand  things  as  raw 
material.  You  will  show  in  your  various  lessons,  that 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  people  have  made  their 
living  bringing  these  products  to  the  stage  of  what 
I said  before  we  had  thoughtlessly  called  raw 
material. 

Labor.  You  agree,  then,  Mr.  Grover,  that  the  true 
raw  material  in  any  product  is  but  a fractional  part 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


59 


uf  its  real  cost,  and  in  its  component  parts  the  chief 
and  whole  one  nearly  is  labor?  With  this  view,  then, 
you  must  also  agree  that  the  labor  ought  to  be  done 
in  our  own  country,  and  that  we  should  have  laws  to 
protect  it  with  that  end  in  view? 

Mr,  Grover.  I cannot  do  that;  I am  a democrat 
and  a free-trader  from  start  to  finish.  I claim  to  be 
of  the  stock  that  is  clean  and  loyal;  I have  never 
been  anything  but  a true  democrat,  and  it  is  my  pride. 

Labor.  Did  not  your  democracy  waver  any  from 
i860  to  1865? 

Mr.  Grover.  Not  a bit;  it  has  never  wavered  and 
it  never  can;  it  is  of  the  right  kind — loyal  to  the 
core. 

Labor.  If  you  pay  close  attention  to  the  lessons, 
we  shall  show  that  grain,  provisions,  vegetables,  and 
everything  we  grow,  as  well  as  everything  we  man- 
ufacture is  more  than  nine-tenths  labor,  as  you  have 
already  anticipated.  Then  you  will  be  ready  to  ad- 
mit that  labor  is  about  all  we  have  to  sell;  at  least, 
you  will  admit  if  we  take  all  the  labor  out  we  will 
only  have  left  grass,  weeds,  forests,  wild  flowers, 
wild  animals,  etc. 

Mr.  Grover.  I do  not  admit  anything.  Any  true 
and  loyal  Democrat  considers  it  a weakness  to  make 
admissions.  We  are  the  people  that  have  always 
been  right  and  driving  our  stakes  there  and  holding 
to  that  claim,  together  with  firmly  charging  that  the 
ills  that  come  to  us  are  the  faults  of  others,  never 
explaining,  but  always  firmly  charging,  whether  we 
had  any  proof  or  not,  has  been  our  success. 

Labor.  But,  Mr.  Grover,  in  the  first  of  your  re- 
marks you  admitted  you  had  gathered  some  better 
ideas  on  raw  material. 


6o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  Schood. 


Mr.  Grover.  I was  for  the  moment  too  hasty;  I 
recall  all  I said. 

Labor.  Certainly,  Mr.  Grover,  you  must  be  inter- 
ested in  the  prosperity  of  the  country,  and  since  if 
in  every  lesson  we  may  take  up,  and  every  product 
we  may  consider,  and  every  product  that  it  would 
be  possible  to  consider,  we  show  that  labor  is  prac- 
tically the  whole  of  what  we  are  offering  to  sell, 
there  being  no  exceptions  to  this  claim  under  any 
circumstances  or  conditions,  you  will  admit  then  to 
yourself  if  not  publicly,  or  to  this  class,  that  we  can- 
not afford  to  allow  other  countries  to  sell  their  pro- 
ducts (which  only  means  their  labor)  in  our  markets 
to  the  injury  of  our  wares,  which  means  our  labor 
wholly,  and  our  people  as  a whole. 

Mr.  Grover.  You,  Mr.  Labor,  cannot  blame  me  for 
holding  a special  reverence  for  the  olden  times  of 
this  country,  and  for  those  grand  old  planters  of  the 
South  who  were  practically  the  whole  of  it  in  their 
day,  and  would  be  now  had  it  not  been  for  the  ag- 
gressiveness of  the  New  England  Yankees  whose 
descendants  have  spread  out  all  over  the  whole 
country,  carrying  with  them  the  sentiments  of  pro- 
tection and  a thousand  isms  that  were  full  of  dis- 
rupting influences.  It  was  an  exhilerating  solace  to 
me  when  a boy  to  read  of  Southern  chivalry.  I ad- 
mired and  learned  to  love  those  people.  They  were 
from  the  first  true  Democrats  and  free  traders;  St. 
Louis  and  New  York  City  were  their  headquarters; 
all  the  people  of  those  two  cities  ‘^uncovered  to 
them.”  St.  Louis  may  be  in  a manner  changed,  but 
the  old  and  substantial  people  of  New  York  City 
today,  and  their  children,  too,  are  Democrats,  and, 
as  of  old,  are  free  traders.  You  must  not  look  for 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


6i 


the  swaths  that  those  old  Southerners  once  cut,  or 
the  sentiments  they  planted  in  the  bosoms  of  the 
people  who  once  knew  and  loved  them,  to  die;  they 
are  indelible,  they  will  not  down. 

I am  in  perfect  accord  wkh  the  leaders  in  the  City 
of  New  York,  and  we  distinctly  believe  that  the 
United  States  can  compete  with  any  country  in  the 
world.  You  will  show  that  no  country  on  earth  leads 
ours  in  inventive  genius.  You  claim  that  nine-tenths 
and  more  of  any  and  all  products  is  labor.  Then,  if 
we  are  more  ingenious,  why  cannot  we  compete  with 
any  people  on  the  face  of  the  earth? 

Labor.  Certainly,  we  can  compete  with  any  country 
and  without  a protective  tariff,  too,  but  we  must  do 
it  by  lowering  the  price  of  our  goods,  and  to  lower 
the  price  of  our  goods  so  long  as  the  original  value 
will  be  shown  to  practically  cut  no  figure,  we  must 
lower  the  price  of  labor,  which  is  virtually  all  that 
represents  any  value  in  the  goods.  To  lower  the 
price  of  days  works  and  monthly  salaries  means  to 
cut  out  the  bath  rooms  in  the  working  man's  apart- 
ments; it  means  living  by  the  cook  stove’s  heat  or 
warming  one  room  by  old  methods  a part  of  the 
time  in  place  of  all  the  rooms  all  of  the  time.  It 
means  one  spare  dress  to  the  wife  each  three  or  four 
years,  as  of  old,  in  place  of  two  or  three  spare  dresses 
each  year.  It  means  carrying  children  in  the  arms 
instead  of  pushing  them  about  in  baby  carriages.  It 
means  long,  tiresome  early  and  late  walks  to  and 
from  work  to  save  the  car  fare.  It  largely  means  no 
doctor  when  perhaps  there  ought  to  be  a council  of 
physicians.  It  means  bread  without  butter  and  eggs 
and  meat  on  rare  occasions.  It  means  but  few  bicy- 
cles, skates,  toys  and  a thousand  things  that  make 


62 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


life  cheerful.  It  means  restricted  consumption,  and 
less  consuming  ability  means  less  to  the  farmer  and 
a general  paralysis  of  business  as  compared  to  what 
we  had  prior  to  1893. 

It  means  a few  Lords  who  permit  their  wives  to 
follow  them  into  the  carriage.  Certainly,  Mr.  Grover, 
you  cannot,  as  a good  American,  find  any  comfort 
in  any  such  prospective  conditions.  You  would  not 
go  back  to  the  days  you  can  remember  prior  to  free 
school  laws  in  New  York  when  the  lady  teacher  re- 
ceived two  dollars  per  week  and  boarded  around, 
and  only  a few  could  find  money  to  give  their  chil- 
dren this  piece  of  education,  at  that.  No,  Mr.  Grover, 
we  are  up  to  the  days  of  free  and  compulsory  edu- 
cation. It  seems  that  the  masses  will  hail  “Forward, 
march,”  rather  than  a sentiment  and  spirit  that  would 
carry  us  back  to  the  old.  Steps  have  been,  and  may 
be  taken  again,  that  will  permit  foreign  countries  to 
enter  our  markets  and  take  our  money  home  with 
them  and  keep  it,  causing  a serious  halt  in  our  pro- 
gress, causing  collapse  and  failure  in  business  of 
every  conceivable  nature,  causing  destruction  of 
values  until  pride  will  not  only  kiss  the  dirt  but  will 
eat  it,  causing  agony  of  every  imaginable  character, 
even  to  the  extent  oi  suicide. 

Time  and  further  light  and  knowledge  will  put  a 
stop  to  such  methods.  We  must,  and  by  some  means 
we  will,  sooner  or  later,  sell  our  own  labor  in  our 
own  markets,  regardless  of  any  other  country. 

Mr.  Lincoln  said,  “All  the  people  can  be  fooled  a 
part  of  the  time,  a part  of  the  people  all  of  the  time, 
but  all  of  the  people  cannot  be  fooled  all  of  the 
time.” 

Mr,  Grover.  I am  somewhat  surprised  at  the  stand 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


^3 


you  take,  Mr.  Labor.  How  can  you  hope  to  go  into 
the  foreign  markets  with  American  goods,  if  you 
practically  shut  those  people  out  of  our  markets? 

Labor.  Statistics  show  that  for  every  dollar  of 
products  marketed  by  this  country  that  only  a few 
cents  of  that  dollar’s  worth  of  trade  has  been  with 
foreign  countries;  that  nearly  the  whole  dollar  was 
our  own  consumption  and  our  own  market. 

Mr.  Grover.  Then  I understand  that  Labor  is  not 
in  favor  of  increasing  the  small  per  cent,  of  trade 
with  foreign  countries. 

Labor.  Is  Labor  to  understand,  Mr.  Grover,  that 
you  are  in  favor  of  turning  our  trade  (home  trade) 
or  a large  portion  of  it,  over  to  other  countries  that 
we  might  slightly  increase  our  sales  to  them?  Statis- 
tics show  that  nearly  all  we  sell  to  foreign  countries 
is  grain,  provisions,  cotton,  etc.  98  cents  of  every 
dollar  of  our  manufactured  goods  are  sold  in  our 
own  market,  and  slightly  less  than  two  cents  of  every 
dollar’s  v/orth  is  sold  to  foreign  countries. 

Mr.  Grover.  I see  Labor  is  determined  to  bear 
down  heavily  on  the  great  Democratic  party. 

Labor.  Not  so,  Mr.  Grover.  We  must  sell  our 
labor;  we  have  such  an  unlimited  supply  that  we 
must  turn  as  much  as  possible  of  it  into  money,  and 
we  must  send  people  to  Congress  and  choose  our 
Presidents  from  among  those  who  will  help  us.  It 
is  knowledge  we  are  endeavoring  to  diffuse.  We 
want  the  leaders  and  the  constituency  of  every 
political  party  to  be  ready  and  anxious  to  make  and 
pass  laws  to  help  us  sell  our  labor.  We  do  not  want 
laws  that  will  allow  foreign  countries  to  sell  their 
days  works  in  our  markets  and  take  the  money  away 
with  them,  and  sellers  of  labor  will  ultimately  vote 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


against  any  party  thus  inclined.  We  are  beginning 
to  understand  this  question  and  refuse  to  be  hood- 
winked any  longer.  Labor  will  hail  the  day  when 
any  party  in  power  will  scorn  to  give  our  markets 
away  to  foreign  countries.  When  that  comes  we  will 
be  practically  safe,  no  matter  how  we  vote. 

Labor  is  quite  sure,  Mr.  Grover,  since  you  have 
taken  part  and  been  so  deeply  interested  in  our 
lessons,  that  within  you  are  thoroughly  convinced, 
or  will  be  if  you  listen  to  further  lessons,  that  the 
success  of  our  country  depends  upon  holding  our 
own  markets  for  our  own  goods,  and  it  seems  too 
bad  that  the  traditions  of  any  party  are  such  as  to 
virtually  compel  you  to  abandon  your  convictions, 
in  order  to  remain  in  line  and  be  counted  true  blue 
(as  you  term  it)  in  every  particular. 

Think  what  a dire  calamity  it  would  be  to  the 
country  under  such  circumstances,  should  you  be 
elected  to  some  high  office  where  you  had  influence 
and  power.  It  does  seem  that  all  those  old  questions 
you  referred  to  should  be  thoroughly  gone  over  and 
reconsidered. 

The  Southern  Planter  is  not  looking  with  the  eyes 
he  formerly  did.  Everything  has  gone  through  such 
a thorough  change  of  condition  and  sentiment  that 
they  are  not  only  inventing  in  the  South,  but  they, 
too,  are  becoming  Protectionists.  It  must  be  evident 
to  you,  Mr.  Grover,  as  to  others,  that  the  factory  is 
seeking  to  be  close  to  its  base  of  supplies.  Econom- 
ics will  not  justify  hauling  three  cars  of  raw  ma- 
terial when  one  car  will  answer  for  the  finished 
product.  Cotton  goods  in  large  quantities  are  being 
manufactured  in  the  South  now;  that  section  will 
soon  decide  that  protection  is  what  we  must  have. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  65 

and  labor  then  may  feel  that  our  country  is  com- 
paratively safe,  regardless  of  the  party  that  may  be 
favored  with  power. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  Schooi,. 


6(: 


LESSON  VII. 

Mr.  Phelps,  your  line  of  work  is  making  crockery? 

Mr.  Phelps.  Yes,  sir,  it  is  in  that  branch  of  toil 
that  I have  found  a market  for  my  labor  for  the  last 
twenty  years. 

Labor.  What  is  the  value  of  the  raw  material 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  crockery? 

Mr.  Phelps.  It  is  but  little,  if  anything;  in  fact,  it 
is  what  clay  and  sand  could  be  sold  for  in  their  nat- 
ural state  in  the  ground.  The  coal  or  wood  con- 
sumed in  baking  or  burning  is  quite  an  itemo  We 
must  not  lose  sight,  though,  of  the  fact  that  nearly 
the  whole  value  in  the  wood  and  coal  is  labor.  The 
first  requisite  in  making  crockery,  of  course,  is  the 
plant,  which  when  equipped  will  contain  some  ma- 
chinery and  many  implements  for  carrying  on  the 
work.  We  must  not  forget,  however,  that  labor  is 
the  parent  of  the  machinery  and  implements  and 
constitutes  nine-tenths  of  their  cost.  There  can  be 
but  little  contention  as  to  what  enters  into  the  con- 
struction of  the  plant.  After  deducting  the  cost  of 
the  site,  the  closest  scrutiny  will  develop  that  the 
balance  is  all  days  works,  whether  done  by  contractor 
or  owner. 

The  site  is  usually  selected  where  land  by  the 
acre  is  purchased  at  a reasonable  figure  prior  to  im- 
provements, and  as  a rule  it  contains  the  chief 
material  for  the  manufacture  of  the  crockery.  With- 
out going  into  minute  details,  Mr.  Labor,  this  brings 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


67 


us  to  the  point  where  we  are  ready  to  begin  the  de- 
velopment of  our  product. 

Labor,  Your  statement,  Mr.  Phelps,  is  concise 
and  clear,  and  covers  the  ground  sufficiently  to  dem- 
onstrate the  principles  involved.  What  we  want  to 
discover  is,  where  a product  is  offered  for  sale  what 
share  of  the  value,  in  it  is  due  to  labor.  You  have 
shown  up  to  this  stage  that  if  the  labor  were  de- 
ducted from  the  plant  the  only  thing  remaining  of 
any  value  would  be  the  raw,  unimproved  land.  You 
have  made  this  point  very  clear  and  it  is  an  essential 
feature.  As  we  proceed,  however,  we  must  bear  in 
mind  that  every  time  the  raw  material  is  handled  or 
advanced  a step  it  takes  on  value  to  the  full  extent 
of  what  such  handling  costs,  no  matter  how  valueless 
it  was  at  the  start. 

Mr,  Phelps,  Very  true,  as  is  evidenced  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  crockery.  As  soon  as  the  clay  and  sand 
have  been  dug  and  delivered  to  the  plant,  ready  to 
be  ground  and  mixed,  they  have  taken  on  value  to 
the  extent  of  the  cost  of  the  labor,  and  the  men 
doing  that  work  get  that  value  to  put  into  bread, 
clothes,  drugs,  doctor  bills,  etc. 

The  next  advance  towards  value  is  the  labor 
of  those  who  grind,  mix  and  prepare  the 
material  for  the  men  who  mold  and  form  the  goods. 
At  this  stage  there  is  no  value  except  for  the  uses 
for  which  the  material  is  intended,  and  it  is  worth  no 
more  except  for  the  manufacture  of  crockery  than 
before  it  was  first  moved.  Up  to  this  degree  of  ad- 
vance the  work  has  been  done  by  what  is  termed  the 
common  laborer,  for  which,  in  ordinary  parlance,  but 
little  credit  is  given,  while  in  fact  it  has  been  the 
means  of  support  of  quite  a number  of  people.  This 


’68 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


feature  should  not  be  lost  sight  of  in  the  construc- 
tion of  any  product.  It  is  a question  whether  the 
common  laborer  is  not  the  one  who  should  be  first 
considered;  everybody  is  his  boss,  and  it  is  rare  that 
he  meets  with  very  much  good  cheer. 

The  material  is  now  ready  to  be  passed  to  the  man 
of  skill,  who  molds  and  shapes  it  into  the  desired 
articles,  and  it  is  not  until  it  leaves  his  hands  that  it 
has  taken  on  any  appearance  of  value. 

How  natural,  as  we  see  it  in  this  last  form,  to  fall 
into  the  error  of  thinking  that  up  to  this  period  it 
has  received  only  the  touch  of  the  man  who  molded 
it;  forgetting  that  prior  to  reaching  him  it  has  been 
instrumental  in  feeding  and  clothing  many  families, 
schooling  children,  and  in  many  ways  doing  a power 
of  good. 

The  next  step  it  again  falls  into  the  hands  of  the 
common  laborer,  who  carefully  places  it  into  the 
kiln  to  be  baked.  The  fires  are  started  and  continued 
by  labor,  and  so  on  until  it  is  a finished  product. 
When  the  kilns  have  cooled,  labor  again  places  it  in 
the  storage  rooms,  or  packs,  crates  and  prepares  it 
for  shipment  to  fill  orders,  and  so  it  moves  on  into 
other  hands,  on  railroads  or  water  transportation, 
always  in  front  of  the  man  of  toil,  until  it  reaches 
the  city  of  its  destination,  where  the  hands  of  labor 
grab  hold  of  it  again.  We  will  leave  it  now  to  the 
wholesaler,  to  whom  you  will  have  to  look  for  infor- 
mation as  to  how  many  times  labor  will  have  occa- 
sion to  turn  it  over  before  it  reaches  the  consumer. 

‘ I have  not  noticed  the  broad  field  of  ornamenting 
crockery,  Mr.  Labor,  and  I take  it  for  granted  that 
you  do  not  care  for  a description  in  detail  of  the 
processes  of  coloring,  painting,  burning,  etc.  Each 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


69 


color  may  require  a different  temperature  of  heat  to 
perfect  it,  and  this  is  where  the  scientific  features  of 
treating  crockery  enter,  all  of  which  means  labor  the 
same  as  the  ordinary  and  more  generally  understood 
methods. 

It  is  due  to  aoQ,  nowever,  that  for  much  of  the 
finer  goods  a special  quality  of  clay  is  required, 
which  is  rarely  found  near  the  factory;  but  no  mat- 
ter where  this  material  comes  from  it  is  labor  that 
digs,  transports  and  delivers  it  to  the  factory,  re- 
gardless of  the  distance  it  travels. 

I desire  to  assert,  too,  Mr.  Labor,  that  the  United 
States  can  make  good  enough  crockery  for  any 
human  being,  I care  not  how  delicate  or  finely  organ- 
ized he  be.  Our  imports  of  earthen,  stone  and  china- 
ware  amount  to  from  seven  to  ten  million  dollars  in 
value  each  year.  I should  like  to  see  more  of  this 
money  remain  at  home,  and  it  would  be  my  pleasure, 
Mr.  Labor,  to  aid  in  making  these  goods.  We  are 
“mproving  the  quality  of  our  goods  each  year,  and 
when  the  time  comes  that  manufacturers  of  crockery 
feel  that  they  can  have  the  share  of  our  own  market 
which  is  their  due,  the  goods  will  grow  finer  and 
more  choice  very  rapidly. 

Labor.  We  see,  Mr.  Phelps,  by  your  analysis  of 
the  manufacture  of  crockery  that  it  adds  its  testi- 
mony to  the  long  line  of  proof  that  all  we  see  or 
know  of  is  labor. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Yes,  labor  is  nearly  all  that  can  be 
found  in  crockery.  These  lessons  are  very  interest- 
ing to  me.  I am  paying  strict  attention  to  all  that 
passes  here.  If  there  is  any  product  in  which  nine- 
tenths  of  it  is  not  shown  to  be  labor  I want  to  dis- 
cover what  that  product  is. 


70 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


71 


Labor,  Do  you  consider  it  essential,  Mr.  Phelps, 
that  other  countries  should  pay  a duty  on  crockery? 

Mr.  Phelps.  I wish  it  were  within  my  power,  Mr. 
Labor,  to  answer  that  question  in  a manner  to  give 
full  expression  to  the  feelings  within  my  heart  on 
that  subject.  What  living  American  can  have  the 
brazen  effrontery  to  ask  me  to  so  far  forget  my  wife 
and  children  as  to  consent  that  some  man  in  France, 
Germany,  England,  China  or  any  other  country  shall 
sell  his  days  work  to  my  neighbors,  get  their  money 
(or,  more  truly  speaking,  my  mo'ney)  and  take  it 
home  with  him  to  his  own  country  to  live  on  and  in- 
vest, and  thus  compel  me  through  enforced  idleness 
to  ask  those  same  neighbors  to  give  me  food  to  keep 
my  little  flock  from  starving,  and  when  I get  it  (as  I 
surely  will  in  this  good  country)  it  is  handed  me  on 
a dish  that  could  I have  had  the  privilege  of  making 
I would  have  been  spared  the  pain  and  agony  of 
constantly  looking  into  the  faces  of  patched  and 
ragged  children  and  wife?  I would  have  been  spared 
the  pain  and  agony  of  anxious  faces  at  the  window 
when  I came  home,  hoping  to  see  something  in  my 
arms  to  appease  their  hunger.  I would  have  been 
spared  the  pain  and  agony  of  being  wakened  at 
night  by  the  sobbing  of  my  wife,  weeping  over  our 
distressed  condition.  I would  have  been  spared  the 
pain  and  agony  of  my  family  being  frowned  upon  by 
everybody.  I would  have  been  spared  the  pain  and 
agony  as  a subject  of  scorn  by  all  who  knew  me, 
charging  that  I was  a worthless  and  lazy  lout.  I 
would  have  been  spared  the  pain  and  agony  that  the 
future  did  not  hold  a happy  thought  or  hope  for  me 
and  those  I love. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  free  trade  or  nominal  duties  means 


72 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


giving  to  other  countries  before  our  own  families  are 
fed. 

Protection  means  to  feed  and  clothe  our  own  first, 
then  if  we  have  anything  to  spare  we  can,  if  the 
people  in  other  countries  are  in  need,  contribute  to 
them  if  we  choose  (a  thing  this  country  nearly 
always  does  choose  to  do)  and  take  credit  for  the 
gift  on  the  score  of  charity — which  would  be  our 
due. 

To  me  so  long  as  labor  is  all  I have  on  this  earth 
to  sell  I look  upon  those  who  vote  for  and  support 
men  with  the  view  that  when  they  become  officials 
they  will  make  laws  not  only  permitting  but  inviting 
other  countries  to  sell  their  labor  to  my  neighbors 
as  not  indirectly  but  directly  keeping  flour  out  of  my 
meal  chest.  There  may  be  a difference  in  taking 
out  and  keeping  out,  but  to  me  and  mine  the  result 
in  either  case  would  be  the  same.  Providence  kindly 
forbid  that  I should  myself  vote  for  candidates  that 
I had  the  faintest  suspicion  would,  if  elected,  help 
make  laws  that  would  keep  it  out. 

Right  here  I want  to  ask  the  question, — when  the 
time  comes  that  I cannot  sell  my  labor  (which  is  all 
I have  or  can  sell)  what  will  I have  to  purchase 
other  countries’  labor  (products)  with? 

Lessons  here  have  already  shown  that  the  talk 
about  our  goods,  particularly  our  manufactured 
products  in  foreign  markets,  is  not  a thing  less  than 
impertinent  hypocrisy  on  a swell  and  ruthless 
masquerade. 

If  our  own  home  markets  represent  ninety-eight 
cents  of  each  dollar  oi  our  manufactured  products, 
ignoring  the  ninety-eight  cents  interest  to  chase 
after  the  two^  has  about  as  much  business  sagacity 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


73 


with  regard  to  prudence  and  safety  as  a man  would 
display  should  he  jump  overboard  in  mid-ocean  from 
one  of  our  modern  greyhound  liners  to  grab  on  to  a 
floating  plank,  hoping  to  find  better  accommoda- 
tions. The  liner  would  serve  the  fool  man  right  not 
to  stop  to  pick  him  up,  and  people  who  are  contin 
ually  harping  about  foreign  markets  for  our  manu- 
factured products,  to  the  neglect  and  abuse  of  our 
own  home  markets,  should  be  ignored  in  a like 
manner. 

Right  now  in  these  beautiful  June  days  our  mar- 
kets are  being  loaded  to  rounded  measure  with  for- 
eign products,  which  means  fewer  days  works  for 
our  own  people,  while  the  United  States  Senate  is 
wrangling  whether  to  stop  it  at  all  or  not.  Their 
treatment  of  American  labor  in  this  is  about  as  just 
as  it  would  be  to  the  inhabitants  of  a city  should 
their  officials  take  special  pains  to  purchase  only 
balky  horses  for  their  fire  department. 

Times  are  never  easy  and  good  except  when  labor 
in  all  lines  is  employed  and  there  is  an  interchange 
of  purchases  by  the  employees  of  a multitude  of  fac- 
tories representing  our  various  products.  I will  take 
it  for  granted,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I have  your  permis- 
sion to  try  to  illustrate  what  I mean,  although  it  may 
be  done  in  a homely  kind  of  a way. 

Let  us  suppose  that  we  have  an  ideal  manufac- 
turing city  covering  fifty  industries,  and  that  each  in- 
dustry employs  five  hundred  adult  men;  counting 
four  persons  to  the  family  for  each  adult  man  gives 
us  two  thousand  persons  for  each  industry,  or  one 
hundred  thousand  people  for  our  ideal  city,  which, 
for  convenience,  we  will  call  Groversville.  Such  a 
city  would  support  ten  thousand  more  people,  mak- 


74 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


ing  forty  thousand,  including  their  families.  This 
latter  number  would  include  retailers  of  goods,  mar- 
ket men,  bankers,  lawyers,  physicians,  school  teach- 
ers, traveling  salesmen,  etc.,  etc.  They  all  have  their 
method  of  laboring  for  a living,  and  are  to  be 
counted  as  well  as  the  common  laborer  who  will  be 
found  among  them. 

We  will  now,  for  the  convenience  of  illustratirfg, 
make  the  pay  of  each  employee  and  the  pay  roll  of 
each  factory  the  same.  The  wages  of  each  employe 
shall  be  ^2.50  per  day,  or  ^15  per  week.  This  esti- 
mate makes  the  weekly  pay  roll  of  each  factory  em- 
ploying 500  adults  $7,500;  the  total  weekly  pay  roll 
of  the  whole  fifty  industries  amounting  to  $375,000. 

When  these  factories  are  all  running  and  all  the 
employees  are  busy,  everybody  in  this  brisk  little 
city  has  money;  you  see  the  children  even  buying 
nuts,  candy,  toys,  etc. 

All  the  140,000,  or  the  men  among  that  number, 
are  buying,  wearing  and  destroying  the  hats  the  500 
men  are  making,  and  the  women  of  this  same  num- 
ber of  people  are  wearing  hats  and  bonnets  made  by 
500  other  adults  suitable  for  them. 

All  the  140,000  people  are  wearing  out  the  shoes 
the  500  are  making;  they  are  wearing  shirts  the  500 
in  that  line  are  turning  out;  500  more  are  making 
hosiery  for  the  140,000. 

Carry  this  on  into  clothing,  gloves,  crockery,  tin- 
ware, stoves,  cigars,  umbrellas,  brushes,  pins,  cloth, 
jewelry,  watches,  clocks,  carpets,  underwear,  cutlery, 
and  on  and  on  until  the  whole  fifty  industries  are 
covered  and  then  endeavor  to  recognize  the  consum- 
ing ability  of  this  140,000  people  of  their  own 
products  among  themselves.  Do  they  consume  one- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


75 


fourth,  one-third,  one-half,  two-thirds,  or  what  pro- 
portion do  they  purchase,  wear  out  and  in  a manner 
waste?  When  this  country  is  prosperous  our  people 
do  not  wear  their  clothes  threadbare  as  in  former 
days.  When  they  are  rusty  or  out  of  style  they  cast 
them  off  and  buy  new,  (and  what  a boon  this  cast- 
off clothing  and  shoes,  etc.,  of  the  few  fortunate  ones 
the  past  few  years  has  been  to  the  great  masses  who 
have  been  less  fortunate).  This  practice  reaches  on 
into  all  classes  of  goods;  carpets  are  rarely  worn  out 
any  more.  When  they  show  wear  and  decay  and 
patterns  have  changed,  if  times  are  good  they  are 
replaced  with  the  new  and  more  modern.  The  same 
with  furniture  and  a thousand  things;  it  is  not  con- 
sidered economy  to  pay  for  a full  days  work  and 
accept  a half  days  output  on  account  of  worn-out 
machinery;  hence  the  constant  change  of  the  old  for 
the  new  in  this  line.  Add  to  this  the  modern  ma- 
chinery that  is  daily  taking  the  place  of  that  which 
is  still  good. 

Think  of  the  good  railroad  locomotives  that  of 
late  years  have  been  relegated  to  the  scrap  pile  to 
make  room  for  the  more  powerful  and  swifter  ones. 

It  is  these  features  covering  the  wide  fields  of  the 
broadest  and  best  known  life  and  living  to  the  great- 
est number  that  make  our  markets  nearly  as  great  as 
the  combined  markets  of  the  balance  of  the  world. 
Our  markets  are  so  inviting  that  they  become  a tar- 
get for  the  vicious  commercial  eye  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  whole  earth, 

I shall  not  undertake  to  decide,  Mr.  Labor,  just 
what  proportion  of  the  product  of  Groversville  the 
inhabitants  and  the  farming  community  who  trade 
there  will  consume,  but  I shall  undertake  to  show 


76 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


that  if  you  take  that  consuming  ability  away  from 
them,  from  that  moment  the  city  is  doomed. 

Now,  when  all  is  prosperity  what  patrons  they  are 
of  the  farmer;  what  a feast  he  has  supplying  them 
with  milk,  butter,  garden  stuff,  etc.,  and  in  turn  the 
farmer  with  the  money  he  receives  from  them  buys 
their  products  to  supply  the  wants  of  his  own  family. 

This  exchange  of  commodities  covers  and  makes 
happy  a large  territory  surrounding  Groversville. 
Farmers  as  a class  find  a special  satisfaction  in  grat- 
ifying the  desires  of  their  families,  and  seldom  can 
anything  exceed  the  market  of  a good  live  factory 
town  in  equipping  them  to  do  this  very  thing. 

We  will  remain  within  consistent  bounds  now  in 
presuming  that  most  of  the  goods  now  manufactured 
in  Groversville,  where  all  appear  to  be  so  contented 
and  happy,  can  be  produced  and  supplied  by  foreign 
countries.  This  feature  being  accepted  as  a fact,  we 
are  led  to  ask  what  are  the  foreign  goods?  There 
can  be  no  answer  other  than  “ Like  our  own,  they 
represent  labor  and  but  little  else.” 

Proceeding  now  from  the  standpoint  of  the  free- 
trader, we  permit  the  foreigner  to  ship  his  products 
into  our  prosperous  little  town  without  paying  any 
duty.  The  next  question  shall  be:  “What  are  the 
costs  of  the  foreign  goods  as  compared  to  our  own?” 
Ocean  freights  and  bulk  car  load  rates  by  rail  will 
not  amount  to  a penny  apiece  on  -hats  when  figured 
down  to  the  single  one,  and  it  is  safe  to  claim  that 
the  same  ratio  will  hold  good  in  all  the  lines,  heavy 
freights  not  differing  sufficiently  to  destroy  the 
principle  involved. 

■ Since,  then,  the  transportation  practically  cuts  no 
figure,  the  cost  of  raw  material  in  foreign  countries 


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77 


being  nearly  zero,  the  same  as  our  own,  the  chief, 
and,  in  a sense,  the  only  item  we  have  as  a base  in 
estimating  the  comparative  cost  of  the  goods  is  the 
labor.  This  true,  then  what  is  their  scale  of  wages 
as  compared  with  ours?  That  it  is  very  much  lower 
is  a fact  never  disputed.  Then,  for  convenience  in 
comparison,  we  will  call  it  one  dollar  per  day  for 
their  adults,  while  our  wages  had  been  $2.50  per  day. 
Their  weekly  pay  roll  for  25,000  men  would  amount 
to  $150,000,  while  the  sum  of  our  pay  roll  for  the 
same  number  of  men  at  $2.50  per  day  had  been 
$375,000  per  week,  showing  in  round  numbers  that 
the  product  manufactured  abroad  (same  goods  as 
ours)  delivered  will  be  less  than  half  the  cost  of  our 
own. 

We  must  bear  in  mind  that  our  ideal  manufactur- 
ing town’s  (Groversville’s)  prosperity  was  due  to  pro- 
tective duties,  which  practically  prevented  foreign 
countries  from  disturbing  their  business. 

For  illustration,  as  named  before,  we  are  going  to 
open  it  up  now  and  permit  products  from  all  coun- 
tries to  come  in  free  of  duty.  What  is  the  result? 
Foreign  representatives  come  thick  and  fast;  the 
retail  merchants  in  our  snug  and  happy  city  are 
astounded  and  delighted  with  the  new  quotations 
and  stock  up  heWily.  They  advertise  extensively, 
offering  goods  for  half  of  former  prices.  Their  chief 
customers,  who  are  the  very  employees  of  Grovers- 
ville’s  own  factories,  are  elated  that  a little  money 
goes  so  far,  and  do  not  stop  to  think  as  to  the  man- 
ner of  pushing  each  other  about  in  their  frenzy  to 
reach  the  counters  first. 

While  their  money  lasts  they  continue  to  buy,  and 


78 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


because  everything  is  cheap  they  load  themselves 
down  with  articles  they  have  no  use  for. 

There  is  a great  buzz  and  talk  among  the  factory 
employees  and  their  families  about  the  new  order  of 
affairs.  They  ruthlessly  score  the  robber  manu- 
facturers for  the  robber  profits  they  have  been  mak- 
ing, virtually  declare,  vengeance,  ask  for  an  increase 
of  pay,  and  threaten  to  strike,  never  having  business 
vision  sufficient  to  see  or  learn  that  the  difference  in 
the  cost  of  the  products  had  been  paid  to  them,  and 
up  to  the  time  of  their  blindly  taking  labor  by  the 
throat  and  choking  the  life  out  of  it  themselves,  they 
had  been  the  very  ones  receiving  the  special  benefits^ 

During  all  this  rash  and  imprudent  happiness  and 
wrath  on  the  one  side,  yet  barely  three  months  old, 
the  manufacturer  is  walking  about  with  a long  drawn 
and  careworn  face.  For  some  time  his  salesmen 
have  been  reporting  they  could  get  no  orders;  that 
their  old  customers  were  giving  them  the  laugh  and 
flashing  in  their  faces  quotations  on  foreign  goods 
that  it  was  utterly  impossible  to  meet. 

The  manufacturer’s  stock  of  completed  goods  con- 
tinues to  accummulate;  he  looks  on  with  awe;  many 
of  his  employees  have  noticed  his  confusion;  they 
converse  in  low  voice;  slyly  nudge  each  other  and 
show  in  their  faces  a smothered  pleasure  at  his  dis- 
comfiture, never  for  a moment  recognizing  any  feature 
of  their  own  part  in  the  delusion. 

The  retail  merchants  wink  at  each  other  when  he 
(the  manufacturer)  passes  on  the  street,  children 
point  at  him  as  he  goes  along  with. a sad  face,  and 

say:  “There  goes  the  old Papa  and  Mamma 

were  talking  about.”  All  blind,  everyone  of  them 
blind  as  bats,  buying  foreign  goods,  chuckling  over 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


79 


the  prices  and  ridiculing  the  man  who  had  supplied 
them  the  money  to  buy  them  with,  fancying  there 
could  be  no  limit  to  his  ability  to  continue  doing  so. 

Postively  there  must  be  an  end  to  all  this,  and 
what  is  it? 

The  manufacturer  looks  at  the  stock  of  unsold 
goods;  he  calls  his  salesmen  into  his  private  office; 
they  tell  him  there  is  no  use  trying,  they  cannot  get 
orders,  merchants  refuse  to  pay  two  prices  when 
they  can  buy  the  goods  for  one.  He  turns  to  his  ac- 
countants, they  tell  him  his  bank  account  is  over- 
drawn and  that  his  notes  to  the  bank  are  falling  due. 
There  is  but  little  discussion  as  to  what  must  be 
done;  one  course  only  can  be  pursued,  which  is,  to 
largely  reduce  his  force,  or  shut  down  entirely.  The 
whole  fifty  enterprises  are  in  the  same  condition. 
Say  that  the  finances  of  twenty-five  of  the  concerns 
are  such  that  they  can  run  one-half  time  by  reduc- 
ing their  force  one-half;  that  is,  they  can  run  250 
men  half  time  in  place  of  500  men  full  time.  The 
financial  condition  of  the  other  twenty-five  factories 
is  such  that  they  have  to  shut  down  at  once. 

What  have  we  now  in  our  once  ideal  and  happy 
manufacturing  little  city  of  Groversville?  We  have 
a panic. 

Just  what  the  whole  U.  S.  had  in  1893  and  it  did 
not  come  from  what  had  been  done,  but  was  caused 
by  a simple  promise  of  what  was  going  to  be  done. 

In  the  past,  when  all  was  running  smoothly,  and 
it  looked  like  such  conditions  would  continue  inde- 
finitely, there  was  but  little  if  any  anxiety;  now  it  is 
all  anxiety. 

Manufacturers  hoping  against  hope  had  run  too 
long,  having  had  no  experience  in  the  conditions 


8o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


8i 


that  confronted  them  they  allowed  products  to  ac- 
cumulate that  it  was  out  of  the  question  to  market 
and  realize  on.  Meeting  obligations  promptly  for  a 
term  of  years  had  given  them  unlimited  credit  at 
the  banks,  and  failing  to  anticipate  the  magnitude  ot 
the  crisis  they  were  approaching  they  used  their 
credits  in  a manner  to  cause  them  many  regrets 
later  on. 

It  is  rare  at  best  when  manufacturers  are  not  large 
borrowers  three  quarters  of  the  time.  It  requires 
large  capital  to  invest  in  labor  during  March,  April, 
May,  June,  July  and  August  constructing  goods  for 
the  following  Winter’s  market  and  it  is  the  same 
conditions  for  the  next  six  months  for  the  following 
Summer’s  market.  Some  products  can  be  realized 
on  in  thirty  days,  some  ninety  and  others  again 
require  six  months  and  a year  to  turn  them.  What 
an  immense  sum  of  money  then  must  a large  manu- 
facturer possess  to  avoid  being  a heavy  borrower 
most  of  the  time. 

Groversville  has  been  no  exception  to  the  customs 
and  laws  that  govern  commerce.  The  manufactur- 
ers’ paper  was  falling  due  at  the  bank  and  for  the 
first  time  in  their  lives  they  could  not  meet  it.  They 
were  first-class  men  with  all  that  the  term  implies 
and  it  was  their  intention  to  continue  to  be,  but  now 
they  were  befogged,  confounded,  bewildered;  with 
not  a path  or  road  to  follow  that  promised  the 
slightest  relief. 

The  banks  extended  their  paper  thirty,  sixty  and 
ninety  days  only  to  extend  it  again  when  the  time 
rolled  around. 

The  bankers  of  our  once  ideal  Groversville,  keen 
business  men  as  they  must  be,  were  forced  unwil- 


82 


Labors’  Hard  Times  Schood. 


lingly  to  recognize  the  danger  ahead  and  they  began 
to  buckle  on  their  life  preservers.  Business  friend- 
ship made  an  unconditional  surrender  to  that  inex- 
orable law  “Self  Preservation.” 

The  banks  began  to  demand  payment;  they  stood  in 
terrible  awe  of  threatened  runs;  many  of  the  frugal 
and  saving  employees  had  deposited  portions  of 
their  weekly  pay  with  them  for  years,  and  in  addi- 
tion to  so  many  being  out  of  work  and  needing  their 
money  to  buy  food,  which  was  drained  out  daily, 
they  wer^  becoming  alarmed  as  to  the  safety  of 
the  banks. 

The  manufacturer,  hard  pressed,  had  but  one  ave- 
nue, which  was  to  force  his  products  on  the  market, 
not  at  prices  they  ought  to  bring  but  at  prices  they 
would  bring,  and  with  that  he  could  not  place  enough 
to  meet  the  paper  he  had  out.  The  merchants  of 
Groversville  did  not  want  them  at  any  price,  except 
to  replace  an  occasional  article  they  had  run  out  of. 
They  were  not  making  purchases  of  either  foreign 
or  home  made  goods  now,  and  why?  Nine-tenths  of 
their  trade  had  been  with  the  employees  of  the  fac- 
tories, but  the  days  of  the  latter  receiving,  combined, 
^375,000  each  week  to  put  into  circulation  in  their 
little  town,  was  past. 

The  few  that  had  work  half  the  time  now  were 
receiving  ^93,750  all  told,  every  week  and  this  had 
to  be  used  very  judiciously  at  the  market.  There 
was  not  one  penny  for  luxuries  and  much  that  had 
once  been  deemed  necessities  had  been  thoroughly 
trimmed  down. 

By  the  changed  conditions  ^281,250  per  week  had 
been  taken  out  of  circulation,  amounting  in  fifty-two 
weeks  to  the  modest  sum  of  ^14,625,000,  leaving 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


83 


;?4,875,ooo  for  the  140,000  people  to  subsist  on  per 
year  as  compared  to  the  former  good  times  when 
$19,500,000  represented  the  handsome  total  of  yearly 
wages.  It  is  safe  to  estimate  that  not  more  than 
ten  per  cent  of  that  sum  was  laid  by,  which  left  over 
$17,500,000  absolutely  in  circulation  in  our  Grovers- 
ville  yearly.  What  have  we  since  the  change,  every 
body  felt  so  good  about  at  one  time?  We  have  6,500 
adults  employed  about  half  the  time;  Vv^e  have  18,750 
adults  out  of  work  entirely. 

Do  you  think  the  manufacturer  is  the  only  man 
wearing  a serious  countenance  now?  The  merchants, 
although  they  do  not  appear  to  recognize  what  hit 
them,  are  not  winking  at  each  other  when  he  (the 
manufacturer)  passes. 

The  mirth  that  was  on  every  street  corner  and  in 
every  conversation  up  to  the  time  of  the  changed 
conditions  has  taken  wings  and  sailed  away. 

The  Doctor  and  Lawyer,  who  once  walked  up  the 
street  arm  in  arm  with  cheerful  glee,  go  alone  now, 
and  are  talking  to  themselves. 

The  idle  workmen  meet  in  groups  around  the 
silent  factories  that  boys  have  stoned  the  windows 
out  of  and  otherwise  defaced  'till  the  old  workshops 
have  as  worried  and  dilapidated  a look  as  the  men 
themselves.  They  discuss  their  misfortunes  and  at- 
tribute them  to  all  kinds  of  causes,  chiefly  blaming 
their  former  employers,  never  discovering  that  by 
purchasing  foreign  goods,  which  means  foreign  labor, 
rather  than  our  own  products  and  their  own  labor, 
they  brought  the  disasters  on  themselves. 

It  is  due  to  charge  too,  that  primarly  the  laborer 
is  more  to  blame  for  free  trade  laws  that  cause  them 
to  suffer  than  any  other  class.  They  are  always 


84 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


listening  to  the  demagogue,  and  following  in  the 
paths  he  marks  out  for  them. 

We  are  all  laboring  men,  but  the  class  I refer  to  is 
the  factory  man  and  the  mechanics.  Farmers  are 
laboring  men,  but  a large  majority  of  them  know 
enough  to  know  that  when  all  factory  men  and  me- 
chanics have  work,  what  they  raise  on  the  farm  finds 
a swifter  market,  and  sometimes,  Mr.  Labor,  I feel 
that  were  it  not  for  the  farmer  vote  our  country 
would  go  to  the  d 1 and  stay  there. 

Ask  the  farmers  who  sold  vegetables,  chickens, 
eggs,  butter,  etc.  to  the  merchants  or  factory  people 
of  Groversville  prior  to  the  failure  of  the  manufac- 
turers and  some  of  the  merchants  and  prior  to  the 
collapse  of  a few  of  the  banks.  They  will  tell  you 
that  as  compared  to  the  ideal  times  they  prac- 
tically have  no  market  now,  and  that  the  people 
must  have  been  living  on  dry  bread  and  potatoes, 
and  presumably  on  restricted  quantities  of  these 
substantial. 

This  question  could  be  handled  more  in  detail, 
Mr.  Labor,  but  would  have  required  more  time  and 
possibly  would  have  been  at  the  expense  of  interest. 
The  principles  involved  are  vital  to  our  country  and 
I have  not  proceeded  so  much  with  a view  to  ac- 
curacy as  that  the  workingman  may  discover  his 
own  true  interest,  and  in  the  future  ignore  the  dema- 
gogue who  attempts  to  misleade  him. 

I want  the  physician,  the  banker,  the  lawyer,  the 
merchant,  the  clerk,  the  blacksmith,  the  plowman  to 
recognize  in  the  broadest  and  best  sense  what  it  is 
that  puts  money  in  circulation. 

You  take  labor  out  of  a product  and  you  have 
quite  touched  zero,  and  as  our  labor  in  manufactured 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


B5 


products  and  farm  products  approaches  zero,  so  will 
our  money  in  circulation  approach  zero. 

It  is  beyond  dispute,  should  we  purchase  all  the 
products  we  use,  both  farm  and  manufactured,  from 
foreign  countries,  those  countries  would  in  time 
have  all  our  money,  and  when  our  money  was  gone 
the  circulation  would  be  zero  pure  and  simple, 
would  it  not,  Mr.  Labor? 

I earnestly  desire  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  it  is 
just  as  essential  to  sell  our  own  labor  accumulated 
in  manufactured  products  as  it  is  to  sell  our  labor 
accumulated  in  farm  products,  and  that  there  can 
be  just  as  clean  an  argument  made  in  favor  of  our 
buying  farm  products  of  foreign  countries,  which  is 
accumulated  labor,  as  there  can  be  to  purchase 
manufactured  goods  of  foreign  countries  which  is 
accumulated  labor.  There  are  many  products  to 
purchase  from  foreign  countries  that  we  do  not 
manufacture  or  raise,  but  when  we  have  bought  them 
we  have  gone  far  enough,  and  if  we  Americans  will 
stop  at  that  point  there  will  always  be  plenty  of 
money  in  circulation  in  the  U.  S.,  so  long  as  our  Con- 
gress increases  the  volume  that  works  on  the  markets 
as  an  acceptable  medium  of  exchange,  call  it  money 
or  what  you  may,  in  ratio  to  the  increase  in  inhab- 
itants, which  they  always  have  done  and  very  likely 
always  will  do. 

When  the  physician  buys  the  cloth  for  his  clothes 
of  a foreign  country  and  sends  his  money  to  that  \ 
country,  he  should  not  complain  if  the  factory  man 
making  cloth  in  our  own  country  fails  to  pay  his 
doctor  bill. 

This  sentiment  holds  good  with  the  minister,  the 
lawyer,  the  dentist,  the  school  teacher,  the  college 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


instructor,  the  servant  girl,  the  spectacle  man  and 
the  spectacular  man;  true  home  prudence  forbids  a 
single  exception,  and  the  success  of  the  industries 
in  our  country  are  dependent  on  such  sentiments. 

There  is  as  little  sense  in  a factory  man  belonging 
in  the  United  States  buying  a set  of  knives  and 
forks  made  by  foreign  labor,  when  he  could  buy  a 
set  he  made  himself,  as  there  would  be  if  a farmer 
should  throw  his  own  wheat  in  the  lake  and  then  go 
to  his  neighbour  farmer  and  buy  wheat  for  bread  for 
his  own  family. 

The  ideal  city  of  Groversville,  that  we  have  used, 
endeavoring,  Mr.  Labor,  to  illustrate  that  the  suc- 
cess of  the  citizens  depended  upon  an  undisturbed 
exchange  of  commodities  among  themselves,  is  quite 
an  example  of  what  we  have  experienced  all  over 
the  United  States  duting  the  past  four  years. 

Labor.  Has  not  the  strain  our  country  has  under- 
gone since  1893  been  the  cause,  Mr.  Phelps,  of  your 
thinking  out  what  you  have  just  illustrated  to  us? 

Mr.  Phelps.  Yes,  with  the  prosperity  we  had  prior 
to  that  time  we  had  but  little  occasion  to  study  such 
questions. 

Labor.  Your  thoughts  and  talk  have  been  very  in- 
teresting, and  I am  confident  the  class  feel  very 
grateful  to  you  for  your  views  and  illustrations  thus 
far  and  are  anxius  for  more. 

Mr.  Phelps.  I thank  you,  Mr.  Labor,  for  the  kind 
expressions,  and  for  fear  I may  overlook  one  point  I 
will  add  now: 

Should  any  critic  succeed  in  picking  the  compar- 
isons and  illustrations  I have  made  or  may  make  to 
pieces;  should  he  be  able  to  establish  that  foreign 
countries  pay  as  high  wages  as  our  own,  and  that 


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87 


the  goods  he  may  mention  cost  as  much  as  ours  in 
the  same  line  do,  granting  it  can  be  possible  to  prove 
all  this,  then  I shall  ask  him  to  give  us  sufificient 
reasons  why  we  should  patronize  foreign  countries, 
purchase  their  products,  take  our  money  out  of  cir- 
culation, send  it  to  those  countries  and  starve  our 
own. 

If  all  my  country  has  to  sell  is  labor,  why  don’t 
we  buy  our  own  and  keep  turning  our  money  over 
and  over  here  at  home,  regardless  of  any  other  coimtry? 

Can  any  critic  or  any  living  man  conceive  of  a 
surer  method  of  reducing  the  circulation  of  money 
in  our  own  country  than  by  sending  it  to  other 
countries? 

I understand,  Mr.  Labor,  that  these  sentiments  are 
what  this  school  is  endeavoring  to  bring  to  the  at- 
tention of  the  American  people,  and  I firmly  believe, 
had  they  been  thoroughly  analyzed  ten  years  ago, 
we  would  have  been  spared  the  strain  our  country 
has  suffered  the  last  four  years.  Of  course,  w^e  are 
always  in  danger  of  a set-back  through  over-pro- 
duction, but  when  the  over-production  comes,  why 
not  let  it  be  all  our  own? 

We  virtually  had  no  over-production  in  1892.  No 
doubt,  the  production  was  equal  to  the  demand;  so, 
too,  was  the  demand  equal  to  the  production.  Then, 
what  did  ail  us  in  1893?  Why  was  there  talk  about 
January  ist,  1893,  of  President  Harrison’s  adminis- 
tration having  to  issue  bonds,  a thing  unknown  for 
a long  term  of  years  except  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
funding our  debt  at  less  interest? 

Did  not  the  free  trade  platform  for  1892  declare 
for  tariff  for  revenue  only;  which  all  protectionists 


88 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


charge  except  for  revenue  is  no  better  than  free 
trade? 

Did  not  the  free  trade  speakers  proclaim  from  the 
stump  that  it  practically  meant  free  trade;  at  least, 
that  it  was  a step  in  that  direction,  a thing  they 
coveted  so  much?  Did  they  not  keep' up  this  talk 
from  the  time  of  the  Convention  in  June  until  the 
election  in  November,  especially  whenever  they  had 
an  audience  that  gave  them  the  slightest  evidence 
such  a dectrine  would  suit? 

Did  they  not  dwell  upon  the  fact,  particularly 
when  talking  to  the  laboring  men,  that  everything 
would  be  cheaper,  and  try  to  show  that  a protective 
tariff  robbed  the  working  man? 

Did  not  their  prediction  that  everything  would  be 
cheaper  prove  true?  Hasn't  a large  proportion  of 
our  labor  been  so  cheap  that  it  has  brought  no  price 
at  all? 

Did  they  not,  when  they  cheapened  everything, 
cheapen  our  people  as  well?  If  cheap  everything 
does  not  mean  cheap  people,  then  why  can  you  get 
so  much  for  your  money  in  China?  I overheard  this 
conversation: 

A said  to  B a few  days  ago  that  B had  never 
seen  the  time  when  a dollar  would  buy  as  much  as 
at  the  present.  B told  A he  was  slightly  mistaken 
so  far  as  he  was  concerned,  and  continued:  As  the 
case  with  me  and  thousands  of  others  stands  today,  I 
couldn’t  buy  a dollar’s  worth  of  stockings,  a dollar’s 
worth  of  neckties,  a dollar’s  worth  of  collars  and 
cuffs,  or  a dollar’s  worth  of  anything,  for  the  absence 
of  the  dollar  to  make  the  purchase  with  shuts  me 
out  utterly. 

The  absence  of  the  dollar  has  included  such  a 


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89 


mass  of  people  during  the  last  four  years  that  this 
fact  should  be  allowed  to  solve  the  question  of 
cheapness  in  this  country  for  a long  time. 

If  tasting  is  not  believing,  then  our  late  lessons  in 
the  concrete  have  been  in  vain. 

I want  to  ask  you,  Mr.  Labor,  had  you  been  ever 
so  extensive  an  importer,  ordinarily  bringing  millions 
of  dollars  worth  of  foreign  products  into  our  country 
yearly,  would  you  not  after  June,  1892,  with  the  pos- 
sibility of  a party  coming  into  power  under  a promise 
of  radical  changes  in  our  tariff,  leaning  toward  free 
trade,  would  you  not  have  imported  in  as  small 
quantities  as  possible  and  hold  your  trade  in  line? 
Would  you  not  have  advised  your  trade  to  withold 
their  orders  and  not  be  caught  with  a heavy  stock 
of  foreign  goods  and  thus  subject  themselves  to  loss 
through  a promised  reduction  in  tariff  duties? 

Labor,  Surely,  Mr.  Phelps,  that  is  about  what  I 
would  have  done. 

Mr,  Phelps.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  and  that  is  what  the 
importers  did,  and  there  was  but  little  occasion  for 
them  to  advise  their  customers  to  withold  their 
orders,  either.  Men  who  hazard  their  money  in  busi- 
ness that  custom  duties  can  affect,  keep  close  watch 
of  plain  questions  such  as  tariff,  whether  high,  low 
or  no  duties  at  all;  hence  it  is  evident  that  all  in- 
vestors in  foreign  products  were  awaiting  the  result 
of  the  election  prior  to  stocking  up. 

Such  being  the  case,  what  have  we  to  expect  of 
them  after  election  when  the  defenders  of  low  duties 
and  free  trade  had  successfully  carried  all  depart- 
ments of  the  National  Government  and  there  was 
not  a single  thing  standing  in  the  way  of  their  putting 
into  practice  what  they  had  been  preaching.  Under 


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siuh  conditions,  Mr.  Labor,  as  an  importer,  you 
would  have  brought  in  only  such  products  as  were 
required  to  supply  the  immediate  demand. 

Labor.  Certainly,  it  would  have  been  rash  madness 
to  be  found  with  a large  stock  of  either  our  own  or 
foreign  goods  on  hand  and  the  duty  lowered,  and 
you  are  right,  Mr.  Phelps,  when  you  claim  that  in 
the  light  of  all  the  facts  arnd  prospects  importers 
would  not  and  did  not  import  except  just  what  they 
were  compelled  to  have  to  properly  protect  their 
trade. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Then,  Mr.  Labor,  if  importing  had 
been  largely  deferred  awaiting  tariff  legislation  from 
the  new  administration,  the  receipts  to  the  govern- 
ment or  revenue  from  duties  on  such  goods  would 
have  largely  fallen  off,  would  they  not? 

Labor.  Yes,  and  the  shrinkage  in  revenue  would 
have  reached  back  to  the  opening  of  the  campaign 
prior  to  election,  which  covered  the  last  nine  months 
of  President  Harrison’s  administration. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Then  it  is  no  wonder  that  President 
Harrison’s  administration  at  the  close  came  so  near 
having  to  issue  bonds. 

Labor.  Not  any  wonder;  the  McKinley  bill  was 
ingeniously  drafted  with  a view  to  first  thoroughly 
protect  American  labor  and  then,  if  possible,  provide 
but  a small  amount  of  revenue  more  than  was  re- 
quired to  pay  interest  on  the  public  debt  and  cover 
the  cost  of  running  the  Government,  and  anything 
that  tended  to  stop  imports  very  much  would  very 
quickly  cut  off  revenue  to  the  extent  of  embarrass- 
ment. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Then  it  is  a plain  question  why  the 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  gi 

new  administration  had  to  issue  bonds  shortly  after 
it  came  into  power. 

Labor,  Very  true;  it  is  clear  enough,  Mr.  Phelps, 
that  importers  would  continue  to  defer  contracts  of 
any  magnitude  until  after  the  promised  change  in 
the  tariff  schedule.  During  this  time  the  usual 
expenses  of  the  government  had  to  be  met,  and  if 
the  income  from  revenues  was  insufficient  in  order 
to  preserve  the  credit  of  our  country  the  money  had 
to  be  found  in  some  other  way,  and  the  only  alter- 
native was  for  the  government  to  give  its  note,  and 
one  that  was  backed  with  a pledge  the  same  as  a 
merchant  would  hypothecate  some  securities  for 
money  at  a bank  to  pay  his  debts  or  to  do  business 
with.  Your  version  of  the  situation  is  the  true  one, 
no  matter  how  scientifically  any  critic  may  endeavor 
to  disguise  the  fact.  The  new  administration  found 
in  the  treasury  just  sufficient  money  left  over  from 
President  Harrison's  administration  to  preserve  the 
tone  of  the  government’s  credit,  which  had  been 
brought  to  this,  the  danger  point,  by  the  causes  you 
have  outlined.  There  being  no  surplus  left,  the  new 
administration  had  to  dip  its  hands  into  the  vitals  of 
the  reserved  fund  in  order  to  keep  the  wheels  mov- 
ing, and  for  the  falling  off  of  revenues  that  had  for- 
merly kept  the  reserved  fund  not  only  whole  but 
with  a surplus,  they  were  forced  to  issue  bonds. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Now,  Mr.  Labor,  there  was  one  other 
condition  that  did  not  only  confront,  but  v/as  on  top 
of  us;  we  were  under  its  very  feet  and  its  victims 
utterly,  and  this  is  where  we  received  the  blow  that 
knocked  us  out;  the  one  that  stopped  the  functions 
of  our  commercial  heart.  We  have  not  recovered 
our  breath  yet,  and  it  will  be  a long  time  after  the 


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adoption  of  a good  measure  protecting  our  own 
market  for  the  sale  of  our  own  labor,  before  we  can 
take  a good  long  natural  breath. 

I will  ask  you  now,  Mr.  Labor,  to  act  the  part  of 
a large  manufacturer  whose  pay  roll  to  the  working 
man  had  for  years  aggregated  ^50,000.00  per  week. 
We  will  take  it  for  granted  that  your  line  was  one 
that  could  be  materially  affected  by  a change  in  the 
tariff,  with  all  the  conditions  that  met  the  importer 
in  June,  1892.  What  would  you,  as  a manufacturer 
of  large  quantities  of  goods,  have  done? 

Labor,  Under  the  circumstances  I would  have  pro- 
ceeded very  cautiously,  and  if  I had  but  few  orders 
on  hand  to  fill,  possibly  I would  have  shut  down  for 
a while.  To  say  the  least,  in  the  absence  of  good 
orders  for  the  future,  I should  and  would  have  made 
every  possible  cut  in  expenses,  and  ventures  also. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Won’t  you  please  outline,  Mr.  Labor, 
what  >iDur  process  of  cutting  would  have  been? 

Labor.  It  will  require  but  few  words  to  do  that. 
The  gravity  of  the  situation  was  such  that  I could 
not  have  been  justified  in  anticipating  the  market 
for  any  small  amount  even,  and  as  labor  is  the  chief 
cost  in  all  products,  there  is  where  my  cut  would 
have  fallen  wholly,  even  to  the  extent  of  cutting  out 
my  own  salary,  and  in  place  of  holding  to  a pay- 
roll of  $50,000.00  each  week,  it  would  have  been  re- 
duced to  from  one  to  five  thousand  dollars.  It  is 
evident,  if  the  value  of  goods  was  to  be  largely  re- 
duced in  our  markets  by  foreign  manufacturers 
stocking  it  up  with  products  that  cost  them  only 
half  for  labor  that  the  same  goods  cost  me,  I would 
have  to  wait  and  not  dare  anticipate  a market  until 
I could  arrange  with  my  workmen  to  be  satisfied 


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v/ith  half  the  pay  they  had  formerly  received  or  such 
a reduction  as  to  put  me  on  an  even  basis  with 
people  who,  when  we  accord  full  justice  to  our  own 
working  classes,  have  no  more  right  to  our  market 
than  you,  Mr.  Phelps,  have  to  take  my  overcoat  and 
through  some  hocus-pocus  law  be  protected  to  the 
extent  of  keeping  it. 

Mr,  Phelps,  Then  if  your  product,  Mr.  Labor,  had 
been  one  that  had  two  seasons,  one  spring  and  sum- 
mer and  the  other  fall  and  winter,  you  would,  man- 
ufacturing through  the  spring  and  summer  for  the 
following  winter’s  market,  at  the  rate  of  ^50,000.00 
pay  roll  each  week,  have  had  to  anticipate  the  mar- 
ket in  the  sum  of  over  a million  dollars  invested  in 
labor,  and  a like  amount  again  manufacturing 
through  the  fall  and  winter  for  the  following  spring 
and  summer  market. 

Labor,  To  a limit,  Mr.  Phelps,  you  are  correct, 
but  not  wholly.  During  the  summer  many  whole- 
salers would  contract  with  me  for  large  quantities  of 
goods  for  the  next  winter,  and  during  the  winter 
they  would  give  orders  for  the  following  summer^ 
thus  I would,  as  a rule,  have  goods  sold  in  advance 
in  such  quantities  as  to  justify  me  in  anticipating  the 
market  sufficiently  to  keep  my  factories  running  the 
whole  year. 

Mr,  Phelps,  It  is  very  clear  then,  Mr.  Labor,  that 
the  usual  investors,  wholesalers  or  general  distribu- 
tors of  goods,  or  whatever  name  you  may  choose 
to  give  them,  would  be  governed  by  the  same  mo- 
tives that  influenced  the  importers.  Keen  foresight, 
that  experience  is  always  touching  up  to  a hair- 
splitting edge,  would  prompt  them  to  forego  making 
contracts  for  goods  six  months  in  advance,  as  had 


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been  their  custom,  and  they  would  have  held  off 
until  the  mooted  questions  were  settled  one  way  or 
the  other,  ever  mindful  that  should  we  have  a reduc- 
tion in  duties  (which  had  been  sacredly  promised, 
and  there  was  not  one  thing  standing  in  the  way  of 
that  promise  being  fulfilled)  they  might  want  to 
place  the  orders  formerly  given  to  you  with  foreign 
manufacturers,  and  especially  would  they  make  their 
plans  such  as  to  be  free  to  do  so,  provided  you  could 
not  meet  the  prices  of  the  foreign  goods  when  tariff 
reduction  came.  Receiving  telegrams  and  letters 
daily  from  your  agents  on  the  road  that  they  could 
not  secure  orders  for  future  delivery  from  old  cus- 
tomers or  make  any  new  patrons,  would  serve  to 
modify  the  appetite  of  the  most  brilliant  and  ambi- 
tious manufacturer  our  country  could  boast.  The 
melancholy  pervading  everything  at  that  time  would 
have  thoroughly  admonished  you  to  remain  on  shore 
while  the  danger  signals  were  up,  just  as  all  conserv- 
ative manufacturers  did  do.  I ask  you,  Mr.  Labor, 
how  any  producer  of  goods  could  have  had  the 
courage  to  push  his  industry  to  its  accustomed  limit 
when  he  believed  himself  that  there  was  a business  cri- 
sis inevitably  near  and  all  the  commercial  transactions 
of  the  day,  week  or  month  bore  testimony  that  his 
convictions  were  the  convictions  of  a mass  of  people? 
Many  no  doubt  felt  that  they  were  waiting  for  some- 
thing better,  but  manufacturers  with  rarely  an  excep- 
tion could  not  be  lured  into  any  such  belief;  they 
knew  what  was  coming  was  not  only  bad  but  full  of 
hazard.  They  gathered  before  the  powers  at  the 
capitol  to  point  out  the  dangers,  but  they  were 
turned  down,  not  from  the  standpoint  that  they  had 
for  years  fed,  clothed,  housed  and  schooled  millions 


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95 


of  people,  but  from  the  standpoint  that  they  had 
been  ruthless  robbers  of  millions;  as  if  the  astron- 
omer should  know  nothing  about  astronomy,  the 
geologist  nothing  about  geology,  the  physician  noth- 
ing about  medicine,  the  dentist  nothing  about  dent- 
istry, the  watchmaker  nothing  about  a watch,  the 
farmer  nothing  about  farming,  so  the  manufacturers 
knew  not  a thing  about  their  own  business,  as  to 
what  would  save  it  or  kill  it,  in  the  eyes  of  those  in 
authority.  Experience  and  practice,  no  matter  for 
how  long  a term  of  years,  was  charged  to  selfishness 
and  was  compelled  to  and  did  give  way  to  theory 
and  destruction. 

Labor.  You  have  made  a strictly  logical  state- 
ment of  the  situation,  Mr.  Phelps,  and,  as  I said  at 
the  outset,  I should  not  have  entertained  a single 
thought  of  anticipating  the  market,  and  should  be- 
yond any  doubt  have  reduced  my  expenses  to  $5,000 
per  week  if  not  less,  or  shut  down  entirely. 

Mr.  Phelps.  To  have  reduced  your  expenses  to 
$5,000  per  week  would  have  forced  you  to  discon- 
tinue the  services  of  a multitude  of  people? 

Labor.  Yes,  enough  to  fill  two  large  churches,  and 
their  families  would  fill  eight  more. 

Mr.  Phelps.  By  making  such  a reduction,  Mr. 
Labor,  you  would  keep  from  them  $45,000  per  week, 
the.  sum  they  had  formerly,  which  provided  them 
their  means  of  living? 

Labor.  This  is  true,  and  this  carries  us  back  to 
your  ideal  manufacturing  city  of  Groversville.  Your 
illustration  there  made  vivid  just  what  happened  to 
our  country  in  1892  and  1893. 

Mr.  Phelps.  You  have,  Mr.  Labor,  with  just  one 
stroke  and  only  one  factory,  taken  $45,000  out  of 


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circulation  each  week,  amounting  for  the  whole  year 
to  ^2, 340,000.  Only  one  factory,  mind  you,  did  this, 
when,  if  you  will  ask  any  man  who  traveled  to  any 
extent  in  the  United  States  during  1893  and  1894  he 
will  tell  you  what  a multitude  of  factories  were 
empty  and  silent  in  those  years,  from  the  small  ones 
to  the  large  ones,  with  the  glass  in  the  windows 
stoned  out,  just  as  I pictured,  Mr.  Labor,  in  our  once 
ideal  city  of  Groversville,  and  most  of  those  that 
continued  to  run  were  doing  so  with  half  force  on 
half  time  or  less. 

If  one  large  factory  cuts  its  force  to  the  point  of 
practically  closing,  reducing  the  circulation  of  money 
in  the  United  States  $2,000,000  and  over  yearly,  what 
will  100  factories  large  and  small,  virtually  shut 
down,  do?  How  much  will  500  closed,  or  at  best 
operated  with  a small  force,  reduce  it?  And  in  a 
like  manner  how  many  millions  of  dollars  will  1,000 
idle  factories  take  out  of  circulation  in  the  United 
States  yearly,  as  compared  to  their  running  full 
force,  full  pay,  full  time,  which  they  were  doing 
prior  to  the  fall  of  1892? 

Gold  men  with  free  trade  proclivities  told  us  in 
the  fall  of  1893  that  a repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill 
would  give  relief  and  good  times  again.  Men  in 
favor  of  protective  duties  for  our  labor  told  them  it 
would  not  make  an  iota  of  difference,  but  that  if  the 
President  would  issue  a message  that  he  would  veto 
any  bills  affecting  the  tariff  that  Congress  could 
pass,  business  would  revive  at  once. 

The  Sherman  silver  purchasing  bill  was  repealed, 
and  it  did  not  lessen  the  strain  with  the  idle  a part- 
icle. A free  silver  man  told  me  to-day  (May  25,  1897) 
that  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill  reducing  the 


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purchase  of  silver  is  what  took  the  money  out  ot 
circulation  and  caused  the  hard  times. 

Think  of  it,  Mr.  Labor,  the  Sherman  bill  purchased 
in  round  numbers  ^50,000,000  worth  of  silver  bullion 
each  year.  The  reduction  in  twenty-five  factories 
such  as  you  represented  amounts  to  more  than  that. 
One  hundred  such  closed  factories  will  amount  to 
five  times  the  sum  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill 
took  out  of  circulation,  and  1,000  factories  closed, 
take  them  as  they  averaged,  or  running  with  reduced 
force  on  one-fourth  or  one-half  time,  would  take 
thirty  to  fifty  times  the  money  out  of  circulation 
that  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill  did.  The  sum  of 
money  that  would  represent  the  amount  that  labor 
lost  by  workingone-half  or  one-fourth  or  partial  time, 
as  compared  to  what  it  received  for  full  time  prior  to 
the  fall  of  1892  added  to  a sum  that  would  represent 
what  labor  has  lost  through  idleness  since  the  fall  of 
1892  as  compared  to  the  steady  work  prior,  would  ag- 
gregate money  enough  to  have  continued  the  purchase 
monthly  of  all  the  silver  bullion  that  the  Sherman 
bill  required  the  Government  to  take,  and  labor 
would  have  had  enough  over  to  have  made  millions 
of  mortals  happy,  who  for  the  past  four  years  have 
been  total  strangers  to  a thing  that  had  a single 
finger  pointing  in  the  direction  of  contentment. 

The  combined  labor  of  the  United  States  em- 
ployed, as  it  had  been  up  to  the  summer  of  1892, 
could  have  purchased  the  four  and  a half  millions 
of  silver  monthly,  the  amount  named  in  the  Sherman 
bill,  and  dumped  it  into  the  middle  of  ihe  ocean  and 
never  found  out  it  had  been  hit.  It  would  have  been 
like  an  infant  striking  a giant. 

What  is  silver  bullion,  Mr.  Labor? 


g%  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

Labor.  Silver  bullion  represents  labor  the  same  as 
wheat  or  anything  else.  If  not,  why  do  silver  mine 
owners  claim  that  they  cannot  afford  to  work  their 
mines  at  present  prices  for  the  bullion?  If  they  pay 
their  help  more  to  produce  an  ounce  of  silver  bullion 
than  they  can  sell  it  for  they  lose  money,  and  what 
on?  On  the  labor,  of  course,  the  same  as  the  farmer 
does  on  a bushel  of  wheat  if  he  cannot  sell  it  for  as 
much  as  it  costs  him  to  raise  it.  Our  government, 
Mr.  Phelps,  buys  flour,  which  literally  is  the  farmers’ 
wheat,  for  the  army  and  navy,  and  when  they  pay 
for  it  it  puts  money  into  circulation,  but  it  aims  not 
to  buy  anymore  than  the  army  needs. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  and  during  the  late 
war  the  government  purchased  immense  quantities 
of  flour,  oats,  etc.,  but  when  the  army  was  disbanded 
after  the  close  of  the  war  its  purchases  were  so 
largely  reduced  that  practically  it  demonetized 
flour  and  oats.  I have  often  wondered  since  the 
silver  agitation  why  the  farmers  did  not  kick  at  the 
time  and  make  a national  issue  of  the  demonetiza- 
tion of  grain  by  the  government. 

Labor.  You  must  keep  in  mind,  Mr.  Phelps, 
that  the  silver  men  claim  that  the  purchase  of 
$50,000,000  worth  of  silver  each  year  by  our  govern- 
ment put  that  much  more  absolute  money  in  circu- 
lation yearly. 

Mr.  Phelps.  It  looks  to  me,  Mr.  Labor,  like  it  put 
that  many  more  tons  of  silver  in  the  government 
vaults  each  year.  If  the  silver  men  could  show  me 
that  the  people  carried  the  silver  and  used  it  I could 
take  a more  charitable  view  of  their  claims. 

Labor.  Yes,  Mr.'  Phelps,  but  the  government  is- 


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99 


sued  silver  certificates  that  the  people  did  carry,  and 
held  the  silver  to  redeem  the  certificates. 

Mr.  Phelps.  I understand  that,  Mr.  Labor,  and  I 
understand,  too,  that  if  silver  was  the  only  thing  be- 
hind the  silver  certificates  to-day  it  would  be  worth 
less  than  one-half  its  face  value.  It  looks  to  me  too 
much  like  putting  a small  boy  in  front  of  me  to  pick 
a fuss  with  someone  full  grown,  when  I know  the 
boy  hasn’t  stuff  enough  in  him  to  make  the  fight.  I 
might  be  able  to  get  boys  enough  together  to  even 
the  contest  up,  but  I don’t  believe  all  the  law  crea- 
tors on  earth  could  put  stuff  enough  in  that  one  boy, 
so  that  he  could  have  an  even  show  with  a man  who 
had  by  nature  more  than  twice  the  boy’s  power.  And 
in  my  opinion  we  are  losing  time  when  we  try  to 
make  ourselves  believe  that  by  some  hocus-pocus 
national  law,  as  you  call  it,  we  can  change  any  of 
nature’s  laws. 

Labor.  Won’t  free  silver  men,  Mr.  Phelps,  charge 
you  with  carrying  this  question  too  high  when  you 
attempt  to  bring  nature  into  it? 

Mr.  Phelps.  How  can  they  keep  nature  out  of  the 
qualities  of  our  minerals  any  more  than  they  can  out 
of  the  various  qualities  of  grass,  flowers,  timber  and 
men?  When  they  undertake  to  tell  me  that  they 
can,  by  national  legislation,  send  the  sweet  fragrance 
of  a choice  rose  into  some  noxious  weed  I shall  not 
believe  them.  There  has  always  been,  and  always 
will  be,  an  exchange  between  gold  and  iron,  but  the 
fluctuating  changes  of  ratio  of  value  by  weights  be- 
tween the  two  metals  in  the  past  would  make  some- 
thing of  a monkey  of  any  man  who  would  recom- 
mend laws  regulating  and  establishing  any  given 


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ratio  of  exchange  by  weights  between  the  two  metals 
for  the  future. 

In  this  is  there  not  something  of  a lesson,  Mr. 
Labor,  to  free  silver  men  when  they  charge  that  gold 
has  gone  up?  How  has  it  been  with  iron?  Has 
gold  gone  up,  or  has  iron  gone  down? 

How  about  diamonds  and  glass?  Can  any  fixed 
exchange  by  law  that  will  hold  be  established  be- 
tween the  two,  or  between  either  or  any  precious 
stones  ranging  between  glass  and  diamonds?  No, 
not  even  though  diamonds  became  as  plenty  as  glass, 
for  then,  on  account  of  the  utility  of  glass,  it  would 
be  the  more  valuable.  The  same  holds  good  with 
gold  and  iron.  Should  gold  be  found  in  the  same 
abundance  as  iron  its  special  value  would  depart  at 
once,  the  same  as  the  special  value  of  silver  is  depart- 
ing, and  all  the  law  below,  and  all  the  law  in  Heaven 
above  could  not  stay  its  departure.  No  doubt,  Mr. 
Labor,  we  could,  if  forced  to,  get  along  without 
gold,  but  what  would  we  do  without  iron?  As  well, 
too,  could  we  live  without  diamonds,  but  what  would 
our  discomforts  be  in  the  total  absence  of  glass? 

Let  the  free  silver  advocates  strike  at  nature  if 
they  so  choose,  Mr.  Labor,  but  if  they  do,  and  avoid 
any  and  all  harm  to  themselves,  you  and  I will  be 
just  as  safe  as  they.  I cannot  believe  in  their  theory; 
with  all  their  efforts  they  have  not  proven  one  thing 
to  me  except  that  I must  distrust  their  motives. 

Their  claim  to  all  wisdom  is  only  equalled  by  the 
claims  of  the  free  trader.  All  who  disagree  with 
either  of  them  are  fools  or  dishonest.  The  free  trade 
we  have  tried  for  nearly  four  years;  the  free  silver  I 
hope  we  shall  never  be  compelled  to  try,  and  now, 
to  all  free  silver  men  who  claim  that  there  was  a feature 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


lOI 


in  the  $50,000,000  of  silver  purchased  yearly  by  our 
government  up  to  nearly  the  last  of  1894,  that  should 
not  be  associated  with  labor  because  it  became 
money,  I will  add,  just  to  gratify  them,  another 
$50,000,000  for  silver  and  help  them  make  a pet  of 
it,  and  then  claim  that  the  $100,000,000  taken  out  of 
circulation  by  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill,  had 
days’  works  remained  what  they  were  prior  to  1893, 
could  have  been  replaced,  every  dollar  of  it,  by 
labor  and  proved  absolutely  no  burden  whatever. 

Then,  Mr.  Labor,  if  silverbullion  represented  labor 
and  somewhere  near  its  full  value  had  been  paid  to 
labor,all  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  silver  bill  could  take 
from  labor  was,  in  round  numbers,  some  $50,000,000 
each  year,  while  just  from  a promise  only  of  a change 
in  the  tariff  duties  leaning  towards  free  trade,  at  least 
in  a sense  ignoring  the  protection  to  labor  features, 
factories  enough  closed  during  the  last  of  1892  and 
first  of  1893,  so  that  labor  was  receiving  $30,000,000 
a week  less  in  the  fall  of  1893  than  it  did  in  the  fall 
of  1892.  Thus,  while  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill 
took  from,  labor  $50,000,000  a year,  the  tariff  legisla- 
tion was  keeping  out  of  labor’s  pockets  $125,000,000 
each  month.  Then  give  labor  that  $125,000,000  and 
how  easy  it  would  be  to  pay  the  $4,500,000  each 
month  for  silver,  even  though  the  silver  were  thrown 
away. 

To  satisfy  and  fully  answer  the  charge  that 
$50,000,000  of  absolute  money  was  taken  out  of  cir- 
culation we  see  that  labor  could  have  taken  on  this 
extra  $50,000,000  and  not  experienced  any  distress. 

No,  it  was  not  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  bill,  nor 
our  system  of  finance  in  any  sense,  that  caused  the 
hard  times  and  suffering  our  country  has  experienced 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


since  the  national  election  of  1892.  It  is  ninety-nine 
one-hundredths  of  it  due  to  our  unsold  labor.  Failing 
to  sell  our  labor  in  manufactured  products  has  iden- 
tically the  same  effect  with  our  people  as  comes  to 
us  when  the  farmer’s  product  cannot  be  sold,  and 
the  farmer’s  best  market  is  that  of  the  United  States, 
everything  considered,  by  twenty  toone  when  we  keep 
what  is  justly  our  own,  which  means  to  protect  our 
own  markets  for  the  benefit  of  our  own  people,  and 
this  means  keeping  from  ;?300, 000,000  to  ^500,000,000 
at  home  yearly  more  than  was  kept  by  the  Wilson  bill. 
The  farmers  are  plowing  and  seeding  to-day  to  feed 
the  masses  that  are  manufacturing.  If  those  masses 
are  idle  how  can  the  farmer  feed  them?  He  surely 
cannot  afford  to  give  his  products  away?  If  our 
goods  are  manufactured  in  foreign  countries  our 
farmers  cannot  hope  to  feed  the  people  doing  the 
work;  they  have  farmers  of  their  own  to  feed  them. 
Our  farmers  may  sell  them  a little  wheat  and  some  meat 
when  they  cannot  get  it  elsewhere,  and  that  is  the  only 
tlmehecansellthem,  and  all  he  can  sell  them,  andwhen 
people  shout — what  an  immense  quantity  of  wheat 
and  provisions  we  ship  abroad,  let  them  compare  it 
to  the  amount  we  use  at  home,  especially  when  all 
our  labor  is  employed  and  the  purchasing  ability  of 
the  masses  is  what  it  can  and  should  be.  Our  Gro- 
versville  illustration,  Mr.  Labor,  covers  the  whole 
situation,  and  although  some  may  charge  that  it  was 
too  much  in  the  extreme,  it  thoroughly  demonstrates 
to  any  unprejudiced  mind  that  if  we  could  have  sold 
all  our  labor  since  1892  there  would  have  been 
plenty  of  money  in  circulation  and  times  would  have 
been  good. 

That  illustration  differed  from  what  happened  to 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


103 


the  country  by  our  Ideal  City  having  absolute  free 
trade;  while  there  was  no  bill  before  Congress  that 
promised  that  much,  there  was  a long  season  of 
doubt  from  the  time  of  the  election  in  November, 
1892,  until  any  bill  at  all  was  presented,  and  as  to 
what  the  bill  (which  was  sure  to  come)  would  pro- 
vide for. 

And  that  uncertainty,  Mr.  Labor,  did  just  what 
you  outlined  as  a supposed  manufacturer.  Jobbers 
or  wholesalers  would  not  give  orders  in  advance  as 
had  been  their  custom.  They  could  not  afford  to  be 
caught  with  a large  stock  of  goods  on  hand  with  the 
duties  lowered.  No  matter  how  much  money  the 
manufacturer  might  have  he  would  not  take  the 
chances  and  be  caught,  and  if  it  had  been  his  custom 
to  borrow  in  order  to  carry  his  labor  from  two  to  six 
months  thebanks would  have  refused  him  the  money 
except  he  could  show  contracts  ahead  for  goods. 
No  matter  how  faithfully  he  had  always  met  his 
obligations,  or  how  trustworthy  he  might  be,  they 
would  decline  and  kindly  advise  him  to  use  extreme 
caution.  The  result  was  manufacturers  shut  down 
or  worked  a small  force  on  one-fourth  or  one-half 
time  as  the  case  might  be,  and  in  proportion  as  the 
laboring  man’s  income  was  reduced,  the  amount  of 
money  in  circulation  was  reduced.  The  scythe  at 
work  seemed  to  have  edges  top  and  bottom  and  on 
both  sides;  it  was  cutting  commercially  in  every  di- 
rection as  never  before,  and  those  who  have  been  so 
fortunate  as  to  escape  contact  with  its  keen  blades 
have  the  same  occasion  as  the  soldier  whom  the  bul- 
lets in  battle  have  missed,  to  bend  the  knee  in 
prayer  to  Him  who  alone  can  be  just,  and  render 
thanks  for  having  been  spared,  and  ask  for  that 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


guidance  and  wisdom  in  extending  relief,  consola- 
tion and  good  cheer  to  the  suffering  that  Providence 
in  his  kind  indulgence  to  them  has  indicated  they 
owe;  Charity  ever — Malice  never.  We  know  not  yet 
what  the  lesson  has  been  for;  possibly  to  settle  one 
feature  of  the  rights  of  labor,  and  teach  this,  the 
greatest  people  the  sun  has  yet  shone  on,  what  labor 
truly  is,  what  constitutes  labor,  what  it  must  always 
be,  and  from  whence  it  comes,  when  a product  is 
offered  for  sale  to  the  citizens  of  our  own  country. 

I firmly  believe,  Mr.  Labor,  that  the  United  States 
of  America  is  our  Redeemer’s  example  country. 
That  in  His  gracious  benevolence  to  all  mankind  He 
is,  so  far  as  it  is  possible  to  make  His  never-erring 
hand  felt,  shaping  the  patterns  here  for  the  govern- 
ments of  the  balance  of  the  earth.  It  is  this  grand 
country  of  ours  that  is  alone  to-day  offering  univer- 
sal education  and  universal  opportunity  without 
stint  to  all.  Other  countries  are  alreadyjmitating, 
and  with  their  stale  methods  and  slow  processes  of 
unfolding  they  will  naturally  remain  in  a state  of  im- 
itation for  a long  term  of  years.  Each  new  genera- 
tion, however,  will  advance  a step  until  in  time  a 
native  in  any  land  can  find  a small  percentage  of 
freedom  and  liberty  without  going  away  from  his 
own  loved  home  and  flag,  and  he  can  give  the  United 
States  of  America  credit  for  having  blazed  the  way. 

Labor.  I feel  now,  Mr.  Phelps,  by  the  the  illus- 
tration of  your  example  city  of  Groversville,  together 
with  what  the  importers  and  manufacturers  abso- 
lutely did  in  1892  and  1893,  we  have  shown  to  any 
unbiased  mind  why  President  Harrison’s  adminstra- 
tion  at  the  last  came  so  near  having  to  issue  bonds, 
and  what  has  taken  money  out  of  circulation  and 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


caused  the  terrible  strain  our  country  has  been  the 
victim  of  for  so  long  a time. 

Mr.  Phelps.  True,  Mr.  Labor,  but  I want  to  ask 
now  why,  after  the  Wilson  bill  passed  with  its  reduc- 
tion in  tax  on  foreign  goods,  so  little  importing  was 
done? 

Labor.  It  all  seems  plain  enough;  you  know  very 
well  Mr.  Phelps,  that  we  had  then  in  full  measure 
the  application  of  a former  question  from  you,  which 
was:  “What  would  you  have  to  buy  foreign  goods  or 
any  products  with  when  you  failed  to  sell  your  labor, 
which  was  all  you  had  to  sell  and  your  only  possible 
source  of  obtaining  money?” 

The  laboring  masses  in  manufacturing  industries 
after  being  thrown  out  of  employment  soon  lived  up 
what  they  had  saved  and  in  a measure  became  de- 
pendent, living  by  doing  odd  jobs,  which  was  a very 
poor  substitute,  on  account  of  there  not  being  enough 
to  go  round. 

Mr.  Phelps.  Very  true,  Mr.  Labor.  I have  in 
mind  an  absolute  illustration:  a middle  aged  man, 
with  whom  I fell  into  conversation  on  a New  York 
ferry  boat  in  the  summer  of  1896,  said  that  the  week 
before  he  earned  three  dollars  shoveling  coal,  and 
the  present  week  he  earned  ^1.50,  and  lie  did  not 
know  when  he  would  find  anything  more  to  d(\ 
Said  he  was  a moulder  by  trade  and  for  years  up  to 
1893  had  found  steady  employment  at  from  ^15.00 
to  ^18.00  per  week.  Now,  if  we  allow  him  for  shov- 
eling coal, or  any  odd  jobs  he  could  find,  three  dollars 
each  week,  which  is  liberal,  we  find  this  one  man  has 
unadvoidably  reduced  the  circulation  of  money  from 
$12.00  to  ^15.00  extra  weekly.  When  it  becomes 
separated,  each  dollar  may  in  the  next  thirty  days 


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107 


pass  through  lOO  different  hands.  While  we  have 
now  a thoroughly  realizing  sense  of  what  the  absence 
of  this  money  does  to  us  all,  we  are  at  sea  when  we 
attempt  to  discover  in  an  imaginary  way  even  the 
amount  of  good  from  it  when  in  hand.  Suppose  he 
buys  a coat  with  it,  and  the  profits  go  to  a serv- 
ant girl  working  for  the  man  of  whom  he  bought  the 
coat,  who  passes  her  share  on  and  on,  the  balance 
goes  back  to  the  factory  to  pay  some  man  for  mak- 
ing some  other  man  a coat  to  take  the  place  of  the 
one  just  sold.  The  coat  maker  sends  it  ahead  again 
as  soon  as  the  money  falls  in  his  hands,  provided 
the  coat  is  made  in  our  own  country,  and  thus  the  man 
of  toil,  when  he  can  get  hold  of  the  money,  starts  it 
traveling.  This  case  is  but  one  of  hundreds  of 
thousands;  three  dollars  per  week  instead  of  from 
ten  to  twenty  eaeh  for  the  multitude  to  spend,  which 
had  been  the  case  for  so  long  a term  prior  to  the 
Wilson  bill  becoming  a law,  was  pointer  enough  to 
the  importer  to  convince  him  that  the  purchasing 
ability  of  the  people  had  reached  that  state  that  if  he 
brought  foreign  goods  into  the  country  in  any  ex- 
tended quantities  he  would  have  to  keep  them,  and 
the  picture  of  riches  the  importer  had  permitted  to 
form  in  his  mind’s  eye  vanished,  and  for  the  need  of 
revenue  on  account  of  products  not  coming  in  and 
paying  duty,  our  Government  continued  to  issue 
bonds. 

The  country  had  been  under  such  a terrible  strain 
from  November,  1892,  up  to  the  time  the  Wilson 
bill  became  a law,  that  the  masses  had  become  so 
thoroughly  reduced  and  shattered  in  purchasing 
ability  that  there  was  no  call  for  goods.  Merchants 
were  marking  down,  selling  out  and  living  up  the  re- 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


ceipts.  Formerly  they  had  subsisted  on  the  profits 
and  as  a rule  had  some  profits  over  and  above  the 
demand  for  their  living  and  business  expenses,  and 
there  have  been  thousands  of  instances  where  the 
department  stores  had  their  eagle  eye  on  the  lesser 
fellow,  watching  to  pick  his  outfit  up  at  bankrupt 
rates  and  then  advertise  the  goods  at  prices  that  the 
importers  did  not  want  to  fly  in  the  face  of;  besides 
everybody  who  had  means  recognizing  the  uncer- 
tainties in  all  directions,  lived  on  lines  severly  pru- 
dent and  economical  as  compared  to  what  they  had 
done. 

Labor.  Quite  right;  the  want,  Mr.  Phelps,  of  peo- 
ple to  take  the  goods  on  hand  at  practically  their 
own  prices  admonished  the  importers  not  to  bring 
more,  and  their  declining  to  do  so  left  the  Government 
without  sufficient  revenue  to  meet  all  its  expenses, 
and  the  stagnation  became  general,  reaching  into 
our  industries  that  would  appear  to  be  wholly  inde- 
pendent of  tariff  duties. 

It  seems  clear,  Mr.  Phelps,  from  the  experiences 
since  the  Fall  of  1892  that  we  have  little  if  anything 
in  this  country  commercially  that  is  independent  of 
protective  duties.  A half  a million  workmen  and 
their  families  in  industries  that  do  not  require  any 
protection  are  dependent  for  full  success  on  the  trade 
of  the  other  half  a million  workmen  and  their  fami- 
lies in  industries  that  a tariff  can  affect.  You  destroy 
the  one  and  you  make  a very  great  cripple  of  the 
other;  and  here  again  is  where  the  workingman  is 
very  deeply  interested.  How  plain  it  is  that  when  the 
lines  that  a tariff  does  affect  are  ruined,  the  labor 
thrown  out  of  work  in  those  lines  will  make  an  earnest 
rush  for  employment  in  the  industries  that  have 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  109 

been  looked  upon  as  exempt.  Even  the  farmer  is 
interested;  he  may  vote  in  a manner  to  force  a 
thousand  workman,  who,  with  their  families  are  good 
customers  of  his,  to  become  farmers,  and  thus  com- 
petitors. 

There  can  be  but  little,  if  any,  business  prudence 
or  sagacity  in  following  in  lines  that  do  not  only  in- 
vite but  force  your  best  customers  to  become  your 
competitors,  and  when  laboring  men  study  this  senti- 
ment and  act  clearly  as  they  should  in  a common- 
sense  and  conservative  way,  our  whole  country  will 
be  wonderfully  benefited. 

Mr,  Phelps,  That  is  very  clear,  Mr.  Labor,  when 
working  people  in  one  line  are  buying  goods  that 
labor  in  another  line  is  producing,  they  are  clearly 
the  former  workmen’s  customers,  and  the  working- 
man through  his  natural  and  cultivated  desire  to  do 
something  to  hit  his  employer,  as  a rule  loses  sight 
of  this  particular  interest  of  his  own.  Any  customer 
who  buys  of  any  employer  of  labor  is  the  customer  of 
every  man  working  for  such  employer,  no  matter 
who  the  customer  himself  may  be  working  for. 


1 10 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


LESSON  VIII. 

Labor,  I would  like  now  to  take  up  some  industry 
that  is  supposed  not  to  need  any  protection — not 
that  it  shall  positively  be  an  industry  that  is  not 
protected — but  one  that  foreign  countries  have  not 
thus  far  to  any  great  extent  attempted  to  disturb  by 
bringing  in  a like  product. 

(Several  answer  by  rising.) 

Labor,  recognizing  the  person  first  to  his  feet, 
asked  what  line  he  represented  and  his  name. 

My  name,  Mr.  Labor,  is  Welch,  and  I am  a cabinet 
maker  by  trade;  what  is  better  understood  as  a 
worker  in  the  construction  of  furniture. 

Labor.  I think,  Mr.  Welch,  that  will  be  a good  line 
to  take  up,  especially  household  furniture,  although 
it  is  a protected  product. 

Mr.  Welch.  My  work,  covering  a long  term  of  years, 
has  chiefly  been  the  making  of  household  furniture. 

Labor.  Presuming  that  you  are  familiar  with  all 
the  features  from  first  to  last  of  the  manufacture  of 
that  product,  will  you  kindly  outline  to  the  class  in 
as  brief  a manner  as  clearness  will  permit,  what  por- 
tion of  the  furniture  completed  belongs  to  labor? 

Mr.  Welch.  After  recognizing  the  hand  of  Kind 
Providence  in  growing  the  tree,  then  the  balance  is 
all  labor.  Gladstone  is  the  only  man  I have  read  of 
who  chops  trees  for  his  health.  Others  may  have 
done  so,  but  if  they  have  and  there  is  any  record 
made  of  it,  it  has  escaped  my  observation.  In  any 
sense,  we  are  safe  in  claiming  there  has  been  no 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Ill 


chopping  to  better  the  health  done  for  the  manu- 
ufacture  of  furniture.  Hence  we  will  start  with  the 
chopping  and  urge  that  the  first  stroke  of  the  axe 
in  felling  the  tree  is  where  the  work  begins.  The 
next  step  is  to  saw  it  into  logs  of  the  desired  length. 
This  is  the  first  process  in  securing  the  material  for 
furniture,  and  the  logs  as  they  remain  where  the  tree 
was  felled  represent  labor  performed,  through  which 
one  class  of  toilers  have  found  their  support. 

The  next  step  is  hauling  them  to  the  railroads  or 
mills,  which  means  food  and  clothes  for  other  work- 
men. And  at  the  mills  the  transformation  of  the 
logs  into  lumber  supplies  maintenance  for  still  an- 
other set  of  men.  Disposing  of  the  lumber  at  the 
mills,  loading  it  on  cars  or  otherwise,  means  further 
compensation  to  labor.  Labor  is  instrumental 
whether  by  water  or  rail  when  transported  to  its  des- 
tination, where  the  brawny  hands  of  toil  wait  to  re- 
ceive it  and  pass  it  to  the  planing  machines  to  be 
dressed. 

Labor.  By  your  showing,  Mr.  Welch,  we  discover 
that  from  the  tree  to  the  planing  machines  the  ma- 
terial has  passed  through  the  hands  of  six  distinct 
sets  of  laborers. 

Mr.  Welch.  That  is  true  provided  the  same  men 
who  unload  it  at  the  factory  pass  it  to  the  planers 
to  be  dressed. 

Labor.  Does  all  lumber,  Mr.  Welch,  go  from  the 
saw  mill  direct  to  the  factories? 

Mr.  Welch.  Not  by  any  means;  I was  speaking  of 
the  minimum  number  of  times  the  material  would 
be  handled  with  reference  to  its  being  manufactured 
into  furniture,  and  what  I have  said  relates  to  hard- 
wood lumber.  It  might  not  be  handled  so  many 


112 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


times  where  the  logs  are  shipped  direct  to  the  factory 
and  sawed  into  lumber  there,  and  again,  if  it  were 
shipped  to  Chicago  or  some  other  port  by  water  and 
transferred  to  cars  or  stored  in  large  lumber  yards, 
it  would  be  handled  several  times  in  addition  to 
what  we  have  named. 

Labor,  Lumber,  Mr.  Welch,  up  to  the  point  you 
have  brought  it,  has  in  the  past  been  termed  raw 
material,  has  it  not? 

Mr,  Welch.  Yes,  and  how  laughable  when  we  con- 
sider the  multitude  of  people  who  have  been  main- 
tained and  fully  provided  for  through  the  transfor- 
mation of  trees  in  the  woods  to  lumber  in  the  yards. 

(Labor’s  attention  was  attracted  by  a gentleman 
rising  in  the  class,  who  begged  pardon  for  intruding 
and  asked  why  it  would  not  be  wise  to  further  con- 
sider at  that  time  the  multitude  of  people  engaged 
in  chopping,  logging  and  sawing  lumber,  covering 
the  whole  lumber  industry.) 

Labor.  Are  you  in  the  lumber  business,  and  your 
name,  please? 

My  name  is  Haskell,  and  I am  what  is  called  a 
lumber  workman  from  the  State  of  Michigan,  at 
least,  I have  been  in  the  employ  of  a strong  lumber 
firm  since  I was  a young  man,  some  23  years  all  told. 

Labor,  I think  your  suggestion  a good  one,  Mr. 
Haskell,  provided  Mr.  Welch  will  give  way  to  you 
for  the  present. 

Mr.  Welch.  I shall  be  delighted  to  listen  to  the 
gentleman,  for  he  may  give  some  information  that 
will  aid  me,  or  at  least  confirm  much  that  I may  have 
to  say. 

Labor.  You  may  proceed,  Mr.  Haskell.  I take  it 
for  granted  the  class  will  be  pleased  to  hear  from 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School.  113 

you;  everything  from  the  standpoint  of  experience 
is  in  line  with  our  task;  it  is  from  contact  that  we 
grow  and  know. 

Mr.  Haskell.  Mr.  Welch  has  turned  the  tree  into 
lumber  and  as  you  add,  Mr.  Labor,  has  shown  that 
from  the  tree  to  the  lumber  the  commodity  has 
passed  through  the  hands  of  six  different  sets  of 
men,  or  more.  What  Mr.  Welch  did  not  show  and 
what  I look  upon  as  very  important  to  include  at 
this  time  is  the  aggregate  number  of  people  these 
six  gangs  of  men  represent.  It  was  stated  by  lumber 
men  before  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  of  the 
present  Congress  that  600,000  people  are  doing  just 
what  Mr.  Welch  has  outlined,  and  you  know,  Mr. 
Labor,  that  all  this  number  are  adult  men.  These 
600,000  only  cover  the  work  from  the  tree  to  the 
lumber  in  the  rough  and  do  not  go  beyond  that, 
not  even  into  the  usual  distributing  yards  or  the 
transportation  to  the  yards.  And  it  is  not  my  pur- 
pose to  take  up  the  great  army  of  men  who  manip- 
ulate this  lumber  and  construct  it  into  every  con- 
ceivable thing,  and  doing  it  from  the  standpoint 
that  it  is  raw  material  because  it  happens  to  be  their 
starting  point.  How  natural  for  the  mechanic  when 
he  picks  up  a board  to  construct  some  device  to  give 
no  thought  to  the  number  of  hands  that  board  has 
passed  through  from  the  tree  down  to  him.  What 
we  desire  to  impress  upon  the  mechanic’s  mind  and 
the  mind  of  every  living  American  is  that  there  are 
600,000  men  in  the  United  States  engaged  in  the 
industry  of  preparing  lumber  for  the  unaccountable 
number  of  other  laborers  and  mechanics  our  country 
can  boast  of  in  this  line. 

Labor.  Did  the  Wilson  bill,  by  putting  lumber  on 


1 14  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

the  free  list,  have  any  influence  on  the  600.000 
people  you  have  referred  to,  Mr.  Haskell? 

Mr.  Haskell.  I have  spoken  in  the  sense  that  our 
former  good  times  had  continued  with  us,  but  in 
answer  to  your  question,  Mr.  Labor,  I must  say  that 
the  Wilson  bill  did  affect  the  600,000  laborers,  and 
the  best  evidence  I can  give  you  of  it  is  the  mill  pro- 
duction of  Minneapolis,  which  is  undoubtedly  the 
largest  lumber  market  in  the  world,  which  for  i8q2 
was  489,000,000  feet;  1893,  413,000,000  feet;  1894, 
491,000,000  feet;  in  1895,  478,000,000  feet;  1896,  it 
fell  to  300,000,000,  and  it  is  claimed  that  this  decrease 
in  Minneapolis  for  1896  covers  the  ratio  of  decrease 
all  over  the  United  States,  the  total  output  of  which 
should  represent  some  35,000,000,000  feet.  Lumber- 
men before  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  claimed 
that  there  had  been  a reduction  of  40  per  cent,  in 
the  number  employed  in  both  woods  and  mills,  and 
that  there  had  also  been  a cut  of  20  per  cent,  and 
over  in  wages. 

One  large  lumber  man  said  his  firm  had  not  made 
a cent  in  two  years,  and  cited  that  our  government 
had  lost  Si, 500,000  in  revenue  per  year  and  offered 
a much  greater  inducement  for  imported  lumber. 
These  conditions,  Mr.  Labor,  were  the  result  of  the 
Wilson  bill,  permitting  Canadian  lumbermen  to  put 
their  product  into  our  market  free  of  duty,  and  under 
like  conditions  what  may  we  lumber  workers  look 
for  in  1897  1898,  through  an  increased  falling  off 

if  we  fail  to  get  a tax  on  imported  lumber?  The  mill 
capacity  in  Canada  is  being  greatly  increased,  hop- 
ing for  a continuance  of  freedom  to  our  markets. 
Many  who  were  once  lumbermen  on  this  side  of  the 
line  and  in  favor  of  protective  duties  on  lumber,  are 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  115 

crossing  into  Canada  with  their  capital  and  have 
become  free  traders  on  that  product.  Wages  in 
Canada  in  woods  and  mills  are  from  $8  to  giS  per 
month  while  here  they  are  $14  to  $24  per  month 
and  board.  In  1892  for  the  same  work  in  the  United 
States  wages,  board  included,  were  $26  to  $40  per 
month.  I believe  that  the  break  in  wages  after  1892 
was  due  to  the  promise  of  free  lumber  and  a general 
reduction  in  duties  on  all  lines.  Scaling  down  wages 
for  600,000  persons  ten  dollars  per  month  took  six 
million  per  month,  or  ^72,000,000  per  year  out  of 
circulation.  Add  to  that  40  per  cent.,  or  240,000 
people  thrown  out  of  employment,  which  would 
double  the  amount,  and  what  have  we?  We  have  the 
object  lesson  that  there  was  so  much  discussion 
about  in  1892.  I-tell  you,  Mr.  Labor,  that  object 
lesson  has  been  a pulverizer.  If  labor  in  lumber  from 
the  stump  to  the  yards  of  the  United  States  had 
been  held  to. what  it  was  in  1892  it  could  have  taken 
the  amount  of  silver  the  Sherman  bill  named  and 
had  money  galore  left  for  food  and  comforts  it  has 
gone  without. 

Labor  noticed  that  Mr.  Grover  and  Prof.  Gillette 
and  a few  others  in  the  class  appeared  uneasy  in 
their  seat  and  expressed  annoyance.  Hence,  with  a 
view  to  the  most  cordial  relations  all  around,  he  en- 
deavored to  tone  Mr.  Haskell  down,  and  asked  him 
if  the  admitting  of  lumber  was  not  largely  influenced 
by  a disposition  to  preserve  our  forests. 

Mr.  Haskell.  That  plea,  Mr.  Labor,  has  been  proven 
to  be  rot  clear  to  the  core,  and  the  rankest  kind  of 
rot.  What  has  been  the  loss  to  our  country  by  decay 
and  fire  in  our  forests  in  the  last  two  years,  to  say 
nothing  about  the  damage  to  young  timber  by  the 


n6  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

old  falling  on  it  and  breaking  it  down,  and  what 
food  for  fire  the  old  trees  prove  to  be?  The  only 
thing  you  could  add  would  be  to  pour  on  oil,  and  it 
would  be  but  little  surprise  to  me  if  some  of  our  free 
traders  became  so  patriotic  that  they  would  event- 
ually recommend  that  the  general  government  make 
an  appropriation  to  buy  oil  for  that  use. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  the  whole  thing  as  offered  by  free 
traders  is  a delusion;  it  is  a device  to  snare  us  labor- 
ers and  the  farmers  and  injure  every  living  person 
except  themselves.  Can  the  farmer  hope  to  sell  his 
wheat,  oats  or  hay  to  feed  the  Canadian  outfit  for 
lumbering?  If  hundreds  of  thousands  and  myself 
are  driven  to  Canada  to  follow  in  our  old  lines,  won’t 
we  live  on  and  use  Canadian  products  of  all  kinds? 
Many  of  us,  no  doubt,  preferring  to  remain  with  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  rather  than  accept  Canadian 
wages,  would,  turn  to  agricultural  pursuits,  and  in- 
stead of  remaining  the  farmer’s  patron  we  would 
become  his  competitor. 

When  the  lumbering  is  done  in  Canada,  firms  in 
the  business  will  not  come  to  the  United  States  to 
buy  the  farmer’s  horses,  neither  will  they  come  here 
to  purchase  log  and  lumber  wagons  and  sleighs, 
harness,  tools,  machinery  and  all  the  paraphernalia 
the  laboring  man  in  those  products  manufactures 
for  such  industries.  Why  does  the  merchant,  the 
lawyer,  the  doctor,  the  blacksmith  and  every  known 
interest  on  this  side  of  the  line  want  Canada  to  sell 
her  labor  in  our  market  and  take  our  money  away 
with  her?  This  method  does  not  only  take  our 
money  out  of  circulation  here  in  the  United  States, 
but  we  absolutely  kiss  it  good-bye. 

I am,  Mr.  Labor,  feeling  the  present  condition 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


7 


keenly;  free  lumber  that  the  Wilson  bill  provided 
has  prevented  me  from  selling  all  my  days  works. 

I haven’t  sold  enough  of  them  to  bear  the  actual 
necessary  living  expenses  of  my  family.  In  1892  I 
had  finished  paying  for  my  little  home  and  we  had 
some  money  over,  and  I can  assure  you  we  were 
quite  happy.  Now,  how  different;  failing  to  sell  all 
my  labor,  all  I have  except  my  home,  I have  had  to 
use  up  the  little  surplus  money  I had  left  over  in 
1892  to  make  up  for  the  deficiency  in  income.  My 
credit  has  been  and  is  good  yet,  although  I am  a 
little  in  debt  at  the  present  and  I feel  somewhat 
anxious,  for  if  I fail  to  find  some  one  to  whom  I can 
sell  the  days  works  that  are  in  me,  I shall  very  soon 
be  compelled  to  put  a mortgage  on  my  home  or  sell 
it  to  buy  bread  and  such  things  as  my  family  stand 
in  need  of,  the  same  as  hundreds  of  my  craft  have 
already  done  with  their  homes. 

Many  of  my  friends,  good  industrious  men  who 
have  not  met  with  success  in  selling  all  their  days 
works,  and  had  sickness  in  their  families  and  not  so 
well  prepared  to  meet  the  blight  that  we  have  been 
subjects  of,  I have  helped  to  small  sums  from  time 
to  time  which,  added  to  my  unsold  labor,  has  un- 
doubtedly made  the  strain  upon  me  slightly  more 
severe  than  it  would  have  been.  I may  have  been 
unjust  to  my  own  family  in  thus  giving  but,  if  I was, 
my  wife  was  fully  as  much  at  fault.  It  is  impossible 
for  her  to  keep  from  her  neighbors  when  they  are ; 
hungry  or  some  of  them  are  ill  and  need  a little 
money  to  have  the  doctor’s  prescription  filled.  I 
discovered  she  was  giving  an  old  coat,  pair  of  trou- 
sers or  vest  occasionally  to  some  needy  acquaint- 
ance. I did  not  like  to  ask  her  not  to  continue  it. 


ii8  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

but  I mustered  up  courage  and  did.  I am  wearing 
them,  myself  now,  and  where  they  only  fitted  me 
once  before  they  fit  me  twice  this  time. 

Laboring  people  are  always  kind  to  each  other 
and  helping  where  need  is  known  among  themselves; 
it  is  a part  of  their  religion,  and  the  public  have  but 
a slight  conception  of  the  amount  of  this  kind  of 
dividing  that  has  been  done  in  the  past  few  years. 
Surely,  Mr.  Labor,  I could  not  see  my  way  clear  to 
be  the  single  exception  to  a custom  so  old  and  so 
worthy.  I believe,  too,  that  the  most  pleasant  fea- 
ture in  life  is  to  give.  A person  can  become  so  ac- 
customed to  receiving  that  he  grows  chill  and  cold, 
but  the  one  giving  always  appears  to  grow  warmer 
and  broader. 

I can,  Mr.  Labor,  conceive  in  a measure  how  a 
good  man  with  an  intense  love  for  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren can  become  a thief  to  save  them  from  hunger. 
I can  conceive  how  a good  man  may  get  the  repu- 
tation of  being  dishonest  when  he  refuses  to  pay  a 
just  debt  because  the  money  he  has  in  hand  will 
provide  but  a part  of  the  dire  necessities  his  family 
stands  in  need  of. 

I can  conceive  how  a good  man  can  be  branded  as 
a liar  when,  after  exhausting  the  truth  without  suc- 
cess. he  resorts  to  falsehood  to  relieve  distress  at  his 
home.  I can  conceive  how  a person  with  good  in- 
tentions can  become  a confidence  man  or  a forger 
to  keep  a calamity  from  overtaking  a fond  mother 
or  sister,  but  I cannot  conceive  how  an  educated 
official  whose  requirements  are  all  thoroughly  pro- 
vided for  can  persist  in  advocating  measures  that  all 
facts,  figures  and  experience  have  proven  disastrous 
to  the  full  measure  of  agony  and  despair  to  the 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School,  119 

people  of  our  whole  country,  hoping  thus  through 
technicalities,  misrepresentations  and  unjust  manip- 
ulation to  advance  the  interest  of  a party  he  would 
give  the  world  to  lead.  No  such  man  in  all  history 
up  to  date  has  found  any  permanent  success  in  store 
for  him;  ultimately  he  falls,  and  the  collision  at  the 
stopping  point  breaks  every  bone  in  his  body. 

The  claim,  Mr.  Labor,  that  protective  duties  on 
lumber  are  for  the  sole  benefit  of  the  firms  in  that 
business,  is  a great  injustice  to  me  and  my  co-work- 
ers who  make  up  the  600,000  people  who  want  em- 
ployment in  that  industry.  There  are  some  20,000 
lumber  firms  in  the  United  States,  large  and  small. 
What  kind  of  an  example  in  Algebra  does  it  make? 
— 20,000  to  600,000?  Five  persons  in  a family  mean 

100.000  of  the  first  and  3,000,000  people  of  the  sec- 
ond, and  as  100,000  is  to  three  million,  so  is  our  rel- 
ative benefits  from  protection,  or  losses  from  free 
trade.,,.  The  lumbermen  before  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  reported  40  per  cent,  in  reduction  of  men 
employed  on  account  of  the  Wilson  bill,  which  means 

240.000  people  out  of  work,  and,  including  their  fam- 
ilies 1,200,000  people,  which  to  the  latter  very  soon 
means  all  gone.  Suppose  in  the  meantime  the  firms 
were  worth  one  million  each  and  they  have  shrunk 
half  of  it,  aren’t  they  better  off  with  their  half  million 
left  to  each  of  them,  counting  the  whole  100,000, 
than  the  1,200,000  are  who  haven’t  anything  left? 
What  idiots  we  laboring  men  are  when  we  listen  to 
free  traders,  or  allow  them  for  one  moment  to  tell 
us  that  our  employers  are  our  enemies  and  that  they 
are  the  only  ones  benefited. 

Every  man  who  bu3^s  lumber  of  the  people  I work 
for  is  a customer  of  mine,  and  every  other  man 


120 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


working  for  the  same  firm,  including  book-keepers, 
superintendents  and  all.  How  long  can  any  of  us 
expect  work  if  there  are  no  customers,  and  if  people 
can  buy  cheaper  in  Canada  we  will  soon  have  no 
customers  at  our  mills,  a part  of  which  we  have  al- 
ready had  a taste  of  through  the  instrumentality  of 
that  great  and  glorious  Wilson  bill  which  was  going 
to  give  everybody  wings.  We  didn’t  get  wings,  but 
we  did  get  crutches,  and  lots  of  people  who  have 
been  jabbing  about  on  them  for  the  last  three  years 
are  too  dull  yet  to  find  out  when  they  were  hit  or 
what  it  was  that  hit  them. 

All  thanks  to  Mr.  Phelps  for  Groversville,  his  ideal 
manufacturing  city.  The  needle  was  never  truer  to 
the  pole  than  that  illustration  is  to  the  case  in  hand, 
and  a laboring  man  or  farmer  or  business  man  that 
can’t  see  it  would  be  too  dull  to  recognize  that  he 
had  been  robbed  after  masked  bandits  had  held  him 
up  and  taken  all  he  had.  We  would  have  had 
Groversville  in  full  measure  if  Canada  had  paid  only 
half  the  wages  the  United  States  does,  as  is  the  case 
with  many,  other  foreign  countries.  Our  wages  are 
some  30  per  cent,  higher  than  Canada,  while  they  are 
over  100  per  cent,  greater  than  most  other  countries. 

Senator  Vest  and  others  are  claiming  today  in  the 
United  States  Senate  that  our  exports  have  increased 
under  the  Wilson  bill.  Now,  Mr.  Labor,  how  will 
we  get  people  to  study  this  question,  for  i.t  is  largely 
a misrepresentation  and  can  be  shown  by  figures 
this  instant.  Books  full  of  figures  are  not  read,  but 
to  illustrate  what  I mean  I will  use  a few  figures 
copied  from  the  Chicago  Inter  Ocean  of  June  7th. 

'‘Sole  leather  exported  in  1896,  ^7,474,021  in  value, 
being  an  increase  of  16  per  cent,  over  1894,  while 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


I2I 


the  number  of  pounds  actually  decreased  a full 
million,  being  41,818,503  in  1896  against  42,877,497 
in  1894.”  So  you  see  the  sole  leather,  less  of  it, 
brought  more  money  because  the  price  was  higher 
in  1896. 

“The  value  of  illuminating  oil  exported  in  1894 
was  $30,675,217  and  in  1896  $48,630,920,  being  an 
increase  of  60  per  cent,  in  money  received  by  manu- 
facturers of  the  United  States  for  illuminating  oil, 
showing  $18,000,000  increase.  The  number  of  gallons 
exported  in  1894  was  730,368,626,  while  in  1896  the 
number  of  gallons  was  716,455,565.  Here  is  an  in- 
crease of  60  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  dollars  re- 
ceived for  a single  article  while  the  quantity  was 
actually  reduced.” 

The  Inter  Ocean  continues: 

“ The  gentlemen  who  are  insisting  that  the  low 
tariff  has  caused  an  increase  in  exportations  of  man- 
ufactured articles  do  not  seem  to  have  looked  fur- 
ther than  the  past  two  years  to  see  whether  there 
has  been  a corresponding  increase  in  exportation  of 
manufactures  under  protection.  Had  they  done  so 
they  would  have  found  some  figures  which  would 
have  spoiled  their  theories.  For  instance.  Senator 
Vest,  who  recently  called  special  attention  to  the 
increase  in  the  exportation  of  manufactures  of  iron 
and  steel,  would  perhaps  be  astonished  to  find  that 
the  exportation  of  bar  iron  increased  from  1892  to 
1894  under  the  McKinley  law  134  per  cent,  while 
from  1894  to  1896  under  the  Wilson  law  it  increased 
only  18  per  cent.*  The  exportation  of  iron  plates 
and  sheets  increased  from  1892  to  1894  underthe  Mc- 
Kinley law  972  per  cent,  and  from  1894  to  1896  under 
the  Wilson  law  fell  off  78  per  cent.  The  increase  of 


22 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


the  exportation  of  steel  plates  and  sheets  increased 
from  1892  to  1894  under  the  McKinley  law  470  per 
cent.,  and  from  1894  to  1896  only  38  per  cent.  The 
exportation  of  steel  rails  and  bars  increased  from 
1892  to  1894  96  per  cent.,  while  the  increase  from 
1894  to  1896  was  but  44  per  cent.  The  exportation 
of  wire  increased  from  1892  to  1894  71  per  cent.,  and 
from  1894  to  1896  only  58  per  cent. 

^ 

“ The  above  figures  relate  to  pounds,  not  values. 
The  figures  relating  to  many  other  articles  of  ex- 
ports are  equally  interesting.’' 

You  will  pardon  me,  Mr.  Labor,  for  introducing 
these  figures  copied  from  the  Chicago  Inter  Ocean 
of  June  7th,  1897,  as  stated  before.  I recognize  that 
the  general  public  do  not  follow  very  closely  where 
dry  figures  abound.  It  is  only  the  exceptional  in- 
vestigator who  wades  through  them  carefully.  If 
all  laboring  men,  which  includes  the  farmer,  will  in- 
vestigate thoroughly  all  the  historic  figures  of  the 
past  and  present  relating  to  protection  vs.  free  trade 
there  will  never  be  another  free  trade  Congress, 
President  or  Senate  in  the  United  States,  or  one  for 
tariff  for  revenue  either;  they  will  be  what  they 
should — tariff  for  protecting  the  American  working 
man  to  the  extent  that  the  days  works  which  are  in 
him  shall  have  first  privileges  in  our  own,  the  best, 
greatest  and  highest  priced  market  that  old  Sol 
warms  and  lights. 

I want,  Mr.  Labor,  to  add  one  other  feature  that 
means  more  than  we  are  likely  in  a passing  thought 
to  give  full  credit  to,  or  charge  it  with;  which  is 
that  the  Canadian  lumberman  gives  up  eleven  hours 
of  toil  daily,  while  here  in  the  United  States  we  sell 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


123 


to  the  lumberman  a day  of  ten  hours  and  get  more 
money  for  it. 

In  this  there  is  a principle  involved  that  goes  deep 
into  the  soul  of  any  man  who  cares  to  be  fair  or 
mercifitl.  If  I were  in  a vise  and  a man  came  along 
and  gave  it  a closer  turn  I should  look  upon  him  as 
a free  trader,  while  if  he,  on  the  contrary,  gave  it  a 
turn  that  loosened  it  up  I would  pronounce  him  a 
protectionist. 

When  U.  S.  Senators  and  others  are  claiming  that 
our  exports  have  increased  and  urge  that  it  is  on  ac- 
count of  less  duties  on  foreign  goods,  which  bring 
about  a more  liberal  exchange  of  preducts  with  other 
countries,  just  ask  those  same  croakers  to  advise  us 
as  to  the  amount  our  own  market  has  suffered  in 
consumption  of  home  products  to  make  the  gain 
they  find  so  much  delight  in  shouting  at  us.  If 
they  will,  twenty  to  one  against  us  will  not  represent 
the  loss  in  full,  that  is  for  every  ;^i  gained  more  than 
$20  will  have  been  lost,  and  how?  By  us  working- 
men failing  to  sell  our  own  labor,  and,  as  has  already 
been  said  and  should  continue  to  be  said  until  every- 
body is  singing  it,  that  when  we  fail  to  sell  our  labor 
we  cease  to  be  buyers  of  products  of  any  kind,  either 
home  or  foreign. 

Our  lumbermen  cited  to  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  that  Canada  sends  her  best  lumber  to 
England  and  other  foreign  countries  and  makes  the 
U.  S.  the  dumping  ground  for  all  her  inferior  and 
cheap  grades  and  our  best  grades  here  have  to  suffer 
from  this  competition,  while  the  standing  timber 
that  will  make  that  poorer  grade  of  lumber  in  this 
country  on  account  of  free  lumber  is  left  to  bleach 


124 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


and  rot  and  fall  on  and  destroy  good  young  timber, 
kill  cattle  etc. 

One  lumberman  claimed  that  our  mountains  would 
provide  an  ample  supply  of  lumber  for  all  time. 
What  foreign  countries  were  doing  to  perserve  their 
forests  nature  had  done  for  us,  noting  that  farming 
could  not  go  above  a certain  altitude,  and  above 
that  the  timber  would  always  grow  and  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  meet  lasting  demands. 

The  conditions  in  the  Southern  States  were  espe- 
cially referred  to  where  they  are  girdling  the  trees 
and  letting  them  die  and  burning  over  large  areas  of 
country,  clearing  it  up  for  farming  purposes;  the 
claim  is  made  that  under  protective  duties  our  mar- 
ket would  absorb  this  timber  if  it  were  converted 
into  lumber. 

Just  think  of  this  one  end  of  the  situation;  we  have 
the  days  work  for  sale  to  make  this  transformation, 
but  we  must  take  care  of  Canada,  make  a market  for 
their  lumber  and  let  them  take  our  money  out  of  our 
country  and  carry  it  home  with  them  to  develop 
their  own,  forgetting  that  the  sunny  south  needs 
every  possible  spare  dollar  to  swell  her  development 
and  growth.  The  majority  of  the  Northern  lumber 
workmen  that  would  go  South  would  remain  there  and 
become  the  best  kind  of  citizens.  The  South  is  strug- 
gling desperately  of  late  for  immigration;  here  are 
good  lines  for  them  to  work  on.  The  Southern  peo- 
ple are  the  last  ones  to-day  who  have  any  interest 
in  our  money  being  sent  out  of  our  own  country  to 
stay  out.  They  belong  in  the  protective  ranks;  some 
have  come  already  and  others  will  follow  fast.  The 
first  law  of  nature,  “self  preservation^”  will  drive 
them  over. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


125 


Now,  Mr.  Labor,  while  we  have  considered  the 
forty  per  cent,  of  workmen  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment in  the  last  few  years,  we  have  not  taken  into 
account  the  new  young  manhood  and  womanhood 
that  have  developed  in  that  time  who  are  loaded 
down  with  days  works  to  sell. 

Would  we  remain  within  bounds,  could  we  get 
back  and  find  sale  for  that  forty  per  cent,  of  labor 
thrown  out,  to  claim  that  we  had  in  addition  forty 
per  cent,  of  new  labor  to  sell?  I am  firm  in  the  belief 
that  had  we  kept  our  own  market,  as  it  was  our  duty 
to  do,  and  kept  our  money  in  our  own  country,  there 
would  be  oceans  of  money  in  circulation  to-day  and 
the  forty  per  cent,  old,  together  with  the  forty  per 
cent,  new,  would  all  be  selling  their  labor  for  spot 
cash,  and  the  farmer  would  be  getting  better  prices 
because  there  would  hardly  be  enough  of  his  pro- 
ducts to  go  around,  and  he  would  have  money  to 
load  his  home  down  with  things  his  family  are  scrimp- 
ing along  without;  under  such  circumstances  each 
farmer  would  be  putting  nearly  double  the  money 
in  circulation  he  is  now  or  has  done  for  three  years 
or  more. 

One  more  question,  and  I am  through;  shrinkage, 
taxes,  etc.,  amount  to  more  in  this  country  than  in 
Canada,  all  of  which  should  be  studied  closely  before 
any  living  man  in  this  country  votes  for  free  lumber. 
It  would  take  up  too  much  time  and  require  too 
much  in  figures  and  detail  to  introduce  it  here. 

I thank  you,  Mr.  Labor,  and  thank  all  present 
for  the  close  attention  to  my  tiresome  rehearsal  of 
this  question.  I feel  a deep  interest  and  could  not 
forego  the  opportunity  to  have  my  say.  Mr.  Welch 
was  very  kind  indeed  to  give  way  to  me  and  I hope 


126 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


that  I have  not  taken  up  time  that  will  cause  him  to 
cover  less  ground  than  he  intended,  or  to  forget  any 
of  the  points  he  wanted  to  make. 

Labor.  I am  satisfied,  Mr.  Haskell,  that  no  one 
begrudges  you  any  part  of  the  time  you  have  con- 
sumed. You  have  uncovered  a condition  that  should 
have  been  anticipated  and  wholly  avoided;  in  fact, 
the  people  were  thoroughly  warned  but  they  charged 
those  who  tried  to  point  out  what  would  come  to  the 
country,  with  selfishness  and  talking  for  policy  and 
personal  interests. 

Mr.  Haskell.  I do  not  think,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I un- 
covered anything,  the  Wilson  bill  and  free  traders 
brought  the  situation  to  us  without  any  cover  on  it. 

Labor.  Well,  that  is  about  so,  Mr.  Haskell,  but  in- 
somuch as  lumber  was  one  of  the  few  articles  that 
was  placed  on  the  free  list,  your  talk  has  been  doubly 
interesting.  Mr.  Welch,  I believe  you  have  the  floor 
now  to  complete  your  description  of  the  manufact- 
ure of  household  furniture  and  other  industries  into 
which  lumber  enters,  if  you  choose  to  include  them. 

Mr.  Welch.  Like  the  party  who  lost  himself,  I am 
inclined,  Mr.  Labor,  to  inquire  where  I was  at.  Mr. 
Haskell’s  talk  has  taken  me  so  outside  of  myself 
that  / feel  lost.  I can  assure  the  gentleman  that  he 
has  no  occasion  to  apologize  to  me.  I thank  him 
thoroughly  for  having  taken  another  crop  of  dust 
out  of  my  eyes.  I had  fancied  that  it  was  all  out, 
and  that  I was  seeing  quite  clearly,  but  since  listen- 
ing to  him  my  vision  is  good  without  my  glasses, 
and  the  question  with  me  is  how  much  more  light  I 
will  be  able  to  hold. 

Labor.  You  are  quite  right.  Mr.  Haskell  has 
blazed  the  way  for  us  all  to  see  more  clearly  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


127 


you  discover,  Mr.  Welch,  that  while  you  had  outlined 
the  process  of  turning  the  tree  from  the  stump  into 
lumber,  you  was  to  a greater  or  less  extent  misled, 
due  to  the  habit  of  looking  upon  lumber  as  raw 
material. 

Mr.  Welch.  That  is  right;  my  first  step  is  with 
the  raw  lumber,  and  I had  permitted  myself  to  fall 
into  the  error  that  the  board  or  stick  was  the  im- 
portant beginning,  and  I must  admit  that  while  I 
fully  knew  where  the  board  came  from  and  how  it 
was  gotten,  which  my  first  talk  is  evidence  of,  I had 
not  given  a fractional  part  of  weight  to  that  feature 
that  is  its  due,  and  I believe,  Mr.  Labor,  that  this 
same  thoughtless  and  careless  concern  on  the  part  of 
the  mechanic  enters  into  and  covers  all  products, 
and  it  does  not  stop  with  the  mechanic  either,  but 
all  classes,  including  the  whole  people,  are  similarly 
deceived  and  in  a sense  deceiving  themselves. 

To  begin  the  construction  of  furniture;  I take  my 
raw  material  as  it  comes  from  the  planing  knives  and 
pass  it  through  some  machine  that  makes  a particular 
part;  other  men  are  working  with  other  machines 
that  make  other  parts.  The  parts  are  piled  sepa- 
rately until  such  a time  as  the  set  of  men  who  put 
them  together  are  ready  to  assemble  them  and  bring 
forth  the  completed  article. 

Labor.  From  your  version,  Mr.  Welch,  machinery 
does  the  work  in  place  of  you  and  other  men  doing  it. 

Mr.  Welch.  That  is  true;  the  machinery  saves 
what  was  at  one  time  many  hard  and  tiresome  turns, 
but  the  machinery,  except  it  be  of  a nature  that  is 
very  costly  and  wears  out  rapidly,  gets  but  very 
little  credit  in  the  cost  of  constructing  anything.  It 
is  the  wages  of  the  operator  in  nearly  all  instances 


128 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


that  counts,  and  is  reckoned  in  first  cost.  The  ma« 
chinery  cheapens  the  article  and  thus  multiplies  the 
sale  and  use  of  it.  In  rare  instances  a machine  is  in- 
vented that  saves  much  labor  and  hastens  construc- 
tion and  for  a time  those  owning  the  patents  reap 
handsome  returns  for  the  work  the  machine  does, 
but  American  ingenuity  is  ever  on  the  alert  and  a 
man  cannot  bank  on  playing  a lone  hand  if  there  is 
very  much  in  it,  except  for  short  periods,  in  this 
country.  The  inventive  ability  under  the  stars  and 
stripes  is  too  keen  not  to  find  some  other  way  of  ac- 
complishing the  same  thing.  All  other  countries 
combined  cannot  equal  ours  in  this. 

In  the  manufacture  of  any  product  the  cost  of  the 
power,  coal  consumed,  engineers,  stokers  and  the 
pay  of  all  attaches  has  to  be  included,  which  is  only 
additional  labor,  even  to  the  miner,  handler  and 
transporter  of  the  coal  that  makes  the  steam,  but  the 
absolute  amount  that  is  ordinarily  credited  up  to  the 
machine  itself  cuts  but  very  little  figure,  and  often- 
times where  competition  is  very  severe  it  is  omitted 
entirely.  There  is  no  question  but  this  is  an  unwise 
thing  to  do,  and  is  becoming  a custom  so  general 
and  so  sweeping  that  it  unduly  endangers  all  our  in- 
dustries. People  may  cry  for  cheap  commodities, 
but  it  will  reguire  an  older  man  than  I have  ever  met 
to  convince  me  that  our  country  and  the  masses  are 
benefited  when  everybody  is  doing  business  at  a loss. 
There  is  surely  a screw  loose  somewhere  when  sta- 
tistics show  that  95  out  of  every  lOO  of  our  business 
men  fail  to  succeed,  and  I earnestly  admonish  every 
reader  of  these  lines  to  recognize  this  thought  and 
weigh  carefully  what  it  means.  Ask  yourself,  please. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


29 


what  kind  of  a country  would  we  have  if  95  out  of 
each  100  of  our  business  men  could  succeed. 

An  appropriation  by  the  general  government  and 
a committee  of  from  100  to  300  well  selected  busi- 
ness men  appointed  with  an  absolute  absence  of  any 
politics  in  it,  to  solve  this  question  and  recommend 
a good  remedy  would  be  of  more  benefit  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  United  States  than  to  divide  equally 
among  them  all  the  silver  and  gold  the  whole  world 
has  ever  heard  of. 

You  will  pardon  me,  Mr.  Labor,  for  slipping  away 
from  my  subject  occasionally.  We  had  reached  the 
men  putting  the  furniture  together;  after  them  come 
those  who  give  the  polish  or  finish,  which  is  carried 
to  the  limit  of  the  cheap  or  costly,  as  the  case  may 
be,  and  I can  assure  you  that  if  the  aim  is  to  reach 
what  is  termed  a piano  finish  it  means  tired  arms  and 
a moist  brow.  If  it  is  to  be  upholstered,  to  trace  the 
woolen  goods  which  are  used  we  will  have  to  go  back 
to  the  lamb,  and  perhaps  back  to  when  the  lamb’s 
mother  was  a lamb;  truly  I cannot  just  begin  to  de- 
termine when  or  where  the  labor  begins  in  that.  The 
cotton  or  silk  used  when  chased  back  in  a like  man- 
ner will  be  found  to  be  labor.  The  springs  and  other 
metal  used  will  carry  us  back  to  the  ore  in  mother 
earth,  and  so  on  until  the  concession  is  wrung  from 
us  again  that  all  is  labor. 

It  looks,  Mr.  Labor,  like  we  will  have  to  find  dia- 
monds and  gold  lying  loose  on  top  of  the  ground  in 
our  walks  for  pleasure  before  we  discover  very  much 
that  is  not  virtually  all  labor. 

Since  attending  these  exercises  and  listening  to 
these  lessons  I am  thoroughly  convinced  of  that  if  I 
never  was  before  and,  as  has  already  been  said,  when 


130 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


we  cannot  market  and  realize  on  the  days  works  that 
are  within  us  as  a people,  we  are  doomed. 

Labor,  Do  you  think,  Mr.  Welch,  that  the  lack  of 
protection  to  home  industries  has  materially  affected 
mechanics  and  laborers  in  your  industry? 

Mr.  Weleh.  Do  I think  so,  Mr.  Labor?  I know  it 
has;  not  from  the  view  so  much  though  that  furni- 
ture in  itself  needs  protection;  but  from  the  stand 
that  when  you  kill  one  end  of  our  market  that  does 
need  protection  the  other  end  dies.  Some  ass  could 
argue  that  you  take  the  wheels  off  of  one  side  of  a 
wagon  and  it  would  run  just  as  well,  but  to  hold  an 
audience  on  such  lines  it  would  have  to  be  made  up 
of  free  traders. 

Look  at  Mr.  Haskell’s  old  clothes,  which  his  wife 
was  going  to  give  away  and  which  he  has  gone  back 
into.  He  admits  that  they  fit  him  twice  now  where 
they  only  fitted  him  once  when  he  bought  them. 
You  can’t  think,  Mr.  Labor,  that  he  is  buying  any 
furniture,  can  you?  Mr.  Haskell  is  quite  well  off 
and  can  feel  thankful  that  he  is  not  at  the  bottom 
yet.  He  has  a home  he  can  live  up  before  he  counts 
himself  out  entirely,  but  in  what  he  considers  his 
straitened  condition  he  tells  in  a modest  way  of 
helping  others.  You  can’t  think  those  he  has  been 
helping  are  buying  any  furniture  either,  but  without 
a doubt  they  have  intended  to  and  would  if  times 
had  continued  as  they  were  prior  to  1893. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  that  class,  which  includes  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  in  this  country  has  been  ex- 
changing pieces  of  furniture  they  did  have  for  bread, 
and  thousands  who  were  forced  to  give  a mortgage 
on  what  they  had  to  shoo  the  wolf  from  the  door 
have  lost  all  they  ever  bought  and  don’t  know  today 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  131 

when  they  will  be  able  to  buy  again.  I promised  my 
wife  some  four  years  ago  to  buy  more,  but  to  tell 
you  God’s  truth  we  have  less  furniture  now  than  we 
had  then,  and  what  we  have  left  is  looking  very 
shaky. 

Mr.  Haskell  showed  that  from  the  stump  to  the 
lumberyard  fully  ;^i 50,000,000  had  been  taken  out 
of  circulation  yearly,  and,  what  was  worse  than  all, 
the  money  had  not  only  gone  out  of  circulation  but 
the  most  of  it  had  gone  to  Canada,  and  as  he  well 
said,  we  had  kissed  it  good-bye.  This,  mind  you, 
Mr.  Labor,  is  only  one  industry  in  which  there  was 
1 50,000,000  worth  of  labor  unsold,  and  when  we 
bunch  that  amount  in  with  all  the  other  lines  that 
the  Wilson  bill  affected  and  find  the  aggregate 
amount  of  unsold  labor  which  reaches  up  into,  or 
over,  a billion  dollars,  we  find  why  I have  failed  to 
sell  my  days  works  and  demonstrated  to  me  what  an 
inexcusable  ass  I made  of  myself  when  I voted  the 
free  trade  ticket  in  1892. 

I can  tell  you,  Mr.  Labor,  and  tell  you  truthfully, 
that  I have  not  been  able  in  the  last  four  years  to 
sell  all  told  one  full  year’s  labor  when  in  fact  I had 
the  whole  four  years  of  that  stuff  stored  within  me 
that  I was  more  than  anxious  to  sell. 

For  every  sale  of  furniture  made  to  the  rich  man 
ten  sales  are  made  to  the  laborer,  and  when  one  end 
of  the  laboring  masses  was  idle  and  could  not  pur- 
chase furniture  or  anything  else  they  could  do  with- 
out, the  other  end  of  the  same  masses  had  no  occa- 
sion to  make  very  much  furniture  or  very  much  of 
anything  else. 

How  many  workers  in  lumber  are  there  from  the 
yards  up  in  the  United  States?  I wish  it  were  pos- 


132 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


sible  to  make  anything  approaching  a correct  esti- 
mate. I dare  not  undertake  it.  Lumber,  or  some- 
thing made  from  lumber  is  in  front  of  us,  no  matter 
which  way  we  turn  our  eyes.  The  number  of  men 
engaged  in  shaping  it  into  its  multitude  of  uses  is  to 
the  number  found  from  the  stump  to  the  tail  of  the 
mills  too  much  like  a crop  of  grain  is  to  the  seed 
sown  to  undertake  to  calculate  them. 

Mr,  Grover  (interrupting).  Is  not  Mr.  Welch 
making  an  argument,  Mr.  Labor,  that  upsets  the 
claim  that  Canadian  lumber  has  crowded  our  lumber 
out,  when  he  is  trying  to  show  that  everybody  was 
idle  or  that  in  four  years  they  were  not  able  to  sell 
one  full  year’s  labor?  If  everybody  was  idle  there 
was  but  little  demand  for  lumber  from  any  quarter. 

Labor.  It  does  look  that  way,  Mr.  Grover;  how 
about  that,  Mr.  Welch? 

Mr.  Welch.  I am  sorry  that  my  friend,  Mr.  Gro- 
ver, is  so  uneasy  most  of  the  time.  Please  have  the 
reporter  read  his  notes;  I do  not  think  I made  the 
claim  that  they  were  idle  in  other  industries  demand- 
ing the  use  of  lumber  to  the  extent  we  were  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture. 

Reporter  reads.  When  through,  Mr.  Welch  con- 
tinues. 

You  see,  Mr.  Grover,  I had  not  made  the  claim 
you  were  waiting  for  me  to  make.  God  forgive 
everybody  that  brought  these  times  about,  if  all  lines 
had  caught  it  to  the  same  extent  that  furniture  did. 
I am  to  blame  with  others,  for  when  they  were  sing- 
ing the  song  in  1892,  “How  beautiful  the  change  is 
going  to  be,”  I voted  for  it. 

When  I think  about  that  change  and  about  that 
vote,  I feel  about  it  somewhat  as  the  Irishman  ex- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


133 


pressed  himself  about  the  “black  rascal”  in  Sedalia, 
Mo.,  in  1865.  The  Irishman  was  loaded  with  the 
elixir  of  corn  and  rye,  and  leaning  up  against  the 
railroad  depot.  A colored  man  came  along  and  the 
Irishman  spoke  to  him.  The  colored  man  told  the 
Irishman  to  go  to  h — 1.  The  Irishman,  hiccoughing, 
said:  “ I fought  four  years  for  that  black  rascal;  now 
he  tells  me  to  go  to  h — 1.”  What  the  Irishman  got 
in  the  way  of  appreciation  for  his  fighting  I have  had 
in  remuneration  for  my  voting.  When  I cast  that 
vote  I felt  quite  delighted,  but  I can  truthfully  say 
. now  that  I have  paid  a bigger  price  for  that  small 
amount  of  delight  than  anything  I ever  bought  in 
my  life,  and  I am  firm  in  the  belief  they  cannot  sell 
me  any  more  of  it.  Thoroughly  done  up  once  with 
a given  kind  of  goods  is  enough. 

I desire  the  class  to  appreciate  that  I am  trying  to 
show  how  furniture  workers  suffered  during  the  dis- 
tress that  overtook  us  early  in  the  year  1893.  It  does 
not  appear  to  be  at  all  necessary  to  remind  anyone 
that  the  amount  of  lumber  that  goes  into  furniture  is 
but  an  item  when  compared  to  the  vast  quantities 
placed  on  the  market  each  year  for  other  uses.  Re- 
cently there  has  been  but  little  demand  for  capital 
to  do  business  on,  and  people  with  money  to  loan 
have  been  unwilling  to  advance  it  to  men  to  hazard 
in  trade  of  any  kind;  and  at  the  same  time  they  have 
not  been  at  ease  with  their  money  entirely  idle. 

^ Hence,  in  many  sections  any  quantity  of  building 
has  been  done  since  1893  which  has  utilized  a vast 
amount  of  lumber.  There  have  been  two  reasons  for 
this:  First,  idle  capital  is  always  anxious  and  its 
keen  eye  is  ever  on  the  avenues  that  offer  the  surest 
returns  for  the  original  amount  invested.  Second^ 


134 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


all  material  for  the  construction  of  nearly  everything 
has  been  cheaper  than  ever  known  before.  I heard 
a man  say  in  1893  one  class  of  contractors  that 
they  would  have  plenty  to  do  for  awhile,  and  the 
reason  given  was  that  capital  for  safety  would  build 
new  buildings  and  reconstruct  old  ones.  This  has 
not  proven  to  be  the  case  in  many  young  cities  that 
were  already  largely  overbuilt,  but  we  must  bear  in 
mind  we  have  in  area  a vast  country,  and  while  as  a 
whole  it  is  looked  upon  as  comparatively  young,  yet 
there  are  in  the  same  sense  many  spots  in  it  that  are 
not  what  may  be  called  new. 

Mr.  Grover.  You  must  pardon  me,  Mr.  Labor,  but 
I must  insist  that  the  Wilson  bill  is  young  yet, 
too,  and  I further  insist  that  Mr.  Welch  is  magnify- 
ing the  whole  situation  the  same  as  Mr.  Haskell  did. 

Mr.  Haskell,  asking  for  the  floor  on  personal  priv- 
ilege, says: 

In  reference  to  the  Wilson  bill  being  young  yet 
and  my  inclination  to  exaggerate,  I desire  to  add  a 
little  to  what  I have  already  said.  My  talk  was  on 
the  presumption  that  the  many  tariffs  we  have  lived 
under  were  fairly  well  understood  and  that  there  was 
too  little  time  at  hand  in  this  important  work  to 
think  of  going  over  them  in  detail. 

Our  trouble  in  the  lumber  industry  began  with  the 
McKinley  bill,  all  of  which  I supposed  Mr.  Grover 
and  everyone  present  was  thoroughly  familiar  with. 

I think  there  can  be  no  valid  excuse  for  lack  of 
information  on  these  issues  except  a person  knows 
positively  that  he  will  never  have  occasion  to  come 
in  contact  with  them.  I think,  Mr.  Labor,  that  it 
was  my  privilege  to  take  it  for  granted  that  every 
person  who  had  expressed  an  interest  to  the  end  of 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


135 


attending  this  school  regularly  was  sufficiently  in- 
formed as  to  what  the  two  last  changes  in  tariff 
schedules  were  on  the  important  commodity  of  lum- 
ber, and  it  seems  too  much  like  threshing  old  straw 
to  go  over  the  ground. 

It  will  be  found  by  referring  to  the  records  that 
the  always  misunderstood  and  misrepresented  Mc- 
Kinley tariff  bill,  charged  by  the  free  traders  with 
being  a “robber  tariff,”  reduced  the  scale  of  duties 
on  lumber  just  one-half  all  along  the  line,  except  on 
spruce,  which  was  left  to  stand  at  $2  per  thousand  as 
formerly.  The  duty  on  white  pine  was  reduced  from 
$2  a thousand  to  $i  per  thousand  feet.  Here  the 
McKinley  bill  let  down  the  bars  and  Canada  began 
in  a very  cheerful  manner  to  walk  in  and  had  become 
quite  systematically  organized  for  the  Wilson  bill 
when  it  came  alongand  tore  the  fences  down  and  cart- 
ed th  em  away  which  enabled  Canada  to  make  the  grand 
rush  she  did.  And  it  is  a question  with  me  whether 
we  have  seen  the  end  of  it,  even  though  the  tax  is 
put  back  to  $2  per  thousand  on  common  lumber, 
which  represents  over  ninety  per  cent,  of  our  supply. 

At  least,  lumbermen  claim  that  our  first-class 
lumber  will  not  represent  ten  per  cent,  of  our  pro- 
duct, and  they  state  publicly  that  they  do  not  com- 
plain so  much  about  Canadian  competition  on  first- 
class  lumber,  citing  that  she  sends  but  very  little  of 
that  quality  into  our  market. 

I confidently  believe,  as  stated  before,  that  Canada 
is  so  extensively  equipped  now  that  she  will  con- 
tinue to  compete  with  us  on  lumber  in  our  market 
and  pay  the  $2  tax  as  found  at  present  in  theDingley 
bill. 

All  they  will  need  is  to  lower  their  wages  all  along 


136  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

the  line  slightly,  which  is  a very  trifling  thing  for 
them  to  do  up  there.  To  get  our  market  back  I be- 
lieve we  shall  need  a higher  tax  than  $2  per  thousand 
feet. 

It  is  a plain  truth  that  there  never  was  any  one 
thing  that  was  so  nonsensically  misunderstood  as 
the  McKinley  bill  of  1890.  It  put  more  articles  on 
the  free  list  than  any  bill  ever  had  and  scaled  the 
duties  down  extravagantly  through  the  whole  sched- 
ule, and  because  it  put  a high  tariff  on  a very  few 
infant  industries,  which  results  have  shown  to  be  one 
of  the  wisest  steps  ever  taken,  it  was  charged  by  free 
traders  and  demagogues  with  being  a robber  tariff. 

The  McKinley  bill  started  us  down  hill  on  lumber 
and  the  Wilson  bill  turned  on  a full  head  of  steam 
just  when  we  should  have  used  brakes  and  stopped 
and  reversed  the  levers  and  used  steam  going  the 
other  way. 

If  any  attempt  be  made  to  show  that  there  has  not 
been  so  much  of  an  increase  of  Canadian  lumber 
into  our  market,  I will  answer  that  while  the  statis- 
tics prove  that  Canada  did  put  more  lumber  in  our 
market  in  1896  than  any  single  year  prior,  that  in 
the  same  year  our  output  fell  off  to  the  extent  that 
forty  per  cent,  less  help  was  used  and  a twenty  per 
cent  reduction  in  wages  for  those  who  remained  at 
work  was  made. 

I want  to  add,  too,  for  the  benefit  of  those  chew- 
ing the  rag  relative  to  saving  our  forests,  that  reports 
t j the  State  Fire  Warden  show  that  it  was  the  opin- 
ion of  those  best  able  to  judge  that  more  pine  was 
burned  and  destroyed  in  the  Indian  reservations  in 
Minnesota  last  year  than  was  cut. 

I feel,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I have  been  a party  to  the 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


137 


crime  of  taking  up  too  much  of  the  class’s  valuable 
time  on  lumber,  and  if  I have  been  guilty  of  mag- 
nifying, as  Mr.  Grover  has  charged,  I must  ask  him 
to  deal  charitably  with  me.  It  is  human  nature  for 
us  to  talk  and  act  in  the  extreme  when  we  see  good 
people  all  around  us  who  are  hungry  and  in  distress, 
and  I ask  him  if  the  case  is  not  doubly  aggravating 
when  we  see  our  money  that  would  render 
these  people  self-supporting  and  comfortable  buying 
days  works  in  other  countries  and  forcing  them,  our 
own,  to  keep  their  days  works  when  they  have  them 
to  sell  and  are  exceedingly  anxious  to  dispose  of 
them?  I again  beg  your  pardon,  Mr.  Labor,  and 
trust  I shall  not  have  occasion  to  interfere  with  Mr. 
Welch’s  talk  again. 

Labor,  The  point  you  have  made  is  an  important 
one,  Mr.  Haskell,  hence  you  owe  no  apologies  to 
anyone.  It  is  the  general  principles  within  and  that 
underlie  the  situation  that  w^e  want  to  understand. 
It  is  not  to  the  exact  degree  of  the  man’s  hunger  or 
to  the  exact  limit  of  how  poor  his  clothes  are  that 
we  are  seeking,  but  what  is  it  that  has  left  him 
hungry  and  ragged  is  what  we  are  trying  to  find  out. 

Mr,  Grouer,  Then  you  all  admit,  Mr.  Labor,  that 
the  McKinley  bill  was  not  perfect? 

Labor,  Protectionists  are  anxious  to  learn  and 
improve  and  when  they  make  a mistake  they  have 
the  courage  and  honesty  to  admit  it,  and  they  make 
an  earnest  endeavor  to  cure  their  errors  as  early  as 
possible.  I understand,  Mr.  Grover,  that  freetraders 
are  the  only  people  who  know  they  are  perfect,  but 
they  have  queer  complaints  and  queer  remedies. 
Let  Mr.  Haskell  talk  again. 

- Mr.  Llaskell,  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  if  a man  should 


138 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


sprain  his  ankle  they  would  want  to  cure  it  by  break- 
ing the  other  leg.  To  say  the  least,  that  is  about  the 
kind  of  an  improvement  the  Wilson  bill  made  on  the 
McKinley  bill.  No,  Mr.  Grover,  protectionists  don’t 
build  that  way.  They  don’t  ask  Canada  or  any 
other  country  to  give  us  any  part  or  parcel  of  what 
belongs  to  them,  and  we  are  not  worried  for  fear 
other  nations  will  urge  us  to  accept  any  gifts;  they 
are  not  organized  on  such  lines. 

If  100,000  German  workmen  in  a given  line  of  in- 
dustry choose  to  patronize  another  100,000  men 
working  in  some  other  German  product,  and  the 
latter  reciprocate  by  buying  and  using  exclusively 
the  goods  made  by  the  first  100,000,  recognizing  that 
by  this  process  they  strengthen  each  other,  you  will 
not  find  any  complaint  from  protectionists  in  this 
country  for  their  wisdom  in  thus  aiding  and  preserv- 
ing themselves.  Such  transactions  are  manifesta- 
tions of  common  sense,  prudence,  decency  and 
justice.  There  is  something  so  beautifully  substan- 
tial in  such  a custom  that  to  oppose  it  is  to  display  a 
wanton  lack  of  mercy  and  charity,  and  it  is  clownish 
dishonesty  on  the  part  of  any  intelligent  official 
when  he  persists  in  antagonizing  such  valuable, 
wholesome  and  vital  methods. 

Look,  Mr.  Grover,  at  the  rise  and  fall  of  Mr. 
Phelps’  once  beautiful  little  city  of  Groversville; 
your  own  home,  (while  you  claim  to  have  escaped,) 
was  it  not  more  by  chance  than  anything  else  that 
you  were  so  fortunate? 

The  late  Professor  Swing  once  said  in  a sermon 
that  ‘‘This  world  was  wonderfully  injured  when  a 
competency  of  fortune  implied  an  incompetency  ot 
heart.”  Can  it  be  possible,  Mr.  Grover,  that  you  be- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


139 


came  careless  on  these  lines,  and  in  your  rides  up 
and  down  the  streets  of  your  own  town  you  failed  to 
recognize  the  furrows  of  pain  and  distress  that  had 
plowed  deep  into  the  faces  of  the  strong  and  the 
weak?  The  poor  workmen  that  knew  not  whither 
or  when  to  go;  the  merchant,  the  minister,  the  law- 
yer, the  doctor,  the  common  odd  job  laborer  and  the 
manufacturer,  all  sad,  sorry  and  serious?  Is  it  good 
for  mankind  that  a few  in  nature  shall  be  so  positive 
that  relenting  kills  them?  Could  the  experiences  at 
Groversville  have  been  more  demonstrative  or  less 
harmful  under  the  conditions  that  prevailed?  Will 
it  not  be  admitted  by  the  common  consent  of  all 
fair  men  that  what  free  trade  did  to  Groversville  is 
fairly  illustrative  of  what  the  Wilson  bill  did  to  the 
whole  United  States? 

Can  we  in  our  most  intense  desires  ask  for  a 
severer  object  lesson  than  came  to  us  on  free  lumber 
from  the  stump  to  the  lumber  yard?  You  would 
not,  you  could  not,  stay  our  hand,  Mr.  Grover,  while 
this  bitter  cup  is  at  our  lips. 

Should  not  we  both  be  thankful  that  we  acted  no 
prominent  part  in  this,  whereby,  except  for  the  vote 
we  cast,  any  of  the  responsibility  for  such  extreme 
adverse  conditions  could  be  charged  to  us?  Our 
shoulders  are  not  broad  enough  to  carry  such  a 
load  successfully,  and  truly  we  should  be  grateful 
that  we  can  escape  it. 

No,  I shall  urge  that  the  McKinley  bill  made  a 
mistake  on  lumber,  but  it  did  not  kill.  The  next 
station  stopped  at,  where  we  free  traders  got  on,  is 
where  the  killing  began,  and  I am  confident  there 
are  good  causes  for  the  doubts  I expressed  as  to 
whether  in  face  of  the  preparation  Canada  has  made. 


140 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


a $2  import  duty  on  common  lumber  will  bring  us 
back  to  where  we  were  in  1890  and  1891.  Here  were 
four  or  five  years  of  no  progress  and  nearly  two  years 
now  of  a slump.  When  our  inhabitants  increase  and 
there  is  any  line  of  business  that  we  have  no  progress 
in  for  from  one  to  six  years,  ignoring  the  fact  of  the 
shrinkage  entirely,  it  means  something.  It  appears, 
Mr.  Labor,  that  I cannot  stop  talking. 

Labor,  If  your  claim,  Mr.  Grover,  that  the  gentle- 
men have  magnified  the  situation  is  true,  and  they 
have  by  enlarging  our  mental  vision  led  us  into  lines 
whereby  we  have  discovered  the  true  principles  upon 
which  our  future  success  depends,  and  proven  to  us 
that  our  want  and  distress  to-day  are  due  to  having 
ignored  those  principles,  then  I feel  that  you  should 
not  complain  of  them  for  enlarging  when  by  the  use 
of  their  methods  we  find  the  truth  any  more  than 
you  would  blame  a magnifying  glass  that  aided  you 
to  find  a diamond  or  any  valuable  article  that  had 
been  lost  in  the  sand. 

You  can  resume  your  talk  again,  Mr.  Welch;  I 
don’t  know  but  we  all  owe  you  an  apology. 

Mr.  Welch.  It  is  all  right,  Mr.  Labor,  where  any 
talk  fails  to  carry  light  with  it  and  the  class  ex- 
presses a tired  feeling  apologies  may  be  in  order, 
but  up  to  date  I must  say  there  are  none  due  in  any 
sense. 

When  Mr.  Haskell  asked  for  the  floor  on  a personal 
privilege,  I was  explaining  to  Mr.  Grover  that  much 
lumber  had  been  used  recently  in  the  construction  of 
buildings  and  many  other  things  for  safety  in  invest- 
ment, and  I want  to  add  now  that  the  same  incentive 
has  caused  much  rebuilding  and  repairing,  which  has 
used  material  and  has  supplied  many  odd  days’  work 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  141 

and  has  proved  a saving  feature  with  us  that  has 
been  largely  underestimated  by  all.  Much  has  been 
done,  too,  in  an  irregular  way  which,  were  it  to  be- 
come a custom  and  remain  with  us,  would  be  to  true 
business  interests  like  an  army  out  of  line. 

I have  reference,  Mr.  Labor,  to  the  working  me- 
chanic going  to  the  owner’s  home  and  doing  work 
for  him  at  a cut  price  or  any  price  that  would  seem 
to  hold  a little  coffee  and  tea  or  a sack  of  flour  to 
bridge  over  gaps  that  looked  ugly  and  hazardous. 

I could  go  to  a residence  and  overhaul  a family’s 
furniture  at  any  price  I saw  fit,  while  if  I should 
work  at  the  factory  for  the  same  pay  I would  disrupt 
a scale  of  wages  our  Union  had  struggled  years  to 
establish. 

Prices  have  been  made  for  such  work  for  individu- 
als that  have  been  too  inviting  for  them  to  resist. 
Also,  many  philanthropic  people  have  hunted  up 
odd  jobs  of  this  kind  to  give  those  they  know  to  be 
needy,  and  paid  two  prices  for  the  same  work,  for 
the  reason  and  on  the  same  lines  they  buy  old  clothes 
to  give  away.  It  has  been  an  axe  with  two  blades  and 
many  a good  turn  has  it  served  while  in  reality  it 
has  done  but  little  harm,  although,  as  said  before,  if 
generally  indulged  in  it  would  ruin  business  and 
wages  too. 

Please  do  not  infer  for  a moment,  Mr.  Labor,  that 
because  circumstances  beyond  my  control  have 
forced  me  into  this  practice  on  several  occasions, 
that  I undertake  in  any  sense  to  defend  it.  The 
present  and  the  recent  past,  however,  are  not  and 
have  not  been  times  that  could  or  can  hold  good  as 
a standard  gauge  for  business  methods.  When  the 
Judiciary  in  nearly  all  our  Criminal  courts  are  con- 


142  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

fronted  with  the  plea  from  some  man  who  has 
stolen  or  committed  some  criminal  act,  “Your  Honor, 
it  was  the  club  I was  using  to  slay  the  wolf  that  was 
chasing  my  little  ones;  God  spare  me.  Judge,  I never 
committed  such  an  act  before,  and  how  could  I help 
it  when  their  agony  created  a terror  within  me,  and 
remember,  Your  Honor,  that  when  you  deprive  me 
of  my  liberty  that  the  wolf  is  still  at  large;  I did  not 
kill  it.  Oh,  Judge,  as  forme,  I care  not,  I can  endure 
any  punishment  you  can  inflict  within  the  law;  in 
fact,  it  could  not  prove  a punishment.  My  heart  is 
weighted  with  other  conditions  so  vital  and  exacting 
that  whatever  you  may  mete  out  to  me  here  will  be 
trivial  and  of  but  little  concern  except  as  I live  in 
doubt  and  anxiety  for  the  safety  of  those  you  cannot 
charge  with  any  fault.  Say  to  me,  your  Honor,  that 
you  will  feed  them,  then  you  have  not  a place  so  vile 
to  send  me  that  I will  not  go  in  the  best  of  cheer.” 

The  Judge  whose  wide  experience  has  brought  his 
vision  down  to  the  keenest  point  of  penetration  can 
discover  no  guile,  or  disposition  to  cover  up  or  mis- 
lead. With  a lump  in  his  throat  he  renders  a sus- 
pended fine,  telling  the  first-time  prisoner  to  go  feed 
his  own,  and  on  the  side  says,  would  to  God  I could 
slay  the  man  who  turned  that  wolf  loose. 

When  our  country  is  full  of  such  living  and  exist- 
ing, it  is  no  time  to  discuss  business  methods  or 
complain  of  irregularities.  During  an  intense  struggle 
to  get  ashore  there  is  but  little  room  for  any  par- 
ticular style  of  getting  there. 

What  we  want  is  a cure  for  the  times  we  are  living 
in.  We  want  to  get  back  on  the  earth  again,  which 
requires  something  greater,  broader  and  deeper  than 
digging  more  silver  and  gold.  What  we  need  is  to 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


143 


sell  the  days  works  within  us  at  the  best  prices  pos- 
sible and  the  labor  that  the  bringing  forth  silver  and 
gold  can  employ  when  compared  to  all  the  other 
labor  in  our  country,  is  too  much  like  a glass  of  beer 
to  the  whole  brewery,  to  deserve  any  consideration 
whatever.  That  is  stronger  than  I intend,  Mr.  Labor; 
all  fractional  parts  of  the  whole  should  be  considered, 
but  when  a whole  is  asked  to  doff  the  hat  and  bow 
obedience  to  a fractional  part,  it  is  asking  too  much. 

I am  referring  to  silver  and  gold  now  as  a com- 
modity, not  as  money.  When  they  are  sold  as  bull- 
ion, which  is  the  manner  of  selling  them,  they  simply 
represent  so  much  labor  realized  on,  and  similar  to 
everything  else,  some  of  it  may  be  profitable  and 
some  of  it  may  not.  I wish  there  was  some  informa- 
tion obtainable  as  to  how  many  million  of  dollars 
have  been  sunk  in  the  business  more  than  has  ever 
been  taken  out.  Men  sell  their  labor  and  speculate 
to  gather  money  together  to  go  and  dig  a hole  in 
the  earth  to  find  silver  and  gold,  only  to  abandon  it 
and  dig  another.  Many  might  claim  that  money  so 
disposed  of  is  wasted,  but  the  claim  is  not  true  be- 
cause it  has  gone  back  into  labor  again,  whether  for 
the  purchase  of  machinery  or  what  may  have  become 
of  it. 

All  the  prominence  due  to  the  shrinkage  in  digging 
and  reducing  silver  and  gold  is  in  proportion  as  those 
industries  diminished  in  comparison  with  the  shrink- 
age in  all  our  industries,  and  when  examined  from 
this  view  it  will  be  found  that  other  industries  suf- 
fered to  a manifold  greater  degree  than  either  of 
them.  In  fact,  it  will  be  learned  that  the  total  num- 
ber of  men  employed  in  taking  silver  and  gold  com- 
bined out  of  the  bowels  of  the  earth  for  the  past  two 


1 44 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


or  tnree  years  in  the  United  States  has  been  equal 
to  any  year  prior.  Please  do  not  gather,  Mr.  Labor, 
that  I lose  sight  of  the  money  feature  of  silver  and 
gold  which  adds  to  them  a special  value,  for  I do  not. 

Mr,  Grover.  Mr.  Labor,  I would  like  to  ask  Mr. 
Welch  what  has  become  of  the  good  times  we  were 
promised  last  fall  during  the  campaign? 

Mr.  Weleh.  I want  to  ask  Mr.  Grover  in  all  fairness 
if  he  expected  our  country  to  get  well  taking  the 
same  medicine  that  made  it  sick?  Those  in  authority 
are  working  on  new  medicine  now;  when  it  is  ready 
for  use  and  we  have  taken  it  a few  months  the  gen- 
tleman will  discover  the  promised  improvement. 
He  must  bear  in  mind,  however,  that  we  have  been 
ill  a long  time,  hence  are  very  feeble  and  cannot  re- 
cover in  a breath. 

Mr.  Grover.  Yes,  Mr.  Welch,  but  the  doctors  in 
charge  do  not  see  what  ails  us;  they  are  boiling  up 
a tariff  decotion  when  the  trouble  with  us  is  our 
financial  system. 

Mr.  Welch.  When  you  begin  to  talk  about  finances, 
Mr.  Grover,  I am  out.  I leave  that  to  men  who 
have  delved  in  it  all  their  lives.  I claim  I know  more 
about  making  furniture  than  bankers  and  men  of 
that  class,  and  I am  willing  to  grant  that  men  who 
study  finance  and  live  in  it  ought  to  know  more 
about  it  than  I do.  I think  I would  make  just  as  big 
a monkey  of  myself  undertaking  to  give  advice  on 
National  finances  when  I have  thoroughly  demon- 
strated that  I don’t  know  enough  to  take  care  of  my 
own  finances  as  some  banker  or  man  who  is  a finan- 
cier would  of  himself  if  he  would  undertake. to  tell 
me  how  to  manufacture  furniture. 

It  is  all  a puzzle  to  me  and  the  people  who  ought 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  145 

to  know  the  most  about  finances  seem  to  say  the 
least. 

When  I read  an  article  on  furniture  I usually  make 
up  my  mind  that  the  man  who  did  the  writing  found 
out  what  he  knew  about  it  by  reading  what  some  one 
else  wrote,  and  I feel  somewhat  the  same  v/ay  about 
financial  writers.  At  all  events,  they  fail  to  make 
the  subject  clear  to  me,  but  I suppose  that  is  my 
fault  and  not  theirs. 

If  I run  a man  down  that  I hear  talking  finance  on 
the  street  and  learn  all  about  his  affairs,  I find  he  is 
“broke,”  and  that  gives  me  such  a tired  feeling  that 
I begin  to  look  for  some  one  that  I can  wire  into 
talking  about  furniture  or  the  prospect  of  a job  of 
work,  or  something  of  that  kind  that  I can  under- 
stand. 

I wish  people  would  let  me  entirely  alone  on 
finance,  especially  after  telling  me  all  about  it  and 
how  the  government  ought  to  manage,  they  want  to 
know  if  I can’t  help  them  out  with  a small  sum.  I 
don’t  relish  any  such  exposure,  and  frequently  when 
men  open  up  on  finance  now  I turn  away. 

One  thing  I do  know;  I know  how  to  manufacture 
furniture  and  I know  I had  all  I could  do  at  it,  Mr. 
Grover,  up  to  the  fall  of  1892  when  the  free  traders 
began  to  tell  us  they  were  going  to  doctor  the  Mc- 
Kinley bill.  Then  work  began  not  to  be  so  plenty, 
and  it  has  grown  worse  every  day  since.  Up  to  that 
time  there  hadn’t  been  a word  said  about  any  trouble 
with  our  finances.  They  had  been  all  right,  with 
plenty  of  money  on  hand  all  the  time.  In  fact,  the 
Government  had  money,  and  everybody  had  money. 
I never  have  found  out  Mr.  Grover,  how  the  free 
traders  discovered  there  was  one  particular  thing  the 


146 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


matter  with  us,  and  pointed  out  that  it  was  the  Mc- 
Kinley bill  and  declared  they  were  going  to  fix  that 
bill  over  so  we  would  have  more  money,  and  get  it 
easier.  Soon  as  everybody  realized  they  had  the 
power  to  do  what  they  had  promised,  we  began  to 
have  less  work,  and  we  saw  less  money.  The  ruin 
came  so  thick  and  so  fast  that  the  free  traders  them- 
selves were  startled  and  alarmed.  To  resist  the 
shock  they  saw  plainly  the  pinching  necessity  of 
finding  some  new  evil  to  add  that  would  partially 
divert  the  minds  of  the  people  from  the  one  that 
was  visibly  fading  on  their  hands;  then,  and  not  un- 
til then,  a few  of  them  discovered  it  was  our  National 
system  of  finance  that  was  causing  much  of  the 
trouble,  and  it  only  took  a short  time  for  all  the  free 
traders  to  catch  on  to  this  new  fault.  After  that  they 
had  two  strings  to  pull,  the  McKinley  bill  and  our 
method  of  finance.  On  the  financial  end  they  got 
rid  of  the  Sherman  silver  bill  and  that  did  no  good, 
and  then  they  pulled  over  the  McKinley  bill  and 
fixed  it  to  suit  them,  and  under  it  all  we  have  grown 
worse  and  worse. 

And  now,  Mr.  Grover,  I would  like  to  ask  why 
when  our  finances  had  been  all  right  for  years  and 
no  no  one  had  found  out  our  system  was  wrong,  or 
had  claimed  it  was  wrong,  why  it  was  not  until  after 
the  freetraders  had  thoroughly  convinced  the  people 
that  they  were  positively  going  to  change  the  Mc- 
Kinley bill  that  they  learned  of  this  second  malady. 

Mr.  Grover.  I cannot  comprehend,  Mr.  Welch,  why 
you  ask  me  to  explain  a condition  that  you  admit 
you  cannot  understand  when  it  is  explained  to  you. 

Mr.  Welch.  I will  not  urge  that  you  answer  the 
question  as  to  how  they  were  driven  to  the  quality 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


147 


of  our  financial  system,  but  if  your  analysis  of  that 
question,  Mr.  Grover,  is  the  same  that  everyone  else 
offers  I confess  it  would  be  all  blank  to  me. 

Mr.  Grover.  There  are  one  or  two  points  that 
ought  to  be  plain  to  you;  first,  our  government  is 
virtually  in  the  banking  business,  and  so  long  as  it 
is  it  has  to  take  care  of  the  balance  of  trade  with 
other  countries,  and  when  that  balance  is  against  us 
the  reserve  funds  have  to  suffer.  We  want  to  relieve 
our  government  of  this  dilemma  and  throw  all  such 
transactions  into  the  hands  of  the  bankers  to  take 
care  of. 

Mr.  Welch.  If  I am  inclined  to  have  an  opinion 
at  all,  Mr.  Grover,  it  is  to  think  that  there  is  some- 
thing in  what  you  have  said,  but  there  are  plenty  of 
others  who  tell  us  they  want  the  government  to  do 
all  the  banking,  and  cite  that  during  the  war  when 
the  government  was  issuing  greenbacks  that  money 
was  plenty  and  everybody  had  the  wherewith  in 
their  pockets. 

Mr.  Grover.  Yes,  Mr.  Welch,  but  the  government 
was  going  in  debt  then  and  by  that  means  money 
circulated  freely,  and  as  you  say,  it  was  plenty 
and  everybody  had  it. 

Mr.  Welch.  That  mixes  me  all  up  again,  Mr. 
Grover;  our  government  has  been  going  in  debt  for 
the  last  four  years  and  money  has  been  growing 
scarcer  all  the  time,  and  this  shows  you  why  I am 
not  clear  on  these  questions.  If  they  did  not  con- 
tradict themselves  at  every  turn  they  would  not 
confound  me  so,  and  you  must  pardon  me  when  I 
favor  lines  that  up  to  date  have  been  free  of  any 
contradictions.  I am  inclined  to  agree  with  those 
who  claim  that  money  was  plenty  during  the  late  war 


uS  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

not  so  much  because  the  government  was  going  in 
debt  all  the  time,  but  for  the  reason  that'there  was  a 
market  for  everything  that  was  offered  for  sale,  and 
the  money  was  ready  when  the  goods  were  delivered, 
and  since  these  lessons  have  shown  that  nine-tenths 
of  what  was  in  the  goods,  whether  it  was  the  clothes 
the  people  wore  or  what  they  ate,  or  the  house  they 
ate  in,  the  car  or  steamboat  they  rode  in,  the  iron 
and  ties  the  cars  run  on,  the  bridges  that  carried 
them  over  the  streams,  or  anything  they  saw  or 
touched,  was  labor,  and  for  every  particle  of  it 
offered  there  was  a quick  sale  and  spot  cash,  you 
can  see  how  natural  it  is  for  me  to  credit  the  good 
times  during  the  war  to  the  fact  that  everybody  sold 
what  they  had  to  sell,  whether  it  was  days  works  or 
whatever  it  might  be,  and  what  is  more,  they  say 
there  was  not  a living  man  under  the  stars  and  stripes 
in  those  days  that  had  a word  to  say  about  free 
trade.  You  can  see  again  how  sensible  it  all  looks 
to  me  and  the  reason  I am  disposed  to  agree  with 
them.  I think  now  it  will  be  a long  time  before  you 
can  convince  me  that  Congress  was  helping  me  and 
my  craft  when  they  fixed  it  so  some  man  in  Canada 
could  bring  his  day’s  work  over  here  and  sejl  it  to 
you  and  the  money  go  to  Canada  to  be  lived  up, 
while  Mr.  Haskell  as  he  has  shown  has  to  keep  his 
days  work  and  do  the  best  he  can  without  money. 
Under  such  circumstances  Mr.  Haskell  cannot  pos- 
sibly have  money  to  buy  furniture  and  thus  help  me 
to  sell  a day’s  work,  and  if  by  any  such  practices 
Mr.  Haskell  has  to  sell  his  day’s  work  for  half  price 
he  won’t  have  money  to  buy  furniture  and  still  leave 
me  without  half  price  or  any  price  for  my  labor. 
And  I tell  you,  Mr.  Grover,  it  is  going  to  be  a strug- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


149 


gle,  in  my  opinion,  after  a little  for  you  to  make  our 
people  think  that  we  can  send  our  money  to  other 
countries  to  buy  days  works  in  those  countries  and 
still  have  that  same  money  circulating  here  at  home. 
The  case  is  too  plain  and  the  working  people  are 
sure  to  learn  the  fact  that  if  the  money  is  paid  for 
days  work  at  home  it  is  in  circulation  at  home,  while 
if  paid  for  days  work  abroad  the  money  has  gone 
abroad  and  forever,  and  when  these  same  working 
classes  recognize  fully  that  they  can  never  see  that 
money  again,  or  have  a chance  to  get  their  hands  on 
to  one  penny  of  it,  while  on  the  contrary  if  it  had 
bought  goods  at  home,  which  is  days  works,  it  would 
be  in  circulation  here  at  home  and  there  would  be 
some  show  of  their  seeing  and  having  some  of  it, 
they  will  cease  to  support  free  traders  or  men  for 
office  who  will  pave  the  way  for  any  such  trans- 
actions. 

I cannot  be  led  to  believe  either  that  it  was  any- 
thing but  the  promise  of  free  trade  that  ruined  the 
industry  in  which  I had  found  a market  for  my 
labor  for  so  long  a term  prior  to  1893.  I have  long 
since  ceased  to  be  a customer  for  any  business  ex- 
cept the  absolute  necessities  for  my  family  and  my- 
self, and  in  these,  it  is  true,  we  never  knew  before 
how  little  we  could  get  along  with.  Although  I 
never  dealt  with  the  farmer  direct,  my  trade  was 
with  him  or  in  his  goods,  and  I am  sure  in  the  last 
two  years  it  has  not  been  one-half  and  perhaps  not 
one-third  what  it  was  in  1892.  What  a thought  this 
is  to  the  farmer  when  it  is  extended  to  cover  millions 
of  people  just  like  myself,  and  what  a thought  comes 
back  to  me  when  I realize  that  this  shrinkage  in  the 


150  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

farmer’s  market  means  the  purchase  of  less,  or  no 
furniture  by  him. 

A farmer  in  the  State  of  New  York  told  me  last 
summer  that  he  always  marketed  his  grapes  in  two 
or  three  small  cities  to  the  working  people,  and 
claimed  that  as  a rule  he  got  more  for  them  in  that 
way  than  when  he  shipped  them  to  the  larger  mar- 
kets, but,  he  says,  “I  cannot  do  it  this  year  for  the 
working  men  in  those  cities  have  no  money  to  buy 
grapes  with,”  adding,  “It  is  a pinch  for  them  to 
get  potatoes  and  flour.”  It  has  a small  look  to  pick 
up  a single  instance  like  this  for  illustration,  but  it 
can  be  readily  increased  by  multiplying  it  by  many 
thousand,  which  you  have  a legitimate  right  to  do, 
and  when  you  have  done  it  the  true  situation  will 
not  have  been  exaggerated  any. 

You  asked  for  a line  that  had  suffered  severely, 
Mr.  Labor.  I had  looked  upon  furniture  as  one  that 
we  could  fight  the  world  with  in  our  own  market, 
but  the  past  four  years  have  taught  me  that  you  let 
the  world  into  our  market  at  their  own  sweet  will,  or 
in  a half  restricted  way  even,  and  they  will  ruin  it. 
They  will  not  only  ruin  it  for  what  we  have  but  they 
willruin  it  for  what  they  bring  themselves.  When  they 
disable  one  end  of  the  market  and  ruin  its  ability  to 
help  support  the  other  end,  it  all  goes  down  to- 
gether. The  trouble  with  us  today,  is  we  are  unable 
to  sell  the  days  works  that  our  laborers  have  in  such 
abundance. 

When  we  can  sell  our  labor  again  as  we  did  prior 
to  1893  the  old  time  market  will  come  back,  and  our 
Groversville  will  be  what  it  once  was,  an  ideal  city, 
and  our  country  ideal  again  as  its  flag,  with  not  a 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  151 

thought  on  earth  of  pulling  it  down  or  seeing  it  go 
down. 

When  in  the  future,  Mr.  Labor,  I vote  for  a pro- 
tective tariff  I shall  do  it  to  preserve  myself.  When 
I voted  for  free  trade  in  1892  I did  it  partially  to 
kill  the  ugly  manufacturer,  and  I succeeded.  What 
consolation!  My  old  employer  is  only  a little  bet- 
ter off  now  than  I am;  that  is,  I owe  a little;  he 
owes  a large  amount.  The  goods  he  had  on  hand 
did  not  bring  a quarter  the  amount  he  had  paid  for 
the  labor  that  went  into  them.  His  home  is  gone, 
his  carriage,  horses  and  everything  he  had;  he  turn- 
ed all  he  had  in  the  world  over  to  his  creditors.  We 
were  talking  the  whole  thing  over  this  morning  be- 
fore I came  here,  and  had  quite  a laugh,  although  it 
is  too  sad  a thing  to  be  mirthful  over.  What  we 
were  laughing  about  was  that  we  both  voted  the  free 
trade  ticket.  He  said  he  did  not  think  his  line 
needed  the  protection  it  had,  and  if  we  could  get 
free  trade  on  other  things  they  would  be  cheaper 
and  personally  he  would  be  benefited.  He  said  Mr. 
Searles,  chief  owner  in  the  woolen  mills,  told  him 
that  should  the  free  traders  win,  come  into  power 
and  do  what  they  said  they  were  going  to  do  it 
would  turn  the  whole  country  up  side  down.  Of 
course,  he  said  he  thought  Searles  had  an  axe  to 
grind  and  wanted  to  keep  prices  up  in  his  own  line. 
“What  an  infernal  fool  I was;  just  look  at  it  Welch; 
you  know  I had  an  interest  in  one  of  the  retail  fur- 
niture stores  down  the  street.  You  have  no  idea  of 
the  furniture  that  store  used  to  sell  to  the  people  work- 
ing in  Searles'  woolen  factory.  Searles  was  too  smart; 
as  soon  as  the  free  trade  ticket  was  elected  he  knew 
what  would  happen,  and  he  told  me  he  at  once  cut 


152 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


his  force  down  four-fifths;  was  ^oing  to  let  all  his 
traveling  men  go,  secure  what  orders  he  could  by 
mail  and  run  his  factory  to  fill  those  orders  and  no 
more.”  Well,  my  old  boss  said  he  laughed  at  him, 
and  told  him  he  had  no  nerve.  All  right,  Mr. 
Searles  says,  you  can  laugh,  but  I will  guarantee 
you  that  the  men  who  continue  to  run  their  woolen 
factories  won’t  laugh  two  years  from  today.  And 
my  old  boss  says  Searles  told  him  he  was  going  to 
take  good  care  of  what  he  had  gotten  together  and 
be  ready  to  go  ahead  again  when  the  people  got 
enough  of  such  tom  fool  laws. 

Well,  I said,  tell  me  more  about  the  furniture 
store  you  had  down  the  street.  I never  knew  you 
had  anything  to  do  with  that.  “Yes,”  he  says,  “I 
was  talking  about  that;  when  Searles  let  four-fifths  of 
his  men  go  they  shut  off  buying  a thing  at  the  store, 
and  a lot  of  them  had  furniture  they  were  paying  by 
the  month  on,  nearly  all  of  which  the  store  had  to 
take  back.  The  store  was  a stock  company,  but  two- 
thirds  of  it  belonged  tome.  I,  of  course,  turned  that  over 
to  my  creditors,  and  the  store  was  shut  up.  I tell 
you,  Welch,”  he  says,  “ I laugh  about  it,  but  it  is 
pretty  tough.  Now  I feel  that  I am  too  old  to 
start  again,  but  it  is  amusing,”  he  says,  “when  I 
think  I was  so  thin  as  to  be  just  a little  bit  anxious 
that  Searles  should  get  it  between  the  eyes,  just  easy 
you  know,  and  if  Searles  did  get  it  that  it  wouldn’t 
hurt  me.  I tell  you,”  he  says,  “ it  did  not  take  long 
to  show  me  I was  gone,  and  the  whole  town  seemed 
to  go  at  once,  I guess  Searles  is  about  the  only  man 
that  has  come  out  with  a whole  hide.  Of  course,  he 
hasn’t  made  any  money,  but  he  tells  me  he  has 
saved  nearly  everything,  and  is  already  to  go  ahead 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


153 


when  we  get  a tariff  bill  he  dare  run  his  factory  un- 
der. Of  course,  if  Searles  should  start  up  again 
with  a full  force  our  town  would  begin  to  pick  up 
right  away  and  all  the  other  little  industries  we  once 
had  would  revive,”  continued  my  old  employer,  and 
added,  that  while  he  was  without  a penny  to  start 
with  he  had  the  confidence  of  all  the  bankers  and 
men  of  means  who  felt  an  interest  in  the  town,  and 
he  thought  they  would  give  him  a helping  hand  to 
start  in  a small  and  careful  way,  but  said:  It  is  a 

strain  I dread  at  my  age,  Welch,  to  make  a new 
start  and  take  on  the  care  and  worry  when  I shall 
be  in  debt  for  everything.”  I told  him  I was  in 
hopes  that  he  could  start  again,  and  that  he  was  not 
so  old  as  he  thought;  that  a few  days  of  business 
would  revive  him  and  make  him  feel  young  once 
more,  and  added,  that  if  I went  to  work  for  him  I 
would  try  and  give  him  a little  more  than  a day's 
work  and  urge  the  other  men  to  do  the  same  for  a 
while,  and  that  would  be  quite  a help.  He  took  me 
by  the  hand  and  thanked  me,  and  said:  '‘Welch, 
God  bless  you,  I was  not  looking  for  such  encour- 
aging  words.”  I said:  “ Why  not,  boss,  you  clothed 
and  fed  me  and  my  family  for  years,  paid  the  rent 
on  the  house  I lived  in,  gave  me  the  money  to  warm 
it  and  school  my  children.  I used  to  think  you 
were  a sort  of  an  enemy  of  mine,  but  this  calamity 
that  overtook  us  all  and  made  you  really  worse  off 
than  I am  on  account  of  what  you  owe,  has  taught 
me  a lesson.  I see  that  the  balance  of  workm.en 
and  myself  were  a sort  of  partners  of  yours,  and  our 
true  interests  were  to  hold  you  up,  for  by  thus  doing 
we  were  in  a very  essential  way  maintaining  our- 
selves. 


154 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


I see  now  that  we  workmen  got  the  bulk  of  the 
money  you  paid  out.  Truly,  boss,  I never  looked 
at  these  things  right,  and  one  other  thought  has  oc- 
curred to  me  lately;  there  was  Ira  and  Sol  Webster, 
Jake  West,  Ike  Hamilton,  Pete  Shane,  Charlie  Kelly 
and  a host  of  the  men  more  frugal  and  thoughtful 
than  I was,  who  worked  for  you  so  long,  bought 
homes  and  paid  for  them,  and  the  thought  that  oc- 
curred to  me  was  that  since  you  lost  everything, 
didn’t  those'homes  represent  the  profits  of  the  busi- 
ness.” Well,  now,  Mr.  Labor,  you  ought  to  have 
seen  the  look  that  came  to  my  old  boss’s  face;  his 
eyes  fairly  sparkled  and  he  grasped  me  by  the  hand, 
and  said:  “ Welch,  that  is  a great,  broad  and  mag- 
nanimous view  of  the  whole  situation;  I never 
thought  of  it  in  any  of  those  lights.” 

I was  anxious  to  get  here  to  the  class  and  had  to 
stop  the  conversation;  but  told  him  I would  talk 
with  him  further  about  it  at  some  other  time. 

Labor.  Mr.  Welch,  why  didn’t  you  bring  your  old 
employer  along  with  you? 

Mr.  Welch.  I did  ask  him  to  come,  but  he  said  his 
pride  had  been  hit  so  hard  that  lately  he  avoided  all 
kinds  of  gatherings,  and  although  he  would  like  to 
attend  he  had  not  the  courage  to  expose  himself. 

Labor.  I tell  you,  Mr.  Welch,  if  we  could  utilize 
the  X ray  and  examine  all  the  crushed  hearts  free 
trade  has  wrought,  they  would  be  a mangled  look- 
ing mass. 

Mr.  Welch.  Yes,  indeed;  to  tell  you  the  truth  I 
wouldn’t  want  to  look  at  them  even  though  it  were 
free  and  without  cost  to  do  so.  Speaking  of  the 
word  free,  Mr.  Labor,  I want  to  add  that  I look  as- 
kance at  that  word  now.  It  is  all  right  when  applied 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


155 


to  “free”  America,  otherwise  I am  of  the  opinion  it 
has  been  most  wholesomely  abused.  The  attraction 
caused  by  “free  lunch”  has  cost  many  a man  enough 
to  have  purchased  his  family  a home,  and  when  free 
concert  is  added  .there  is  no  telling  what  the  waste 
has  been.  And  a man  is  but  little,  if  any,  the  loser 
when  he  misses  the  ladies’  free  church  supper.  In 
this  latter,  however,  there  is  the  satisfaction  that 
you  have  been  in  good  company,  even  though  you 
are  a few  pennies  out,  and  then  a pleasant  con- 
sciousness that  the  money  left  behind  will  be  turned 
to  some  good  purpose,  but  when  applied  to  foreign 
products  that  can  compete  with  our  own,  being  ad- 
mitted without  a duty,  calling  it  free  trade  is  a 
misnomer.  Its  true  name  then,  Mr.  Labor,  should 
be  “waste”  trade  and  of  the  most  extravagant  type. 
It  is  positively  throwing  away  what  is  absolutely 
our  own,  and  if  that  is  not  waste  then  I fail  to  un- 
derstand the  meaning  of  the  word. 

I think,  Mr.  Labor,  we  could  do  a great  good  by 
substituting  the  term  waste  trade  for  free  trade  on 
foreign  products  coming  into  this  country  without 
paying  any  duty,  or  so  little  duty,  that  they  displace 
like  products  of  our  own  market.  A large  percent- 
age of  the  people  will  follow  the  word  “free”  and 
make  but  little  inquiry,  and  that  term  can  be  made 
very  dangerous  in  public  affairs  when  the  unscrup- 
ulous care  to  gain  a point  by  abusing  it. 

I wish,  Mr.  Labor,  I could  go  over  all  my  former 
employer  had  to  say  this  morning.  He  cited  that 
what  happened  to  his  retail  store  was  something  of 
an  illustration  of  what  was  taking  place  all  over  the 
country.  His  factory  was  loaded  down  with  goods, 
and  instead  of  getting  new  orders,  furniture  mer- 


156 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


chants  in  every  direction  were  countermanding  or- 
ders already  given.  He  said  the  people  working  for 
Mr.  Searl^s  were  only  a part  of  the  customers  his 
retail  store  had,  but  when  they  quit  trading  with 
him  they  likewise  quit  trading  in  other  lines,  which 
materially  affected  his  other  customers.  Added  to 
this  he  cited  three  or  four  other  industries  that  soon 
followed  with  a cut  of  from  20  to  40  per  cent  in 
their  working  forces,  which,  although  they  employ- 
ed but  few  people  when  compared  to  the  number 
that  were  selling  their  days’  works  to  Mr.  Searles,  it 
all  aided  the  pull  in  the  wrong  direction,  and  then, 
just  as  he  worded  it,  “when  I,  to  the  surprise  of  ev- 
erybody, as  you  well  know,  Welch,  turned  my  busi- 
ness toes  up  and  went  out  of  the  market  as  a pur- 
chaser of  days’  works  of  such  a mass  of  people,  we 
all  began  to  recognize  that  we  had  gotten  to  the 
tough  end  of  our  piece  of  meat,  and  in  our  faces  was 
the  unwelcome  fact  that  for  a while  we  would  have 
to  let  England,  Germany,  France  and  other  coun- 
tries, with  a smile  of  commercial  satisfaction  on 
their  faces,  dine  on  the  choice  cuts.” 

I shall  never  forget  his  last  words,  Mr.  Labor, 
when  he  took  me  by  the  hand,  with  a strained  smile 
on  his  face,  to  bid  me  good  morning,  and  said: 
“ Welch,  we  wont  vote  that  the  other  man  shall  take 
dangerous  medicine  again,  thinking  that  none  of  it 
will  get  into  our  own  tea.” 

I suppose,  Mr.  Labor,  there  is  but  little  occasion 
to  recall  these  fixed  facts.  Groversville  is  such  a 
clean  and  plain  illustration  of  what  waste  trade  has 
in  store  for  the  American  people  when  they  tamper 
with  it  that  further  comment  in  that  direction  is  un- 
called for.  The  money  that  went  out  of  circulation 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


157 


in  Groversville  portrayed  so  distinctly  what  hap- 
pened before  my  own  eyes  in  my  own  town  that  I 
have  been  walking  with  beans  in  the  bottoms  of  my 
shoes,  and  inside  the  shoes  at  that  ever  since  my 
first  lesson  at  this  school,  to  do  penance  for  giving 
ear  to  one  set  of  quack  doctors  who  claimed  that  the 
repeal  of  the  Sherman  silver  bill  took  money  out  of 
circulation,  when  I knew,  if  I had  stopped  to  think, 
thct  the  money  was  out  of  circulation  when  I went 
out  of  work,  which  was  six  mionths  prior  to  the  re- 
peal of  the  Sherman  bill.  And  to  another  set  of 
equal  idiots  who  charged  that  it  was  on  account  of 
our  Government’s  financial  system  that  money  was 
withdrawn  from  circulation.  I am  not  to  be  fooled 
any  longer,  Mr.  Labor.  Money  went  outof  circulation 
when  I stopped  spending  $21  each  week,  and  when 
all  the  rest  of  the  boys  and  I get  that  money  to 
spend  again  it  will  come  back  into  circulation,  and 
not  until  then.  I do  not  say,  Mr.  Labor,  that  our 
Government’s  financial  system  cannot  be  improved, 
but  I don’t  want  any  school  teachers  who  have  had 
the  good  fortune  to  live,  in  a sense,  on  an  annuity 
all  their  lives,  and  don’t  know  any  more  how  a dol- 
lar is  made  and  gathered  than  a child  who  has  al- 
ways lived  at  home  does,  to  tell  me  what  kind  of 
financial  laws,  banking  laws  and  business  laws  our 
country  needs.  I shall  listen  to  financiers,  bankers 
and  business  men  of  experience  first,  last  and  all  the 
time.  I don’t  believe  in  passing  the  dental  office 
and  going  to  the  blacksmith  shop  to  get  my  teeth 
fixed. 

I wish,  Mr.  Labor,  I could  give  you  a correct  esti- 
mate of  the  amount  of  money  that  idleness  among 
us  workers  in  furniture  has  reduced  the  circulation 


158 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


of  money  in  the  United  States  during  the  past  foui 
years. 

We  shall  have  to  end  this  talk  with  the  claim  that 
it  is  a vast  and  unknown  quantity,  and  we  will  end, 
too,  with  the  claim  that  we  have  shown  that  when 
lines  of  industry  that  need  protection  in  our  markets 
are  not  protected  and  go  down,  that  they  carry 
furniture  and  all  lines,  whether  they  appear  to  re- 
quire protection  or  not,  down  with  them. 

I can  bar  my  doors  and  windows  against  a thief, 
and  I can  watch  for  him,  too,  but  what  can  I do  with 
the  official  who  will  barter  away  my  rights  and  bring 
about  conditions  that  prevent  my  selling  the  days 
works  within  me  when  they  are  all  I have  on  earth 
to  exchange  for  money  whereby  to  procure  the  ne- 
cessities of  life? 

I referred  to  labor  unions  at  one  time,  and  to  avoid 
being  misinterpreted  I desire  to  say  a word  in  their 
defense,  but  I do  not  want  the  class  to  gather  the 
impression  that  I defend  all  they  do.  From  time  to 
time  they  make  some  very  grave  errors,  the  same  as 
all  other  people,  and  like  other  people  the  burdens 
from  such  errors  as  a rule  fall  on  their  own  shoulders. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  labor  unions  have  had  the 
tendency  to  increase  the  pay  of  workmen  and 
shorten  the  hours  of  labor,  all  of  which  is  in  the  di- 
rection of  mercy  and  justice,  but  on  this  occasion  we 
will  leave  the  justice  and  mercy  out  and. look  at  it 
from  the  standpoint  of  business  policy,  and  learn  if 
there  has  not  been  some  good  done.  Labor  unions 
today  practically  cover  all  lines  of  industry,  hence  it 
cannot  be  charged  that  one  line  unduly  extorts  from 
any  other,  and  so  long  as  nine-tenths  of  everything 
is  shown  to  be  labor,  and  it  is  labor  that  the  poor 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School,  159 

man  or  rich  man  buys  when  the  ordinary  daily  pur- 
chases are  made,  it  would  be  peculiarly  unjust  for  a 
union  in  one  industry  to  insist  upon  selling  their 
labor  at  an  extravagantly  high  price  to  those  in  some 
other  industry,  and  at  the  same  time  urge  that  work- 
men in  that  industry  should  not  be  granted  like 
privileges  and  benefits. 

One  sentiment  which  appears  to  engross  too 
many  people,  is:  How  can  I sell  what  I have 
to  offer  at  the  highest  possible  price  and  purchase 
all  I require  at  the  lowest  possible  figure?  This  sen- 
timent has  grown  so  prominent  in  business  today 
that  it  has  become  pernicious  and  is  making  cheap 
skates  of  too  many  of  us.  How  ridiculous  that 
everybody  should  want  a profit  and  not  a soul  on 
earth  willing  to  pay  one. 

For  four  years  men  have  been  sawing  away  at  each 
other  until  there  is  but  little  food  left  for  the  saw. 
Get  it  out  of  your  mind,  Mr.  Business  Man  and 
Laborer,  that  you  can  hit  without  somebody  striking 
back.  If  we  all  succeed,  Mr.  Labor,  we  will  live  to 
nature  and  nature  is  not  constructed  that  way. 
Nature  is  to  take  care  of  our  own  first  and  then  to 
live  and  let  live,  and  when  we  depart  from  these 
lines  we  will  get  it  just  as  severe  and  hard  as  we  give 
it,  and  every  man  who  figures  out  just  how  he  can 
get  the  best  of  a situation  by  straining  the  lines  of 
decency  and  justice  will  live  to  learn  that  he  has  ac- 
cepted the  worst  of  it  and  die  wondering  why  every- 
thing came  to  him  so  severely  when  he  thought  and 
felt  that  he  deserved  so  much.  In  the  words  of  Bob 
Burdette:  “Dear  reader,  do  not  take  offence  at  this; 
it  does  not  mean  you,  it  means  your  neighbor.” 

If,  Mr.  Labor,  we  will  all  recognize  that  when 


i6o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


everything  brings  a fair  price  it  is  v/hen  labor  has  a 
promise  of  being  fairly  paid  for  its  service,  which 
means  money  in  the  hands  of  the  working  man  to 
supply  all  the  requirements  of  his  family  and  him- 
self, to  the  extent  perhaps  of  owning  his  own  home. 
When  we  admit  and  proclaim  that  eighty  cents  out 
of  every  dollar  of  our  daily  transactions,  which 
means  tracing  everything  to  the  consumer,  is  men 
working  in  one  industry  trading  with  men  working 
in  some  other  industry,  we  will  have  gotten  down  to 
principles  that  truly  exist,  and  as  they  exist,  and  be 
amply  able  to  appreciate  that  if  we  cut  one  industry 
down  to  the  limit  of  extinction,  it  is  at  the  cost  to  a 
certain  extent  or  per  cent,  of  all  our  industries,  and 
shall  have  in  our  hands  the  key  that  truly  unlocks 
the  whole  situation.  If  a man  has  anything  to  sell, 
a horse,  cow  or  steer,  or  sheep,  or  wheat,  or  stock  of 
goods  to  retail,  or  anything  of  which  you  can  con- 
ceive “which  is  all  labor”  and  gets  a good  price  for 
it,  money  will  be  free  and  easy  with  him.  I am  not 
talking  about  misers;  they  do  not  help  and  should 
not  be  allowed  to  hinder;  while,  on  the  contrary,  if 
prices  for  all  things  conceivable  are  low,  prudence 
and  economy  to  the  limit  of  scrimping  will  be  his 
watchword.  When  we  reflect  that  “him”  in  this 
sense  means  everybody,  the  question  arises  with  us: 
“What  have  we  in  the  greatest  abundance  to  sell?” 

Our  answer  to  that  question  is  well  understood 
and  we  do  not  admit  that  there  is  any  room  for 
debate.  It  is  labor,  and  one  end  of  it  is  raising  pro- 
ducts to  feed  the  other  end  of  it  making  products. 
The  end  raising  products  is  almost  wholly  dependent 
for  the  prices  it  receives,  and  the  quantities  and 
kinds  it  sells,  to  the  end  making  the  products.  Hence, 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  i6i 

if  wages  are  maintained  manufactured  products  must 
bring  a good  price  to  pay  out,  which  means  better 
chances  all  around  for  grown  products.  Here  we 
find  cause  and  effect  acting  and  reacting  in  a way  to 
strengthen  each  other,  hence  if  the  unions  mean 
better  pay  for  the  mechanical  end  of  our  world  they 
as  well  mean  better  pay  for  the  agricultural  end. 
The  more  money  workmen  in  manufactured  products 
have  to  spend  the  more  the  man  engaged  in  crop 
raising  products. can  sell  them,  and  vice  versa,  the 
more  money  the  latter  has  to  purchase  manufactured 
products  with. 

It  is  between  these  two  lines  that  the  middle 
people  of  the  world  are  living,  those  through  whose 
hands  all  this  exchange  has  to  pass  and  they  live 
from  what  they  can  scrape  off  the  two  ends,  and  I 
want  to  say  to  the  coupon  cutter,  the  school  teacher, 
the  preacher,  the  lawyer,  the  speculator,  and  a 
thousand  others  who  are  living  on  these  chips  and 
are  constantly  keeping  up  the  agitation  for  things 
cheaper,  that  if  they  think  they  can  cut  these  two 
ends  down  to  the  bare  limit  of  subsistence  and  still 
find  plenty  of  scrapings  for  themselves,  they  are 
simply  following  false  figures  and  paths  that  lead  to 
very  much  less,  if  not  want,  for  their  own. 

For  example,  a man  today  drawing  a salary  of 
1^1,000  per  year  under  the  grinding  system  that  many 
urge  would  be  cut  down  eventually  to  three  or  four 
hundred  per  year.  A man  drawing  ^2,500  per  year 
would  have  to  be  content  with  ^900  or  ^1,000  per 
year,  and  the  same  ratio  to  the  highest  limit  of 
salaries.  Is  it  not  a fact  that  cannot  be  successfully 
contradicted  that  a man  in  this  country  today,  if  he 
makes  any  effort  to  do  so,  can  save  and  lay  one  side 


i62  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

as  much  as  his  whole  salary  would  amount  to  under 
the  grinding  process  many  such  people  recom- 
mend? I never  listen  to  a man  making  an  argument 
of  this  character  that  his  talk  does  not  carry  the  im- 
pression that  everybody  should  or  would  be  cut 
down  except  himself.  You  ask  the  same  party  if  he 
thinks  his  pay  should  be  less  and  he  would  answer: 
“Oh,  no;  oh,  no,  I do  not  go  to  that  extreme.” 
Just  think  of  the  narrowness  of  such  a man,  Mr.  Labor. 
A cyclone  that  takes  in  everybody  except  him- 
self is  all  right;  does  he  fail  to  recognize  that  he  is 
one  of  a great  and  immense  army  of  the  middle 
masses  whose  success  depends  entirely  on  the  pros- 
perity of  the  two  producing  ends?  This  great  middle 
mass  of  people  should  not  individually  or  collect- 
ively fall  into  the  error  that  because  they  are  essen- 
tial and  important  features  in  the  clock  work  of  the 
world  and  are,  in  a broad  and  extensive  sense, 
patrons  and  consumers  of  both  ends  of  these  pro- 
ducts, that  they  are  in  any  manner  whatsoever  in- 
dependent of  either  end  of  them.  Especially  should 
this  go  home  to  a few  theorists  who  are  moulding  the 
minds  of  the  young  in  our  schools.  Let  them  re- 
member there  are  business  cyclones  as  well  as  atmos- 
pheric, and  that  thousands  of  grand  instructors  who» 
with  ambition  to  make  more  money,  have  quit  the 
profession  of  teaching  to  engage  in  other  pursuits- 
Men  of  sterling  qualities,  too,  who,  when  a few  of  the 
egotistical  professionals  among  the  great  and  worthy 
army  that  remain,  advise  and  follow  in  lines  that 
spoil  such  an  individual’s  chances  in  other  pursuits, 
are  only  inviting,  and  forcing  him  back 
into  his  old  fields,  to  again  become  and  re- 
main a wage  earner;  this  can  only  serve  to  bring 


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163 


salaries  and  compensation  in  school  work  down  to 
the  common  level  of  all  else,  and  while  this  last 
comparison  covers  but  one  class  we  desire  you  to 
include  in  it  all  salaried  people  and  impress  upon 
each  that  no  living  man  has  any  particular  gift  that 
cannot  be  duplicated.  It  is  the  high  wages  and  large 
salaries  of  this  country,  Mr.  Labor,  that  make  us 
the  broad  living  and  ideal  people  of  the  world.  The 
water  in  the  rich  man’s  bath  tub  of  gold  cannot 
cleanse  him  cleaner  than  the  same  water  in  the  tub 
the  poor  man  of  this  country  can  have  if  our  condi- 
tions can  be  and  remain  wLat  they  were  prior  to 
1893.  I would  sooner  urge  the  day  that  would  give 
the  poor  man  two  bath  tubs  than  I would  a condition 
that  would  take  the  one  he  has  away.  Our  good 
wages  and  our  high  salaries  have  forged  our  flag  to 
the  front.  In  the  name  of  kind  Providence,  decency 
and  progress  let  us  keep  it  there  and  remain  an  ex- 
ample for  the  balance  of  the  world. 

I know  a man  employing  2,500  people  who  in  1892 
voted  the  free  trade  ticket  and  boldly  said  he  did  so 
because  wages  were  too  high  in  this  country.  Just 
think,  Mr.  Labor,  this  man’s  riches  had  come  to  him 
through  the  instrumentality  of  high  wages  and  high 
salaries.  He  had  himself  paid  managers  as  high  as 
gi 5,000  per  year  and  other  of  his  representatives  in 
proportion. 

The  wage  earners  of  the  United  States  have  been 
paid  $4,000,000,000  per  year;  would  he  reduce  that 
to  $1,000,000,000  per  year,  and  then  think  he  could 
scrape  from  that  the  riches  he  gathered  from  the 
$4,000,000,000  that  had  floated  about  so  freely?  A 
man  is  clearly  short  in  business  vision  when  he  holds 
such  views.  For  illustration,  suppose  the  income  of 


164 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


every  wage  earner  is  ten  cents  a day;  in  this  you 
may  include  the  farmer.  Can  a business  man  at  this 
figure  hope  to  get  as  much  out  of  it  for  himself  as  he 
could  if  the  wages  were  ;gio  per  day  for  each? 

In  this  magnified  sense,  Mr.  Labor,  it  becomes 
plain  to  us  and  we  see  it.  In  the  realistic  sense  for 
the  past  four  years,  where  there  have  been  so  many 
not  even  getting  the  ten  cents  per  day,  we  have  felt 
it.  I tell  you,  Mr.  Labor,  this  past  four  years  object 
lesson  corks  up  and  seals  securely  every  former 
demonstration  of  the  kind.  We  can  lay  the  old  on 
the  shelf  never  to  be  disturbed.  We  won’t  need 
them  again.  This  one  will  last  while  you  and  I live, 
and  enough  of  it  be  left  to  serve  our  children,  no 
matter  to  what  age  they  may  attain.  I do  not  want 
my  brother  workmen  to  conclude  from  what  I have 
said  that  I blame  the  man  employing  the  2,500 
people  for  his  sentiments;  we  are  all  very  much 
alike.  I voted  the  same  ticket  he  did  but  for  an- 
other purpose,  and  one  fully  as  selfish  as  his.  We 
were  both  wrong  and  the  thing  for  each  one  of  us 
to  do  is  to  change  cars  and  get  into  one  that  we 
know  is  safe,  and  he  jointly  with  all  other  employers 
to  give  their  workmen  plenty  of  money  and  let 
them  live  it  up,  and  me  with  the  rest  of  you  to  ren- 
der good  service,  get  what  is  our  due  and  send  it 
along  to  the  next  distributor,  which  many  of  us 
have  modestly  refrained  from  doing  for  a long  time 
now. 

One  thing,  however,  I desire  to  impress  upon  your 
minds  in  the  most  emphatic  manner  and  to  the  ex- 
tent that  you  will  carry  it  home  with  you  is,  if  our 
laws  permit  some  other  fellow  in  some  other  country 
to  get  our  money,  he  will  carry  it  along  and  spend 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


65 


it,  we  cannot,  and  it  will  all  be  done  in  some  other 
country,  too.  We  must  ever  bear  in  mind  that  the 
greater  and  more  valuable  our  market  is  the  fiercer 
and  more  desperate  other  countries  will  be  to  break 
into  and  capture  it,  never  recognizing  that  throwing 
our  chief  money  distributors  into  idleness  will  almost 
in  a breath  disrupt  and  destroy  it.  Mr.  Labor,  there 
seems  to  be  no  proper  place  to  shut  off  steam  on  this 
subject  except  to  close  your  eyes  and  turn  it  down, 
no  matter  where  you  are,  which  I now  do  and  beg 
pardon  of  the  class  for  the  infringements  I have 
made  on  many  individual  rights. 

Labor,  The  silence  of  the  house  and  the  gavel, 
Mr.  Welch,  renders  approval  of  your  talk.  Had  you 
failed  to  interest  us,  you  would  have  discovered  it 
and  stopped  talking  long  ago. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


1 66 


LESSON  IX. 

Labor,  I would  like  now  to  take  up  the  industry 
of  iron.  Is  there  some  worker  in  that  product  pres- 
ent, who  can  show  us  what  part  of  any  completed 
article  composed  chiefly  of  iron  belongs  to  labor? 

A gentleman  whose  face  had  become  familiar  to 
the  class  introduced  himself  as  Mr.  Dolan,  and  stated 
that  he,  with  thousands  of  others,  had  worked  in  iron 
mines,  and  that  he  had  followed  on  in  other  branches 
of  the  line  to  the  limit  of  finishing  some  iron  pro- 
ducts. 

Labor.  Then,  Mr.  Dolan,  you  must  be  sufficiently 
familiar  with  this  subject  to  give  us  the  light  we  are 
seeking.  We  do  not  care  for  any  particular  detail 
in  connection  with  any  designated  article;  all  we 
want  are  the  principles  involved  covering  the  labor- 
ing man’s  interests. 

Mr.  Dolan.  As  I stated,  Mr  Labor,  I began  my 
work  in  iron  taking  out  ore,  and  with  a large  field 
of  men  who  like  myself  were  selling  their  days 
works,  some  in  taking  out  the  ore,  others  in  piling 
it  with  fuel  in  a kiln  to  free  it  from  other  properties; 
all  of  which,  Mr.  Labor,  although  it  requires  but  a 
word  to  express  it,  has  the  look  of  days  works,  and 
up  to  this  point,  where  we  have  not  yet  the  sem- 
blance of  a product,  thousands  upon  thousands  of 
people  have  been  fed,  clothed  and  maintained. 

When  the  kiln  is  ready  the  fires  are  lighted  by 
labor  and  the  roasting  process  begins.  It  must  be 
kept  in  mind  that  the  fuel  consumed,  no  matter  of 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School,  167 

what  kind,  was  purchased  of  labor,  the  money  for 
which  had  clothed,  fed  and  provided  for  another 
army  of  people. 

When  the  ore  is  properly  roasted  another  set  of 
men  put  it  in  the  blast  furnaces  with  coke  and  lime- 
stone, that  were  also  (the  coke  and  limestone)  pur- 
chased of  labor,  and  thus  with  a forced  fire,  carefully 
looked  after  by  labor,  the  roasted  ore  is  smelted. 

When  the  metal  becomes  a fluid,  labor  from  time 
to  time  lets  it  out  into  channels  or  moulds,  where  it 
is  permitted  to  solidify  into  pigs,  and  in  this  state, 
Mr.  Labor,  after  having  proven  the  support  of  this 
untold  number  of  people,  it  is  called  raw  material. 
No  matter  how  high  other  hands  of  toil  may  stack 
the  pigs,  or  how  frequent  the  stacks,  we  have  pre- 
sumed in  a sense,  when  viewing  it  in  the  piles, 
that  it  grew  just  where  it  had  been  so  systematically 
corded  up  by  the  working  man  for  pay. 

Selling  my  days  work,  Mr.  Labor,  to  produce  this 
raw  material,  provided  me  the  means  to  purchase 
just  as  good  a living  as  I have  been  able  to  buy  since 
when  selling  my  days  works  to  produce  products 
from  this  said,  raw  material,  which  name  is  a mis- 
nomer, pure  and  simple.  Pig  iron  is  a finished  pro- 
duct. 

It  is  singular  to  me,  while  our  country  has  ore 
sufficient  to  produce  all  the  iron  it  can  ever  possibly 
use,  that  there  has  ever  been  a man,  or  class  of  men, 
or  party,  that  would  try  to  find  any  excuse  for  leav- 
ing our  gates  open  for  other  countries  to  ship  their 
stacks  of  pig  iron  into  our  market,  leaving  our  own 
corded  up  and  unsold,  and  thus  prevent  the  sale  of 
days  works  by  our  own  workmen  to  replace  them.  I 
only  refer  to  this  for  illustration,  Mr.  Labor,  for  any 


i68  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

duties  low  enough  to  let  in  iron  that  has  moved  a 
step  further  from  the  pig  towards  another  product, 
or  into  the  product,  has  the  same  effect  upon  our 
stacks  of  pig  iron  that  it  would  to  bring  the  pig  iron 
itself  in  to  make  such  goods. 

In  this  proposition,  when  you  take  into  account 
the  days  works  we  should  have  done  to  produce  the 
pig  iron,  you  are  in  duty  bound  to  include  the  days 
works  we  should  have  sold  from  the  pig  product  to 
the  other  finished  product. 

There  is  a great  field  here  for  some  statistician  to 
show  how  much  our  own  market  can  be  increased 
provided  we  manufacture  at  home,  including  all  in- 
dustries, all  the  products  other  countries  sell  us  that 
we  have  the  material,  men  and  facilities  to  produce. 
Such  a showing,  with  pains  taken  to  point  out  that 
the  money  for  the  days  works  to  produce  such  goods, 
paid  to  our  own  workmen,  would  increase  our  market 
just  that  amount,  would  do  more,  Mr.  Labor,  to  kill 
the  cry  about  increasing  our  foreign  trade  on  our 
manufactured  goods  than  any  data,  facts  or  figures 
that  can  be  had  now. 

When  it  is  made  clear  to  the  public  that  for  every 
two  dollars  of  foreign  trade  in  our  manufactured 
products  we  have  ^98  of  home  trade,  all  sensible 
people  will  begin  to  cry,  why  not  increase  our  home 
market  and  properly  guard  it?  To  say  the  least, 
when  this  question  is  thoroughly  understood  and 
parties  are  talking  about  swelling  our  foreign  mar- 
ket, people  will  ask:  '‘Are  you  proposing  to  allow 
other  countries  to  come  in  and  carve  our  market  up 
to  suit  themselves,  in  order  that  we  may  gain  one 
dollar  away  from  home,  and  lose  ten  dollars  at 
home?” 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  169 

I shall  not  undertake  to  show,  Mr.  Labor,  what 
tariff  duties  have  done  for  our  iron  industries.  There 
is  plenty  of  data  and  history  on  that  subject  to  indi- 
cate the  debt  of  gratitude  iron  workers  of  this  coun- 
try owe  to  the  men  who  planned  so  wisely  for  us  to 
sell  our  days  works  in  that  branch  of  toil. 

Not  alone  for  us  did  they  legislate  with  so  much 
wisdom,  either.  Every  working  man  of  our  land 
has  occasion  to  render  thanks,  as  well  as  every  busi- 
ness man,  and  every  known  citizen. 

In  the  absence  of  past  duties  on  iron  and  iron 
goods  of  all  kinds  and  descriptions  for  a long  term 
of  years,  a sum  of  our  money  would  have  gone 
abroad  that  it  is  beyond  the  ability  of  man  to  esti- 
mate now,  and  it  is  impossible  that  our  progress 
could  have  been  equal  to  what  it  has  in  the  face  of 
any  such  contingency. 

The  vast  sum  of  money  that  labor  in*  iron  indus- 
tries has  earned  and  spent  in  the  Ignited  States  in 
the  last  25  years  has  done  more  than  its  share  in 
keeping  the  hat,  clothing,  boot  and  shoe,  and  all 
known  workmen  busy.  As  well  have  they  consumed 
liberally  of  the  farmer’s  product  and  caused  the 
merchant  and  trader  to  wear  many  a smile. 

Of  course,  Mr.  Labor,  we  shall  ask  you  to  skip 
the  years  since  1893;  that  was  when  the  scorcher 
started  out  and  ran  into  everybody.  He  would  go 
where  the  people  were  the  thickest  and  persisted  in 
not  looking  up  to  see  what  he  was  going  to  hit.  A 
few  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  escape  without 
a scratch  and  in  some  instances  they  manifest  but 
little  sympathy  for  the  large  number  that  have  had 
bones  broken. 

We  have  faith  that  the  bell  that  rings  the  Dingley 


170 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


bill  in  will  wake  Mr.  Scorcher  up  and  cause  him  to 
recognize  some  of  the  rights  of  the  people  living 
along  the  road. 

Under  the  plea  of  an  object  lesson  Mr.  Scorcher 
for  nearly  four  years  has  impudently  swaggered  up 
and  down  the  commercial  highway  indicating  that 
it  made  but  a trifling  difference  to  him  who  got  hit, 
got  left,  or  got  crazy,  and  most  of  us  have  felt  all 
three. 

We  ought  to  be  able  to  fix  our  affairs  for  the 
future,  Mr.  Labor,  so  that  fellow  won’t  have  any- 
thing to  do  but  to  pump  up;  make  it  free  for  him  to 
do  that  and  allow  no  one  to  disturb  him,  except  he 
attempts  to  get  back  into  the  commercial  highway 
again. 

I don’t  look  for  him  to  change  his  mind  any  more 
than  I do  for  a runaway  horse  to  reform;  they  are 
built  too  much  alike  mentally,  bound  to  work  the 
one  gag  until  they  break  their  own  necks  and  every- 
body else’s,  too. 

Labor,  Quite  right,  Mr.  Dolan;  a few  will  never 
change  their  minds;  neither  do  we  want  them  to. 
Our  aim  is  to  throw  daylight  on  them  sufficient  to 
destroy  their  pernicious  influence  with  the  man  who 
desires  to  earn  an  honest  living.  We  want  to  make 
these  questions  so  manifestly  clear  to  the  seller  of 
days  works  that  he  cannot  fail  to  discover  the  true 
odor  of  their  bouquet  of  words,  and  with  his  scorn 
force  it  to  wither  in  their  own  hands. 

You  have  shown,  Mr.  Dolan,  that  to  develop  the 
product  of  pig  iron  means  providing  all  the  necessi- 
ties of  life  for  a great  and  growing  multitude  of 
people,  and  made  clear,  as  well,  the  false  light  that 
that  commodity  has  been  classed  in,  when  held  up 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


171 


as  raw  material.  Everything  cheaper  is  catchy,  and 
demagogues  know  they  can  attract  the  public  ear, 
'make  it  deaf  to  all  else  and  accomplish  more  with 
that  cry  than  any  other  single  thought  or  thing  that 
has  ever  fallen  into  their  hands  to  distort. 

What  is  there,  Mr.  Dolan,  I ask  you  in  pig  iron 
that  can  be  cut  down  that  that  product  may  be  sold 
cheaper? 

Mr,  Dola7i.  Pig  iron  can  be  produced  and  sold 
cheaper,  Mr.  Labor,  by  reducing  wages  and  in  no 
other  way.  The  ore  before  it  is  moved  cuts  so  little 
figure  that  there  is  no  use  looking  to  that  end  for 
any  reduction?  If  the  price  of  the  fuel  used  could 
be  lowered  it  would  have  to  be  done  by  paying  less 
wages  in  getting  that  out,  and  the  same  conditions 
hold  good  with  anything  else  that  is  used  in  reduc- 
ing the  ore. 

Labor,  Then,  Mr.  Dolan,  the  only  way  our  cheap 
friends  can  have  pig  iron  cheaper  is  by  pinching  our 
man  of  toil. 

Mr.  Dolan.  Yes,  sir,  Mr.  Labor,  I do  not  see  any- 
thing else  to  cut;  the  laws  of  trade  forbid  very  great 
margins  in  any  such  staple  as  pig  iron,  hence  I can- 
not believe  there  is  much  left  to  cut  from  that  end, 
and  so  long  as  the  price  today  ranges  from  $\2  to 
$16  per  ton  I feel  safe  in  defying  any  man  to  find 
anything  in  it  to  lower  but  the  price  of  days  works 
in  order  to  cheapen  it. 

Labor,  How  do  you  think  lowering  the  prices  in 
pig  iron  compares  with  lowering  the  prices  in  other 
products,  Mr.  Dolan? 

Mr.  Dolan.  If  it  is  not  an  article  manufactured  un- 
der the  protection  of  a patent  it  is  all  one  and  the 
same  thing.  Of  course,  some  products  will  not  be 


172 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


sold  so  close  as  pig  iron,  that  is,  with  so  small  a 
margin  of  profit.  At  $12  to  ^16  a ton  I can  hardly 
see  how  there  is  any  profit  in  pig  iron,  and  yet,  re- 
cently steel  rails  sold  for  $iy  and  $18  a ton,  and  a 
friend  of  mine  called  my  attention  to  how  cheaply 
they  could  be  produced.  I told  him  if  they  remain- 
ed at  that  price  it  would  be  at  the  cost  of  the  wage 
earner.  He  is  a man  who  is  always  urging  for 
things  cheap,  and  he  ridiculed  me  for  the  stand  I 
took,  but  the  very  next  scientific  article  on  the  sub- 
ject showed  the  prices  would  have  to  go  up,  or 
wages  from  the  ore  all  along  the  line  to  the  finished 
rail  would  have  to  go  down. 

This  is  the  case  with  everything,  Mr.  Labor.  If  I 
get  a suit  of  clothes  in  the  regular  way  dirt  cheap, 
the  man  or  woman  who  makes  them  will  have  to 
work  dirt  cheap,  and  it  is  just  the  same  way  with 
anything  I may  need  or  buy,  and  when  you  find  a 
man  that  is  constantly  crying  for  everything  cheap, 
cheap,  cheap,  you  will  find  something  cheap  in  his 
make-up,  and  I will  charge  more  than  that;  any  man 
v/ho  is  not  willing  to  pay  a profit  on  what  he  buys  is 
dishonest,  and  the  one  ultimately  robbed  on  these 
lines  is  the  laborer. 

There  is  not  a wage  earner  in  the  U.  S.,  Mr.  La- 
bor, that  is  not  interested  in  fair  hours  and  fair 
wages,  and  I want  to  say  to  all  working  men  and 
women  that  cheap  products,  I say  cheap  products^  do 
not  mean  to  them  ultimately  either  fair  hours  or  fair 
pay,  and  in  this  I include  all  salaried  people. 

The  cheap  or  bargain  counter  either  means  inferi- 
or goods  displacing  good  goods,  which  means  less 
employment  for  labor  in  such  products,  or  else  it 
means  less  pay  to  labor  for  producing  the  better 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


173 


goods,  and  I am  inclined  to  believe  the  latter  condi- 
tions will  prevail,  if  the  cheap  counter  continues  to 
prevail. 

The  wage  earners,  from  the  salaried  person  at  the 
top,  down  to  the  smallest  day  or  weekly  wage  earn- 
er known  to  us,  Mr.  Labor,  have  too  much  at  stake 
in  this  issue  to  lend  it  their  support,  but  they  do, 
and  they  will  chase  the  cheap  counter  regardless  of 
anything  that  may  be  told  them. 

Cheap  goods,which  means  small  pay,  will  cheapen 
our  country,  and  when  any  individual  flatters  him- 
self that  affairs  will  go  on  the  same  with  him  and  he 
will  not  share  in  such  cheapening,  he  will  live  to 
learn  that  he  was  “reckoning  without  his  host.” 

Labor,  No  doubt,  Mr.  Dolan,  that  whatever  lowers 
our  wages  cheapens  our  flag.  It  is  at  the  top  now 
and  is  the  magnetic  pole  flag  of  all  flags,  attracting 
the  mind’s  eye  needle  of  all  humankind.  Why?  Be- 
cause we  are  a high  priced  people,  which  is  due 
wholly  to  the  high  wages  we  pay. 

Mr.  Dolan.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor.  Put  our  compensation 
for  toil  on  a China  level  and  down  a crooked  and  um 
certain  lane  we  start,  with  our  flag  trailing  after  us. 
I want  to  inquire  of  the  profound  and  all-wise  politi- 
cal economist  who  proves  that  all  are  equally  well 
served  when  our  ratio  is  at  the  cheapest  end  of  the 
line,  at  what  other  Nation’s  level  he  desires  we  shall 
rest?  Would  he  carry  us  down  to  the  man  eater,  or 
where  would  he  call  a halt? 

I do  not  desire  to  be  understood  that  I think  he 
would  intentionally  carry  us  to  that  extreme,  but 
does  not  his  argument  head  us  in  that  direction? 

We  are  as  a whole  people  at  the  head  of  the  list 
today.  Can  this  profound  advocate  of  cheap  pro- 


174 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


ducts,  which  means  long  hours  and  small  pay  to  the 
man  of  toil,  claim  that  we  reached  the  top  through 
any  kind  of  cheapness  or  that  any  plan  of  cheapness 
can  keep  us  at  the  top?  Such  a claim  can,  to  be 
consistent,  only  cheapen  the  soul  within  the  man 
who  makes  it.  I do  not  believe  that  the  people  of 
this  country  are  willing  to  join  hands  with  the  man 
who  argues  that  our  flag  is  high  enough,  or  that  it 
cannot  go  higher,  or  who  undertakes  to  prove  that 
it  can  be  put  on  as  high  a plane  with  ten  cents  as  it 
can  with  fifty  cents. 

We  well  know  what  their  reply  will  be  to  this,  but 
if  their  answer  is  worth  anything  why  cannot  they 
cite  us  some  country  that  is  living  on  such  lines,  of 
which  there  are  plenty,  whose  people  are  in  any 
sense  the  equal  of  our  people? 

While  waiting  for  a procession  to  come  along  yes- 
terday, it  being  a holiday,  I listened  to  a conversa- 
tion between  two  friends  that  to  me  hits  the  nail  we 
are  driving  square  on  the  head.  No.  i of  these  two 
friends  was  a protectionist,  and  No.  2 said  he  was 
an  out  and  out  free  trader. 

No.  I drove  No.  2 into  a corner,  from  which  he 
couldn’t  extricate  himself.  No.  2 then,  with  the 
hope  to  ease  up  on  the  close  quarters  he  was  in, 
claimed  he  was  in  favor  of  reciprocity,  etc.,  etc. 

No.  I asked  his  friend  to  what  limit  did  he  aim  to 
carry  reciprocity  or  his  swapping  process? 

No.  2 hadn’t  quite  figured  out  in  detail  to  what 
extent  such  trading  should  be  indulged  in,  and  ap- 
peared to  be  slightly  mixed  up  anyway  when  No.  i 
asked  him:  ‘‘Suppose  now  (calling  his  friend  by 
name)  we  had  a trade  on  with  China?  How  far 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


175 


ei»"-  * 


176 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


would  you  carry  it?  Would  you  go  to  the  extent  of 
a rat  diet  deal  with  them?” 

At  that  moment,  Mr.  Labor,  the  procession  came 
along,  and  the  visit  between  the  two  friends,  who 
were  both  strangers  to  me,  ended. 

I do  not  introduce  this  conversation  with  any  ill 
will  to  reciprocity,  for  so  far  as  it  has  been  indulged 
in  it  has  been  generally  approved,  and  our  only  way 
to  find  anything  out  for  a certainty  is  through  expe- 
rience, but  if  it  lends  any  color  as  to  the  quality  of 
exchange  desirable  with  other  countries  it  will  have 
done  no  harm. 

I am  not  willing,  however,  that  goods  that  we  can 
produce  shall  come  into  our  market  free,  or  with 
nominal  duties  only,  from  a rat  diet  people  in  order 
that  a few  misguided  persons  can  have  things  cheap, 
and  I am  free  to  say  that  I do  not  think  it  would 
give  the  cheap  class  very  much  pain  if  everyone  but 
themselves  had  to  live  on  that  kind  of  a diet. 

I want  to  ask,  Mr.  Labor,  what  is  meant  by  “free 
trader”  and  who  it  includes? 

Labor,  With  us,  as  we  are  using  the  term,  Mr.  Do- 
lan, it  includes  all  persons  who  oppose  duties  that 
will  protect  our  toiling  classes’;  any  who  are  in  favor 
of  cheapening  products  to  the  extent  of  lowering 
wages  in  anything  our  country  can  produce  by  a 
tariff  duty  low  enough  to  allow  other  countries  to 
ship  manufactured  goods,  or  products  from  the  soil 
into  our  market  to  displace  our  own.  This  school 
is  opposed  to  any  sentiment  that  allows  our  money 
to  go  to  other  countries  for  goods  that  we  can  sup- 
ply and  thus  keep  the  money  at  home,  and,  Mr. 
Dolan,  for  convenience  sake  we  will  allow  the  term 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


177 


1/8 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


free  trader  ” to  cover  these  classes,  including  the 
tariff-for-revenue  man  and  all. 

Foreign  goods  on  an  even  basis  as  to  price  will 
take  a share  of  our  market,  which  means  fewer  days 
works  for  our  own  folks,  and  taking  our  money 
away.  Any  preference  from  one  per  cent,  on  down  in 
price  means  a still  greater  share  of  our  market.  We 
are  opposed  to  all  this  and  to  tariff  duties  that  will 
permit  it,  and  shall  call  all  who  indorse  such  low 
duties  “free  traders.”  Will  you,  Mr.  Dolan,  kindly 
tell  us  something  about  the  labor  that  goes  into 
completed  iron  products? 

Mr,  Dola?!.  Days  works,  Mr.  Labor,  go  into  iron 
products  in  the  same  ratio  that  they  went  into  pig 
iron.  Of  course,  in  constructing  a railroad  loco- 
motive a vast  amount  of  machinery  is  used,  but  it 
never  takes  care  of  itself,  and,  too,  it  was  days  works 
that  manufactured  the  machinery,  and  it  is  the  hands 
of  toil  that  made  the  drills,  planes  and  tools,  and 
that  will  make  them  over  again  as  fast  as  they  wear 
out. 

It  is  plain  enough,  if  you  take  the  labor  out  of  a 
locomotive  all  you  will  have  left  will  be  raw  iron 
ore,  and  the  ore  of  other  metals  used  in  the  con- 
struction just  as  they  were  found  in  the  earth,  to- 
gether with  a small  amount  of  wood  or  timber  back 
in  the  tree,  the  estimated  value  of  all  which  could 
not  be  over  twenty-five  or  fifty  dollars,  and  possibly 
not  more  than  ten  dollars,  although  the  locomotive 
when  completed  may  have  cost  ten  thousand  dollars. 

The  paint  and  gold  leaf  used  in  ornamenting  when 
followed  back  to  the  starting  point  will  be  found  to 
have  contained  no  value  worth  mentioning.  All  the 
nickel,  solid  silver  and  gold  used  cost  for  days 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


179 


works,  and  is  due  to  days  works  paid  for  presumably 
at  their  full  value.  It  is  the  same  with  a freight  car. 
Put  the  trucks  and  all  the  iron  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed, and  the  wood  and  timber  back  into  the  earth 
and  tree,  and  what  are  they  worth? 

A railroad  coach  may  cost  from  one  thousand  to 
twenty  thousand  dollars  to  build,  owing  to  the  finish, 
and  if  the  latter  figure  it  will  if  traced  back  be  found 
of  but  very  little  value  except  as  it  has  been  touched 
by  the  hand  of  the  workingman.  All  the  art  and 
finery  that  can  be  added  to  it  will  be  labor  paid  for 
by  the  hour,  day,  week  or  month.  Not  a drapery  or 
a thing  can  go  in  that  is  not  itself  the  child  of  toil. 

I have  worked  in  the  manufacture  of  structural 
iron,  and  I want  to  ask,  Mr.  Labor,  how  many 
people  when  looking  at  it  in  service  trace  it  back  to 
its  raw  state  in  the  earth,  or  undertake  to  measure 
the  days  works  it  represents?  Suppose  it  is  the  iron 
frame  work  of  a fire  proof  building.  Do  you  think 
any  man  who  had  been  told  what  it  cost  to  put  it 
there  would  stop  to  think  that  nearly  every  penny  of 
that  money  had  been  paid  out  to  our  American  citi- 
zens for  days  works?  Carry  this  on  to  the  stone  and 
brick  work.  We  all  understand  what  bricks  are  made 
of.  We  have  to  put  a brick  block  back  into  the  clay 
in  the  earth  to  find  its  raw  material.  When  we  do 
that  and  send  the  metal  it  contains  out  of  it  back  to 
where  the  workman’s  pick  first  came  in  contact  with 
it,  and  the  lumber  and  timber  used  back  to  the  tree 
that  the  lumber  workman’s  axe  first  hit,  what  have 
we  that  is  of  any  great  value  to  begin  with,  even 
though  the  block  or  building  when  completed  has 
cost  one  million  dollars?  It  has  even  cost  money 


i8o  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

for  days  works  to  bring  forth  a hole  in  the  ground 
to  serve  as  a basement  or  cellar, 

I do  not  believe,  Mr.  Labor,  that  all  that  goes  into 
a building  that  absolutely  cost  one  million  dollars 
to  construct  when  sent  back  to  its  original  state 
prior  to  having  received  any  touch  of  the  '‘hands  of 
toil,''  was  worth  five  hundred  dollars.  This  is  a plain 
and  easy  case;  we  can  all  see  it  and  recognize  that 
it  is  made  up  of  days  works  and  virtually,  with  the 
exception  of  the  value  of  the  land  on  which  it  rests, 
it  was  all  days  labor.  We  cannot  see  so  plainly,  Mr. 
Labor,  and  distinguish  so  accurately  in  many  of  our 
other  products  the  share  that  lator  performed,  but  it 
is  just  as  surely  and  just  as  truly  there.  I defy  the 
man  at  the  moment  he  hears  this  to  look  at  or  lay 
his  hands  on  a single  thing  within  his  reach  that 
nine-tenths  of  its  cost  is  not  days  works. 

Prof.  Gillette,  a writer  on  Political  Economy,  and 
inclined  to  low  tariff,  interrupts  and  says: 

Mr.  Labor,  I want  to  ask  Mr.  Dolan  where  the 
contractor's  profit  is  in  the  million  dollar  building 
he  has  referred  to? 

Another  gentleman,  whose  face  had  become 
familiar  to  the  class,  who  gave  his  name  as  Cole, 
was  on  his  feet  in  a moment  and  asked  the  privilege 
of  answering  the  question. 

Labor  What  is  your  line  of  business,  Mr.  Cole? 

Mr,  Cole,  I am  a contractor  in  the  construction  of 
buildings  of  all  classes,  including  frame,  ordinary 
brick,  and  fire  proof. 

Mr,  Dolan,  I hope,  Mr.  Labor,  you  will  permit  the 
gentleman  to  answer  the  question,  as  he  can  do  it 
from  the  standpoint  of  experience. 

Labor,  You  can  have  the  floor,  Mr.  Cole. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


8i 


Mr.  Cole.  I have  been  in  the  contracting  business 
for  twenty  years,  Mr.  Labor,  and  I can  say  to  Prof. 
Gillette  that  in  figuring  up  the  other  day  I found  I 
had  in  that  twenty  years  completed  all  told  a trifle 
over  twenty-seven  million  dollars  worth  of  contracts, 
and  I had  made  some  money.  I made  an  estimate, 
too,  of  what  my  money  would  have  brought  me  if  I 
had  placed  it  on  interest  when  I began  taking  con- 
tracts, and  had  continued  working  at  my  trade  for 
days  wages  for  my  support,  and  I learned  that  had  I 
followed  this  latter  course  the  capital  I began  with 
would  have  increased  more  than  double  what  it  did 
in  the  contracting  business. 

Prof.  Gillette.  Possibly,  Mr.  Cole,  you  have  lost 
money  in  speculation? 

Mr.  Cole.  I never  chanced  a dollar  in  speculation 
in  my  life.  Professor,  and  I have  not  spent  any  of 
my  money  for  liquor  or  extravagant  living. 

Prof.  Gillette.  How  do  you  account,  then,  for  not 
making  more  money,  Mr.  Cole;  many  contractors 
have  gotten  rich? 

Mr.  Cole.  It  is  true,  a few  have  been  successful, 
but  I presume  their  riches  are  due  to  fortunate 
speculation  more  than  to  their  contracting.  You 
show  me.  Prof.  Gillette,  one  contractor  that  has 
grown  rich,  and  I will  show  you  25  that  have  gone 
broke.  The  man  that  has  gotten  rich  is  remembered 
and  cited  while  those  who  have  been  broke  for 
years  are  forgotten. 

I have  the  reputation  of  being  a very  careful 
estimator  of  contracts.  Professor,  but  in  looking 
over  the  contracts  I have  done  I find  that  on  about 
one-third  of  them  I lost  a little  money.  On  about 


i82 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


one- third  I came  out  even;  on  the  other  one-third  I 
made  what  small  amounts  I am  ahead. 

Prof.  Gillette.  I am  astonished,  Mr.  Cole,  at  what 
you  say;  I supposed  all  contractors  eventually  be- 
came wealthy.  I fear  your  failing  to  make  from  one 
to  three  million  dollars  on  twenty-seven  million 
dollars  worth  of  contracts  in  20  years  is  due  to  some 
fault  within  yourself  that  you  have  failed  to  discover. 

Mr.  Cole.  The  trouble  with  you  authors,  on  comic 
— I mean  economic — questions.  Prof.  Gillette,  is, 
you  rarely  discover  any  of  the  true  inwardness  and 
practical  features  of  anything.  I am  confident  you 
would  undertake  to  advise  how  contracts  should  be 
estimated  as  soon  as  anything  else  you  would  at- 
tempt to  write  about. 

Prof.  Gillette.  Manifestly,  Mr.  Cole,  it  all  looks 
plain  enough;  I cannot  see  anything  intricate  in  it. 

Mr,  Cole.  That  is  what  I say;  you,  of  course,  un- 
derstand the  whole  thing  without  ever  having  come 
in  touch  with  any  of  it.  You  are  so  well  up  on 
everything.  Professor,  you  ought  to  be  able  to  tell 
me  how  to  estimate  on  a building  that  would  cost 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  build. 

Prof.  Gillette.  If  I were  a contractor  I would  ex- 
pect to  be  posted  on  all  kinds  of  material  as  to 
quantity  required,  prices,  etc.,  and  as  to  the  price  of 
labor;  are  they  not  the  chief  features,  Mr.  Cole? 

Mr.  Cole.  Yes;  go  on. 

Prof.  Gillette.  Well,  if  I knew  the  amount  of  the 
material  and  the  price  of  it,  and  the  amount  of  days 
works  required,  and  the  cost  per  day,  couldn't  I tell 
what  I could  do  the  work  for? 

Mr.  Cole.  Yes,  if  you  hiew  that  you  could.  If, 
Professor,  you  had  21  acres  of  land  to  plow  and  you 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  183 

had  one  team  that  you  could  plow  an  acre  and  a half 
a day  with,  how  many  days  could  you  agree  to  plow 
it  in  with  a given  price  fixed? 

Prof.  Gillette.  That  is  easy;  if  it  did  not  rain  I 
could  agree  to  plow  it  in  fourteen  days,  and  it  would 
be  easy  enough  to  make  a price. 

Mr.  Cole.  Ah,  if  it  did  not  rain!  You  will  admit 
right  now.  Prof.  Gillette,  you  would  have  to  make  a 
guess  on  just  how  long  you  would  be  plowing  that 
21  acres  of  ground;  at  least,  how  many  days  you 
might  spoil  doing  it.  It  is  possible  that  you  would 
use  as  much  time  going  from  the  barn  to  the  field 
between  showers  as  you  would  in  plowing,  leaving 
out  the  probability  of  the  land  being  too  wet  a part 
of  the  time,  and  of  a sick  horse,  broken  harness  or 
plow,  etc.  You  see.  Prof.  Gillette,  you  are  not  smart 
enough  to  make  a close  estimate  on  the  simple 
proposition  of  plowing  21  acres  of  ground.  Then 
what  do  you  think  of  a man  trying  to  estimate  the 
exact  number  of  days  works  in  a two  hundred 
thousand  dollar  building?  You  can  see  at  once  that 
the  days  works  will  largely  have  to  be  a guess,  and 
that  accuracy  in  an  affair  of  this  kind  is  utterly 
beyond  the  power  of  any  living  man. 

Prof.  Gillette.  Shouldn’t  experience  enable  you  to 
guess  very  closely? 

Mr.  Cole.  Can  experience  enable  you.  Professor, 
to  guess  how  many  days  it  will  rain  out  of  any  given 
fourteen  days  in  order  that  you  may  plough? 

Prof.  Gillette.  I cannot  claim  that  it  would,  but 
there  is  a general  average  in  all  affairs  that  it  is  quite 
3afe  to  base  our  calculations  on. 

Mr.  Cole.  Very  true,  and  in  that  general  average 
there  may  be  several  years  of  life  due  me  yet,  and 


i84 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


thus  calculate  that  I will  be  here  tomorrow,  but  ill- 
ness of  myself  or  family,  or  worse  than  that,  may 
keep  me  away.  So  may  a tornado  level  to  the 
ground  a nearly  completed  wall  that  it  would  require 
more  days  works  to  clear  the  debris  away  than  it 
took  to  originally  build  the  wall,  and  a thousand 
lesser  things  that  it  is  worse  than  guess  work  to  at- 
tempt to  strike  an  average  on  in  estimating  work. 
I heard  a reliable  contractor  say  once  that  if  his 
workmen  would  do  him  a full  day’s  work  each  day, 
and  not  soldier  on  him,  he  would  defy  any  man  on 
earth  to  compete  with  him.  Can  you.  Professor, 
recommend  an  average  or  a cure  for  this  feature,  or 
will  you  concede  from  the  start  that  it  is  an  un- 
known quantity? 

I will  admit.  Prof.  Gillette,  that  you  can  make  due 
allowance  for  all  these  contingencies,  but  when  you 
do,  your  reward  will  be  no  contracts.  Your  compet- 
itors’ estimates  and  bids  will  be  so  far  below  you 
that  your  best  friends  will  turn  you  down.  So,  you 
see,  if youwill,\hdX  estimated  days  works  in  any  con- 
tract, either  large  or  small,  can  by  the  most  compe- 
tent man  that  can  be  found  be  nothing  less  than 
guess  work.  Like  excavating  for  a basement  being 
all  days  works,  so  days  works  enter  largely  into  the 
construction  of  any  building  and  become  one  of  the 
chief  features,  and  the  chief  feature  of  risk  that  will 
prevail  while  time  lasts,  except  we  advance  to  that 
stage  of  perfection  that  v/e  have  regulated  compe- 
tition. The  war  cry  today,  though,  is  open  compe- 
tition, and  our  streets,  roads  and  lanes  are  at  this 
moment  strewn  with  the  financially  mangled  and 
distorted  victims  of  that  cry.  Victims,  too,  that  in 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


85 


numbers  go  a long  way  towards  making  up  the  mass 
of  our  people. 

There  is  proof  in  my  line  which  can  safely  be  ap- 
plied to  all  industries  and  all  branches  of  business 
that  home  competition  will  always  take  care  of 
prices  and  keep  them  low  enough  on  our  own  pro- 
ducts, in  our  own  markets,  regardless  of  any  other 
country.  Although  other  nations  may  ship  building 
m.aterial  into  our  country,  no  one  attempts  to  ship  a 
ready-made  building  in,  but  at  times,  I think.  Prof. 
Gillette,  some  of  you  free  traders  would  try  it  on  if 
you  could  see  your  way  clear  to  accomplish  such  a 
feat,  and  the  talk  you  people  frequently  make  leads 
me  to  believe  you  would  bring  in  farms  already 
stocked  and  equipped  if  you  could. 

Prof,  Gillette.  We  political  economists  think  and 
write  from  the  point,  Mr.  Cole,  of  benefiting  the 
whole  world.  We  do  not  select  any  particular  acre 
to  the  exclusion  of  all  else. 

Mr.  Cole.  Then  if  you  had  a sample  acre  that  was 
far  superior  to  all  the  rest  that  was  serving  as  a great 
and  valuable  example,  you  would  consign  it  to  the 
whole  pile  and  allow  it  to  be  lost,  would  you?  I 
defy  you.  Prof.  Gillette,  to  show  that  the  people  of 
any  other  country  as  a whole  can  equal  the  citizens 
of  our  country  as  a whole  in  distinguished  excel- 
lence. 

I defy  you  to  show  that  this  dignity  of  rank  is  not 
due  more  to  the  high  wages  we  pay  than  to  all  other 
features  combined.  I defy  you  to  prove  that  our 
people  have  not  been  the  inspiration  that  has  led, 
and  is  leading,  other  countries  to  pay  better  wages 
and  to  recognize  that  their  workmen  can  distinguish 
pleasure  from  pain,  comfort  from  want,  and  peace 


i86  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

from  agony.  I do  not  believe,  Prof.  Gillette,  that 
you  would  intentionally  do  a thing  that  would  lessen 
our  influence  in  elevating  nations  and  people  living 
in  a lower  social  and  moral  strata,  but  do  you  not 
diminish  our  strength  as  a magnet  in  lifting  them  to 
a higher  plane  the  moment  you  start  us  in  their 
direction? 

I shall  urge  that  we  continue  to  improve  our  diet, 
rather  than  to  attempt  to  adjust  ourselves  to  any  less 
wholesome.  I arose,  Mr.  Labor,  because  I felt  con- 
fident it  would  require  some  actual  experience  to 
answer  Prof.  Gillette’s  question  as  to  the  profits  to 
the  contractor  in  a building  costing  ^1,000,000.  It  is 
quite  indellibly  stamped  on  the  minds  of  the  people 
that  contractors  invariably  grow  rich.  We  are  prone 
to  forget  the  large  number  who  fail  and  drop  out. 

Usually  there  are  a great  many  contractors  in  a 
building  costing  ;^i,ooo,coo  aside  from  the  general 
contractor.  The  steam  heater,  the  plumber  and  the 
decorator  are  the  chief  ones.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered, however,  that  the  material  they  use  is  only 
products  of  labor,  and  they  buy  days  works  to  install 
it,  and  the  few  among  them  who  retire  with  a com- 
petency, together  with  a large  number  who  are  un- 
fortunate, indicates  that  there  is  nearer  a bare  living 
in  their  business  than  that  there  is  very  much 
wealth  in  it. 

I would  be  willing  to  guarantee  that  there  are 
more  buildings  erected  where  the  days  wages  that 
go  into  the  material  and  into  the  building  absorb 
more  than  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  total  cost  than 
there  are  that  absorb  less  than  that. 

This  estimate  is  on  net  profits,  and  we  have  no  net 
profits  until  everybody,  including  the  manufacture 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


187 


of  material,  the  superintendent,  foremen  and  clerks, 
together  with  the  contractors,  have  been  paid.  The 
wholesaler  and  his  help,  the  contractor  and  his  help, 
all  these  are  working  in  their  line,  which  belongs 
in  the  cost  of  any  goods  and  should  be  paid  for,  but 
there  is  such  a lack  of  it  being  paid  that  statistics 
show,  as  has  already  been  referred  to  here,  that  95 
per  cent,  of  our  business  men  fail  to  succeed. 

My  talk,  Mr.  Labor,  has  been  with  the  view  of 
helping  you  to  hold  to  and  maintain  that  nine-tenths 
of  everything  is  labor,  and  that  when  you  make  a 
purchase  that  nine-tenths  of  the  purchase  money 
has  gone  to  labor.  This  holds  good  with  a frame 
building  costing  ^500,  $5,000  or  $50,000,  and  I have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  but  very  little 
on  earth  that  it  fails  to  hold  good  in.  I am  a pur- 
chaser of  days  works  and  have  been  for  twenty 
years.  I am  diametrically  opposed  to  low  wages,  or 
any  who  approve  of  low  wages.  I expect  now  to 
remain  a contractor  the  balance  of  my  life.  I do  not 
know  any  other  business,  and  I know  enough  to 
know  that  idle  workmen  and  low  wages  mean  small 
amounts  of  money  in  circulation,  which,  all  told, 
mean  fewer  contracts  and  less  of  any  and  all  kinds 
of  business  transactions.  I thank  you  and  the  class 
for  your  attention,  Mr.  Labor. 

Labor.  Your  talk  has  been  very  interesting,  Mr. 
Cole,  and  I take  the  liberty  to  return  you  the  thanks 
of  the  class  as  well  as  my  own. 

Mr.  Cole.  You  are  very  kind,  Mr.  Labor,  but  I 
hope  that  neither  you  nor  the  gentlemen  present 
will  gather,  that  I have  in  a partial  sense  even,  cov- 
ered the  ground  in  which  flourish  so  abundantly  the 
bitter  weeds  that  the  contractor  so  regularly  finds  in 


i88  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

his  rations.  To  do  that  would  take  too  much  time, 
and  it  would  be  foreign  to  the  question  of  how  far 
the  laboring  man’s  days  works  enter  into  all 
products. 

Labor.  I hope,  Mr.  Cole,  that  the  future  may 
offer  an  occasion  for  you  to  tell  it  all,  and  possibly 
it  will.  Mr.  Dolan,  you  may  proceed  now. 

Mr.  Dolan.  I am  very  glad  Mr.  Cole  relieved  me 
at  the  time  he  did,  and  I wish  I could  convey  to 
him  how  cordially  I thank  him.  I have  threatened 
at  times  to  become  a contractor  in  a small  way  my- 
self; it  all  looked  so  easy.  I fear  if  I had,  though,  I 
would  have  ended  as  one  of  the  forgotten  ones 
mentioned.  We  men  who  work  by  the  day  or  week, 
Mr.  Labor,  are  as  a rule  very  jealous  of  the  man  in 
business.  It  always  looks  to  us  like  his  is  a rosy 
time  with  no  toil  and  but  little  if  any  annoyance  in 
it.  How  natural  it  is,  too,  that  we  should  grow  to 
the  belief  that  were  we  in  business  it  would  be  im- 
possible that  we  could  be  numbered  among  the  95 
per  cent,  that  fail  to  succeed.  We  had  quite  a dis- 
cussion in  our  union  at  one  time  relative  to  men  in 
business  and,  of  course,  they  came  in  for  a large 
share  of  abuse.  I suppose  that  the  case  was  some- 
what aggravated  by  the  fact  that  the  whole  union 
were  working  for  one  and  the  same  man,  who  was 
considered  something  of  a hard  master.  I had  but 
little  to  say  at  the  outset,  but  before  it  ended  I was 
in  it  up  to  my  eyes.  At  one  time  they  were  appar- 
ently all  on  top  of  me,  but  before  we  adjourned  I 
got  an  unanimous  vote  that  no  matter  how  mean  or 
ugly  he  was,  that  to  us  he  was  of  the  greatest  utility; 
hence,  if  an  evil,  a necessary  one. 

I listened  to  them  storming  at  him  from  every 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  189 

conceivable  nature  that  a man  might  possess  and  that 
anybody  could  learn  to  oppose,  or  find  fault  with, 
until  the  debate,  because  of  but  one  side  to  it,  began 
to  lag.  When,  as  much  for  jest  as  anything,  I sug- 
gested that  I did  not  think  him  such  a terrible 
man.  You  should  have  seen  the  disturbance  I 
kicked  up,  Mr.  Labor.  It  took  the  chairman  five 
minutes  to  restore  order.  While  the  uproar  lasted  I 
did  a heap  of  thinking,  and  it  seemed  my  thoughts 
never  came  so  fast.  I knew  I was  in  for  it,  and  de- 
clared to  myself  I would  fight  it  out. 

When  they  became  quiet  again  they  demanded  I 
should  give  some  reason  for  defending  him. 

I told  them  I would  if  they  would  agree  to  listen 
attentively  until  I had  finished,  to  which  they  all 
consented.  I asked  first  that  all  who  had  worked 
for  him  twenty  years  to  stand  up,  and  fully  half  of 
them  arose  to  their  feet.  Then  I asked  for  those 
who  had  worked  for  him  fifteen  years  to  stand,  and 
a large  number  arose.  Then,  those  ten  and  five 
years  likewise. 

I asked  them  that  all  who  had  had  steady  employ- 
ment when  their  health  would  permit  and  they  chose 
to  work  to  rise.  And  they  all  stood  up  except  one 
man.  I asked  what  had  been  the  trouble  with  him, 
and  he  said  he  had  lost  time  on  several  occasions 
when  they  had  shut  down  for  repairs. 

They  all  gave  him  the  laugh,  and  it  was  fortunate 
it  happened,  for  it  left  them  in  a more  mirthful 
mood. 

Labor.  Did  this  happen  recently,  Mr.  Dolan? 

Mr.  Dolan.  Oh,  no,  Mr.  Labor;  this  happened 
prior  to  1893. 

Labor  All  right,  then,  go  ahead. 


igo  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

Mr.  Dola7i.  I asked  them  then  who  arranged  the 
scale  of  wages  they  were  getting,  and  they  all  spoke 
at  once,  saying  they  did  it  themselves.  I asked 
them  then  who  regulated  their  hours  of  work;  and 
they  all  repeated  again  that  they  did  it  themselves. 
And  this  naughty  man  you  have  been  talking  about 
submitted  to  it  all?  And  laughingly  they  admitted 
he  had.  ‘‘Why,  then,  do  you  call  him  such  names?” 

One  of  the  men  spoke  up  and  said  he  guessed  it 
was  a habit  they  had  fallen  into.  I told  him  I 
thought  it  was,  and  that  I thought  it  was  a bad 
habit.  I reminded  them  that,  all  told,  there  were 
2,000  of  us  in  the  employ  of  this  bad  man.  (Mind 
you,  Mr.  Labor,  I had  only  been  working  for  him 
some  three  years  myself,  hence  I was  presuming 
considerably  to  undertake  the  job  of  talk  such  as  I 
was  indulging  in.)  And  I asked  them  if  they  thought 
it  would  be  to  our  interest  should  he  go  out  of  busi- 
ness, or  in  some  manner  be  removed.  The  answer 
was  that  undoubtedly  some  man  more  liberal  and  in 
every  way  better  would  take  his  place.  I asked  them 
if  there  was  not  a large  problem  containing  much 
uncertainty  in  that.  I admitted  more  congenial  men 
could  be  found  to  undertake  to  fill  his  place,  and  plenty 
of  them,  but  added  that  I thought  the  hazard  to  us 
was  too  great  to  justify  us  in  inviting  it.  I cited  that  if 
we  were  people  of  means  we  could  perhaps  afford  to 
take  such  a risk,  but  that  chances  of  such  a character, 
when  days  works  to  sell  was  practically  all  the  capi- 
tal we  could  command,  were  channels  that  all  pru- 
dent men  would  avoid,  and  that  it  was  my  belief 
that  the  successfully  wise  in  the  past  had  been  those 
who  opposed  and  repudiated  such  sentiments. 

A member  of  the  union  asked  if  we  should  make 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  iqi 

a mistake,  if  we  could  not  sell  our  days  works  to 
some  other  employer?  “You  include  in  that  the 
possibility  of  the  whole  two  thousand  of  us,  repre- 
senting ten  thousand  people  (including  our  famil- 
ies) pulling  up  and  moving?”  “Yes,”  he  said,  “if 
necessary.”  “If  we  were  to  do  that,”  I said,  “un- 
doubtedly a few  of  us  would  be  idle  for  some  time, 
which  in  the  aggregate  would  amount  to  a great 
loss.  Should  we  move,  and  it  only  cost  ^lo  to  each 
family,  it  would  amount  in  total  to  $20,000.  We 
would  be  certain  to  lose  at  the  least  $10  each  by 
having  on  hand  a few  unsold  days  works,  which 
would  be  ^20,000  more,  making  ^40,000  the  worst 
of  it.  This  is  putting  it  at  the  minimum,  which  no 
one  is  justified  in  doing,  I do  not  believe  it  a crazy 
estimate  to  claim  that  all  told  we  would  be  ^150,000 
out  of  pocket  before  we  were  all  settled  again.”  I 
asked  them  why  we  did  not  study  these  questions 
and  our  true  interests  closer,  rather  than  allow  a 
blind  prejudice  to  lead  us  around. 

I told  them  that  I did  not  believe  men  were 
plenty  who  could  successfully  handle  such  large 
enterprises  as  the  man  we  were  finding  so  much  fault 
with  had  his.  I asked  them,  Mr.  Labor,  how  many 
of  us  2,000  sellers  of  days  works  they  thought  there 
were  who  could  manage  such  a business  as  our  em- 
ployer had  successfully?  One  of  the  men  said  he 
thought  there  were  plenty  of  us  who  could.  I in- 
quired if  it  fell  to  him  what  he  would  do  first?  He 
said  he  would  arrange  it  so  all  the  men  would  have 
a good  time  themselves.  One  of  the  other  miem- 
bers  replied:  “Yes,  you  would  fix  it  so  that  in  a 
few  weeks  we  would  have  all  our  time  to  ourselves,'" 
and  added,  “ I guess  we  have  been  fooling  with  the 


ig2  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

buzz  saw  and  didn’t  know  it.”  I told  him  I thought 
his  answer  very  appropriate,  and  made  the  claim 
that  I didn’t  believe  there  was  . a man  among  us  who 
could  handle  affairs  of  such  magnitude  a year  and 
not  be  tied  up;  having  ruined  all  resources,  discipline 
and  everything  else. 

One  of  the  boys  wanted  to  know  if  I didn’t  think 
I could  run  it?  I told  him  if  I should  undertake  to 
run  a candy  shop  in  two  months  the  children  would 
have  eaten  all  the  candy,  I would  be  broke,  owe 
for  rent,  and  be  out  of  business.  I urged  upon  them 
that  I was  not  discussing  this  question  from  the  nar- 
row limits  of  our  special  case,  and  our  special  inter- 
ests. I reminded  them  that  the  field  was  so  broad 
that  it  was  without  limit,  and  that  there  was  a prin- 
ciple involved  that  went  home  to  all  the  world.  I 
cited  to  them  that  it  would  be  impossible  that  our 
2,000,  together  with  all  other  working  men,  running 
up  into  the  millions  of  people,  could  be  principals 
in  business. 

Kind  Providence  did  not  ordain  the  world  that 
way.  He  is  too  wise  to  have  had  a moment’s  thought 
that  it  could  be  so.  I said:  You  know,  and  I know, 
that  all  nature’s  laws  forbid  it,  and  added  that  we 
might  as  well  undertake  to  scoff  at,  and  repel  death, 
as  to  attempt  to  successfully  change  those  laws. 
We  can  modify  hardships,  and  have,  and  we  cannot 
find  a human  being  today,  including  our  employers, 
who  has  not  ultimately,  and  cheerfully,  too,  granted  ^ 
his  approval.  When  we  ask  for  the  whole  earth,  ap- 
proval is  not  due  us  and  we  should  not  look  for  it. 

I told  them  that  I had  an  abiding  faith  in  a just 
and  overruling  Providence  who  had  planned  for  us 
wisely,  and  that  he  was  molding  us  into  ways  that 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School 


193 


were  best  for  us  just  as  fast  as  our  development  pre- 
pared us  to  receive  and  utilize  them  properly.  How 
many  have  we  known,  and  can  we  read  of,  who 
proved  great  officers  in  an  army,  but  were  unfortu- 
nate in  nearly  everything  else  they  ever  undertook? 

Does  not  this  single  feature,  more  than  any  other 
given  one,  admonish  us  that  there  is  a man  compe- 
petently  moulded  to  fill  every  important  niche  in 
life?  Will  you  charge  me  then,  with  an  indiscreet 
endorsement  of  Deity  when  I attest  my  belief  that 
men  have  been,  and  are,  endowed  with  special  and 
specific  gifts  and  faculties  to  successfully  manipulate, 
govern  and  direct  large  commercial  enterprises? 
Whether  this  belief  be  well  founded  or  not,  none  of 
you  can  dispute  the  fact  that  we  meet  but  few  who 
have  the  required  sagacity  to  dispose  of  extensive 
business  affairs  profitably. 

What  have  we  here  in  our  own  case?  Here  is  a 
man  that  you  all  cordially  dislike,  yet  he  is  main- 
taining himself  and  an  expensive  family  and  us 
2,000  workmen  and  our  families.  Can  any  of  you 
claim  that  he  has  not  some  special  faculties  to  do 
all  this? 

I cannot  see  how  we  could  afford  to  take  any 
chances  in  making  a trade.  You  say  his  avarice  and 
greediness  for  gain  cause  you  to  dislike  him.  Why 
not  see  that  that  quality  is  one  of  the  requisites  to 
go  hand  in  hand  with  other  special  gifts  in  his  make 
up,  whereby  he  is  feeding,  clothing  and  providing 
for  10,000  of  us?  You  cannot  dispute  that  he  fur- 
nishes the  money  to  take  care  of  our  families  as  well 
as  us.  He  buys  all  we  have  to  sell,  and  pays  us  as 
much  as  we  could  get  for  it  of  anyone  else.  What 
should  we  care  though  he  is  mean  enough  to  crowd 


194 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


when  he  sleeps  alone,  so  long  as  he  does  not  ask 
that  we  shall  share  our  beds  with  him?  He  serves 
our  purpose  and  he  does  not  undertake  to  change 
the  usual  scale  of  wages,  or  the  popular  hours  of 
work.  And  he  couldn’t  change  them  if  he  should 
attempt  it. 

Even  though  he  does  not  intend  it,  he  is  our  best 
friend  so  long  as  he  remains  our  best  customer. 
Wherever,  in  my  opinion,  we  protect  and  defend 
him  with  the  view  of  his  lasting  as  long  as  possible, 
we  are  helping  ourselves.  Nearly  all  other  employ- 
ers, no  doubt,  are  better  disposed  toward  their  work- 
men than  he,  but  they  truly  cannot  treat  them 
very  much  better  than  we  compel  him  to  treat  us. 

I told  them,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I was  in  hopes  that 
they  caught  my  [motives  in  talking  as  I had,  which 
was  to  study  our  own  best  interests,  rather  than  be 
led  around  by  our  prejudices.  It  was  easy  to  prove 
to  them  that  this  man  worked  harder  than  any  of 
us;  he  was  always  on  a hop,  skip  and  a jump,  and  I 
don’t  believe  he  ever  sleeps.  I reminded  the  men  of 
all  these  facts,  which  they  had  all  noted,  and  told 
them  that  we  all  took  more  comfort  than  he  did. 
When  he  had  to  reduce  his  forces  early  in  1893 
I was  thrown  out,  being  one  of  the  newer  men,  but 
then  they  nearly  all  went.  The  object  lesson  didn’t 
miss  the  iron  industries  any  more  than  it  did  any- 
thing else.  One  large  firm  reduced  its  force  from 
the  mines  to  the  finished  product  some  9,000  men. 
This  one  act,  by  one  firm,  took  over  $20,000  a day 
out  of  circulation,  amounting  in  one  year  to  over 
$6,000,000. 

I wish,  Mr.  Labor,  we  men  who  have  only  days 
works  to  sell  had  understood  the  tariff  question 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


195 


more  clearly  in  1892,  but,  then,  it  may  be  better  as  it 
is;  we  know  it  now  because  we  have  felt  it. 

I feel  confident  that  the  Dingley  bill  will  become 
a law,  and  in  a short  time  after  I look  for  everything 
to  pick  up  so  that  we  shall  all  find  a market  again. 
How  do  you  think  a man  looks  to  me  now,  Mr. 
Labor,  who  undertakes  to  tell  me  that  a protective 
tariff  is  for  the  benefit  of  the  manufacturer  only,  and 
tries  to  convince  me  that  I am  opposing  my  own 
interests  when  I vote  that  ticket?  See  the  2,000  men 
that  were  reduced  to  600  by  the  iron  manufacturer  I 
have  just  been  tellingyou  about.  Can  I think  that  the 
1,400  of  us  that  were  laid  off  were  not  interested  in  a 
protective  tariff;  yes,  and  five  times  that  number, 
when  you  include  our  families?  i\ll  defenders  of 
free  trade  or  low  duties  can  talk  to  someone  else 
after  this.  Groversville  has  settled  all  that  question 
with  me,  and  shown  so  distinctly  why  and  how 
money  went  out  of  circulation  that  it  will  be  a waste 
of  time  for  them  to  sing  me  any  more  of  their  songs. 
They  talk,  too,  about  foreign  markets  for  our  manu- 
factured goods.  Why,  foreign  markets  take  a little 
less  than  one-fiftieth  of  what  we  manufacture,  and 
on  top  of  that  they  only  took  one-seventh  of  our 
breadstuff  in  1895,  fhe  same  year  less  than  one- 
eighth  of  our  provisions.  This  last,  too,  is  estimating 
our  hogs,  cattle  and  sheep  before  they  were  slaugh- 
tered, cured  and  packed.  Add  this  last  expense  to 
the  value  of  the  product  and  foreign  countries  could 
not  have  taken  more  than  one-tenth  of  our  provis- 
ions. I think,  Mr.  Labor,  we  would  better  look 
after  our  own  market,  which  we  can  increase  if  we 
will  look  after  it,  and  not  join  the  free  traders  in 
giving  it  away. 


96 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


One  other  phase  of  the  tariff  question  interests 
me  very  deeply,  Mr.  Labor.  I frequently  read  in 
the  daily  papers  that  the  duty  on  a given  article  is  a 
hardship  on  the  farmers,  and  some  other  article  on 
some  other  class,  and  that  those  particular  people 
have  to  pay  the  tax.  I want  to  ask  the  authors  of 
such  talk,  if  the  duty  on  any  commodity  is  low 
enough  to  let  that  particular  product  into  our  mar- 
ket, to  the  extent  of  causing  me  to  lose  the  sale  of 
fifty  days’  work  each  year  at  $3  a day,  amounting  to 
^150,  what  it  can  be  called  other  than  a tax  on  me 
for  the  sum  of  ^150?  Suppose  the  number  of  men 
affected  in  a like  manner  amounts  to  100,000.  The 
sum  of  the  tax  then  on  the  total  100,000  working 
men  is  ^15,000,000.  I claim  this  is  a hardship  on  the 
sellers  of  days  works,  and  is  asking  him  to  pay  at 
least  ten  times  more  tax  than  should  be  required  of 
him. 

The  results  are  the  same,  no  matter  what  product 
it  is.  Therefore,  to  illustrate  fully  the  stand  I take, 
we  will  call  it  structural  iron.  If  100,000  of  us  lose 
fifty  days  each  year  in  that  industry,  amounting  to 
;^I5,000,000,  won’t  there  be  just  as  much  loss  to  other 
wage  earners  transforming  the  ore  into  pig  iron? 
This  proposition  cannot  be  successfully  disputed,  I 
care  not  what  the  goods  are,  provided  it  is  any 
manufactured  and  completed  product  wherein  the 
material  cannot  be  advanced  a step  farther.  This 
brings  the  loss  to  labor  in  our  illustration  up  to 
$30,000,000.  Prof.  Gillette  and  other  writers  on 
political  economy  may  be  able  to  figure  out  on  paper 
how  the  farmer  and  some  other  classes  can  be  bene- 
fited by  such  a process,  but  before  I can  accept  their 
solution  of  it  I shall  have  to  come  in  touch  with  it 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


197 


in  a realistic  sense.  The  slight  contact  we  have  ex- 
perienced the  past  four  years  with  that  sort  of  ma- 
nipulation has  let  the  tail  board  out  of  their  wagon 
and  spilled  some  of  their  fruit.  There  is  a grand 
opportunity  now  for  such  preachers  to  turn  in  and  try 
to  do  as  much  good  in  the  future  as  they  have  harm  in 
the  past.  If  they  will  do  as  much  to  raise  our  high 
standard  higher,  as  they  have  done  to  pull  it  lower, 
they  will  be  following  in  lines  that  will  elevate  the 
world’s  standard,  for,  as  Mr.  Cole  has  truly  said,  we 
are  up  to  date,  while  not  perfect,  the  shining  model, 
pattern  and  example  for  all  mankind. 

Think,  Mr.  Labor,  of  the  farmer  and  other  classes 
as  we  have  illustrated  being  benefited  by  thirty 
million  fewer  dollars  in  circulation;  not  only  not  in 
circulation  but  it  has  been  sent  out  of  our  country, 
and,  as  has  been  so  many  times  said,  to  stay  out. 
Why  don’t  such  people  argue  that  we  send  all  our 
money  away  and  thus  do  the  greatest  possible  good 
to  any  number  except  our  own?  I presume  for  fear 
we  might  fall  short  in  doing  good,  it  would  be  well 
to  send  our  clothes  and  other  effects  along  with  the 
money. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


198 


LESSON  X. 

Mr.  Labor,  my  name  is  Maxwell.  I am  a traveling 
salesman.  With  your  permission,  Mr.  Labor,  I shall 
be  pleased  to  relate  a circunistance  that  holds  some 
points  not  altogether  foreign  to  the  questions  you 
are  discussing  here. 

The  above  was  volunteered  by  a gentleman  who 
up  to  the  time  he  attracted  Labor’s  attention  had 
remained  a quiet  observer. 

Labor.  Very  good,  Mr.  Maxwell;  we  shall  listen  to 
you  with  pleasure. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I want,  Mr.  Labor,  to  call  the  classes’ 
attention  to  the  inconsistency  of  a retailer  in  station- 
ery goods,  behind  his  own  counter  a few  days  ago; 
he  is  a rank  free  trader,  and  the  case  is  a very 
lucid  one.  The  transaction  had  with  him,  to  which 
I intend  to  refer,  was  not  less  than  a search  light  of 
the  greatest  power  possible,  penetrating  and  expos- 
ing to  ridicule  the  very  bowels  of  the  question  he 
cited. 

It  has  been  a part  of  the  free  traders’  war  cry  for 
years  that  American  goods  are  retailed  in  foreign 
countries  cheaper  than  in  our  own,  and  thus  they 
charge  that  our  manufacturer  exacts  a robber  profit 
at  home,  and  this  was  the  question  the  free  trade 
dealer  brought  up. 

I had  purchased  of  him  a pencil  block  of  soft  paper 
of  one  hundred  sheets,  for  which  he  charged  me  ten 
cents.  I was  familiar  enough  with  what  I was  buying 
to  know  that  he  was  taking  from  me  three  cents  for 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


199 


every  one  he  had  invested,  to  all  of  which  I made 
no  complaint,  for  .he  requires  about  that  kind  of 
profit  on  what  I was  purchasing  to  maintain  his 
establishment,  when  dealt  out  in  single  packages  as’ 
was  the  case  with  me,  and  I would  be  a fool  on  gen- 
eral principles  to  want  to  see  the  man  fail,  and  a 
special  fool  in  this  instance,  for  his  store  was  a very 
great  convenience  to  those  located  near  it,  and  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten,  time  being  money,  it  was 
economy  to  buy  there.  We  will  drop  all  these 
questions,  Mr.  Labor,  and  look  at  the  man,  great, 
broad  and  illustrious  with  only  one  side  to  him,  and 
his  heart  and  sense  in  the  side  that  didn’t  count;  he 
was  willing  to  take  all  kinds  of  profits  himself,  but 
if  left  to  his  own  sweet  will  he  would  force  others 
to  do  without  any  such  relish,  especially  on  what  he 
had  to  purchase  for  his  own  use. 

To  be  sure  I was  making  no  mistake  as  to  the  cost 
of  the  block  of  paper,  I took  it  to  a house  in  the 
same  line  a few  blocks  away,  and  submitted  the 
whole  question  to  a particular  friend  who  examined 
the  manufacturer’s  list  and  fully  confirmed  my  con- 
victions and  showed  me  that  the  blocks  sold  for 
thirty  cents  per  dozen,  2^  cents  each. 

Do  you  think,  Mr.  Labor,  that  in  Germany,  France, 
England  or  any  other  country  they  would  think  of 
asking  more  than  five  cents  for  such  a block  of 
paper,  and  wouldn’t  the  seller  look  a little  shy  out 
of  the  other  eye  when  he  even  asked  five  cents  for  it? 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  they  all  work  for  less  money  in 
other  countries,  the  retailer  as  well  as  the  menhanic 
and  common  laborer,  and  when  they  take  our  goods 
to  their  own  country  after  paying  our  manufacturers 
the  same  price  our  retailers  pay  them,  they  only  add 


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about  one-third  the  profit  our  retailers  do,  and  when 
our  people  are  touring  around  those  countries  and 
find  American  goods  offered  at  less  price  than  they 
can  buy  them  at  home,  they  wonder  and  grunt  with" 
out  trying  to  seek  out  the  reasons  why,  and  come 
home  singing  the  beauties  of  free  trade  countries, 
ignoring  the  fact  that  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  it  was 
due  to  the  better  profits  of  the  business  they  had 
followed  themselves,  or  the  better  salaries  gotten  in 
this  country  that  had  provided  them  means  to  go 
abroad  at  all.  Think  of  an  ordinary  business  man 
or  salaried  man  of  foreign  countries  traveling  our 
country  over.  How  much  do  we  see  of  it? 

We  all  know  of  plenty  of  ordinary  business  men 
of  this  country  taking  their  whole  families  to  Europe, 
and  spending  an  entire  season,  and  in  a year  or  two 
go  again,  and  keep  repeating  until  the  briny  deep 
becomes  as  familiar  to  them  as  it  is  to  an  old  tar. 

A fever  manifestly  overtakes  them  to  spend  their 
money  in  other  lands,  fearing,  no  doubt,  that  should 
they  distribute  it  too  lavishly  about  home  it  would 
do  too  much  good.  When  Americans  are  visiting 
foreign  countries  and  find  our  goods  selling  so 
cheaply  there  they  could  in  a manner  benefit  their  • 
own  country  by  purchasing  and  bringing  the  goods 
home  with  them.  To  say  the  least,  they  would  be 
patronizing  American  labor  if  they  were  at  the  same 
time  turning  the  American  dealer  down,  and  that 
would  be  preferable  by  far  to  the  purchase  of  foreign 
goods  and  thus  support  the  foreign  laborer  and  deal- 
er both.  It  is  but  few  American  manufactured  goods 
that  are  found  in  foreign  countries  at  best,  and  so 
long  as  the  total  amount  remains  below  two  per 
cent,  of  our  output  it  matters  but  very  little  so  far 


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201 


as  portraying  any  business  principles  as  to  prices  in 
our  own  country  what  such  goods  sell  for  in  other 
countries. 

An  American  physician  sojourning  in  other  lands 
might  visit  a patient  charging  only  ten  cents  a call, 
and  in  doing  so  not  in  any  manner  violate  medical 
ethics  at  home;  likewise  a manufacturer  in  our  own 
country  might  have  sold  to  his  regular  customers  in 
the  United  States  95  per  cent,  of  his  product,  but  to 
meet  all  his  obligations  he  needs  to  sell  the  remain- 
ing five  per  cent.  To  offer  the  goods  at  a cut  rate 
to  the  distributor  in  his  own  home  market,  which 
means  a cut  by  the  latter  to  gain  prestige  and  new 
customers,  results  in  a general  disturbance  of  prices, 
which  materially  affects  and  offends  nearly  all  his 
trade,  a thing  a sagacious  business  man  is  slow  to  do. 
He  can,  however,  make  any  price  he  sees  fit  to 
bridge  over,  meet  his  obligations  and  maintain  his 
credit  on  the  same  remnant  to  go  to  foreign  coun- 
tries and  not  in  any  sense  interfere  with  true  domes- 
tic business  methods  and  business  interests.  This 
process,  while  it  paves  the  way  to  further  lowering 
of  prices  on  our  goods  abroad,  is  in  every  particular 
legitimate,  and  mechanics  and  laborers  have  an  in- 
direct interest  in  such  transactions  nearly  equal  to 
and  with  the  party  making  them,  for  it  is  very  clear 
they  will  fail  next  year  to  sell  their  employer  such 
parts  of  their  labor  as  he  carries  over  from  this  year. 
And  they  are  likewise  interested  in  his  retaining  his 
financial  strength  and  maintaining  his  credit.  This 
is  another  axe  with  two  blades  to  it,  Mr.  Labor,  and 
a reason  why  in  order  that  we  can  have  our  own 
market  to  sell  our  own  labor  in,  we  need  and  require 
a protective  tariff.  We  can  not  afford  to  leave  our 


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gates  open  for  the  foreign  manufacturer  to  do  this 
very  same  thing  to  us,  and  when  the  waste  trader 
charges  that  such  a policy  drives  the  foreign  buyer 
into  a spirit  of  retaliation  and  that  he  will  not  have 
our  goods  if  he  can  avoid  it,  I want  to  answer  that 
such  is  the  very  spirit  Mr.  Foreigner  is  living  in  to- 
day; he  buys  of  us  just  what  he  has  to  have,  and 
nothing  more,  and  all  the  free  trade  we  could  pos- 
sibly indulge  him  in  would  fail  to  induce  any  fur- 
ther concessions.  It  should  be  kept  in  mind,  Mr. 
Labor,  that  when  we  are  discussing  foreign  compet- 
ition in  manufactured  goods  we  do  not  include  our 
American  neighbors,  except  Canada,  and  should  be 
further  remembered  in  this  special  instance  that  we 
are  talking  from  the  standpoint  of  95  cents  home 
market  to  five  cents  foreign  market,  which  again  is 
misleading.  A reader  might  gather  from  this  case 
that  five  cents  worth  of  every  dollar  of  our  manu- 
factured goods  go  abroad,  which  is  not  true.  It  is 
not  quite  two  cents  out  of  each  dollar’s  worth  that 
is  not  consumed  in  our  own  country,  and  it  is  for 
this  reason,  Mr.  Workingman,  that  we  want  outsiders 
to  keep  their  hands  off  our  market,  and  want  you 
and  me  to  have  first  chance  to  sell  on  our  own  cor- 
ners just  what,  and  all  we  have  to  sell,  i.  e.,  the  days 
works  that  are  in  us. 

I was  talking,  Mr.  Labor,  about  a manufacturer 
under  certain  conditions  cutting  prices  on  five  per 
cent,  of  his  product  to  foreign  countries;  some  critic 
might  make  use  of  that  and  claim  that  I admitted 
that  many  of  our  manufacturers  sell  five  per  cent,  of 
their  product  abroad.  I do  not  admit  any  such 
thing;  if  any  waste  trader  will  show  me  a single 
manufacturer  who  ships  five  per  cent,  of  his  product 


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203 


to  foreign  countries  regularly,  I will  show  him  1,000 
manufacturers,  large  and  small,  who  don’t  ship  a 
thing  away  from  home.  Let  a brother  workman  ask 
the  man  who  employs  him  how  much  he  ships 
abroad,  and  when  he  tells  you  not  a thing,  go  out 
and  ask  other  manufacturers  what  they  ship,  and 
learn  how  long  it  will  be  before  you  find  anyone 
who  has  any  foreign  patronage,  and  see  if  your  own 
investigation  doesn’t  cause  something  to  nudge  you 
in  the  side  and  say, — old  man,  all  my  days  works  are 
used  up  here  in  the  United  States,  why  in  the  name 
of  fairness  do  I want  some  Italian  in  Italy,  some 
German  in  Germany,  some  Englishman  in  England, 
some  Frenchman  in  France,  or  anybody  in  any 
other  country  to  ship  his  days  works  here  and  sell 
them,  take  our  money  to  his  own  country  and  have  a 
good  time  with  it,  and  I keep  my  days  works,  go 
hungry,  do  without  money  and  have  no  kind  of  time 
at  all? 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  our  goods  cheaper  in  foreign 
countries  than  at  home  do  not  signify  a living  proof 
of  anything.  What  other  countries  take  chiefly  of 
us  is  breadstuffs  and  provisions.  Suppose  a wealthy 
firm  in  London  should  say  to  some  given  owner  of 
a large  milling  interest  in  this  country:  “We  in  Lon- 
don will  take  your  whole  product  of  flour  and  allow 
you  ten  per  cent,  net  profit  on  it,  you  to  cut  out  all 
expenses  of  traveling  salesmen,  advertising,  &c.” 
Such  an  arrangement  would  enable  the  London 
tradesman  to  retail  flour  cheaper  in  London  than  it 
can  be  sold  for  in  this  country,  because  all  his  ex- 
penses are  less,  and  a party  might  be  able  to  cite 
that  he  can  buy  a barrel  of  flour  at  retail  cheaper  in 
London  than  he  could  in  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  which, 


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in  his  limited  knov/ledge  of  particular  details  in 
large  transactions,  would  make  the  situation  look 
very  inconsistent  to  him. 

I do  not  name  this  case  as  one  that  ever  did  or 
ever  will  occur,  but  rather  as  a reminder  to  the  man 
who  never  buys  more  than  one  barrel  of  flour  at  a 
time,  that  he  has  but  little  if  any  information  of 
some  transactions  in  lOO  car  lots  and  upwards  to  go 
abroad. 

There  may  be  published  quotations  on  such  deals 
and  on  the  side  there  may  be  rebates  or  cuts  of 
some  nature  that  are  not  quoted,  and  the  very  good 
reasons  for  their  not  being  quoted  are  that  the  parties 
to  the  deal  are  the  only  ones  who  know  anything 
about  the  special  inside  features,  such  as  occur  daily 
in  large  business  transactions  in  all  lines  of  goods 
and  commodities,  whether  they  go  abroad  or  remain 
at  home.  The  point  we  desire  to  make,  however,  is 
that  a cargo  of  any  kind  of  goods  or  commodities 
can  be  retailed  at  less  expense  in  foreign  countries 
than  in  our  own  because  the  retailer  or  solicitor  can 
live  cheaper  in  such  countries  than  we  can  here. 

A like  transaction  might  occur  with  a packer  of 
meats  in  the  United  States  that  would  carry  with  it 
the  same-  mystification.  I once  heard  a butcher  re- 
mark that  a poor  debt  was  better  than  spoiled  meat. 
On  this  principle  a packer  might  sell  to  a foreign 
buyer  a large  quantity  of  provisions  that  he  had 
kept  longer  than  he  wanted  to  at  a figure  that  would 
enable  the  foreigner  to  put  it  on  the  market  at  a price 
cheaperthan  we  can  buy  for  here  where  it  is  produced, 
all  of  which  again  would  look  very  singular  to  us  who 
are  not  permitted  to  listen  to  the  inside  conferences. 

We  should  ever  bear  in  mind,  too,  that  from  time 


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205 


to  time  an  endless  amount  of  capital  is  locked  up  in 
these  commodities  and  where  sales  have  been  unex- 
pectedly slow  and  paper  is  falling  due  that  must  be 
met,  parties  are  forced  to  cut  out  a chunk  “that  is 
not  a remnant”  and  offer  it  at  a broken  price  to  meet 
their  liabilities,  and  beyond  a doubt  the  foreign 
buyer  is  always  watching  and  taking  advantage  of 
such  opportunities,  and  it  is  a well  established  busi- 
ness principle  that  broken  prices  do  less  harm  ulti- 
mately in  the  lesser  market  than  in  the  greater, 
hence  our  home  market  being  by  far  the  greater  it 
will  Be  guarded  more  cautiously  than  the  foreign 
markets,  and  if  a broken  price  is  going  to  be  made 
by  any  of  our  heavy  dealers  they  would  much  rather 
their  goods  would  go  away  from  home. 

Some  American  citizen  may  find  fault  with  such  a 
method  of  doing  business,  but  if  he  does  he  might 
just  as  well  chide  the  farmer  for  taking  better  care 
of  his  wheat  than  he  does  of  the  screenings.  There 
are  certain  laws  of  trade  we  have  always  bowed  to 
and  always  will,  except  a few  who  are  at  present 
planning  a reorganization  of  the  world  succeed  in 
fixing  affairs  so  everything  will  come  to  us  without 
effort.  I wonder,  Mr.  Labor,  if  this  latter  class  will 
win  out?  If  they  do,  just  think  of  the  joy,  delight 
and  happy  times  in  front  of  us  when  not  a soul 
stops  to  ask  how  many  have  wiped  on  the  towel, 
or  who  made  the  hash,  all  bathing  in  the  same  tub 
or  the  same  water  at  the  same  time. 

We  are  a queer  lot,  Mr.  Labor,  and  only  care  a 
little  bit  for  ourselves.  I have  a case  in  hand  and 
want  to  tell  you  about  it,  as  it  bears  directly  on  the 
objects  of  your  school. 

I have  a dear  acquaintance  in City,  in 


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the  business  of  selling  manufactured  hair;  in  fact, 
his  house  does  its  own  manufacturing  and  is  one  of 
the  oldest  and  largest  in  the  country.  This  friend 
has  always  been  an  out  and  out  free  trader,  and  we 
had  many  bitter  discussions  during  the  summer  of 
1894.  For  convenience  we  will  call  him  Mr.  East. 
His  next  door  neighbor  west  was  a gentleman  that 
we  both  esteemed  very  highly,  and  in  as  much  as 
his  door  was  west  of  Mr.  East’s,  we  will  call  him  for 
convenience  Mr.  West.  The  business  of  the  latter 
was  the  manufacture  of  brass  and  iron  bed  steads 
and  all  kinds  of  mattresses,  hence  Mr.  West 
used  large  quantities  of  hair  and  was  a con- 
stant patron  of  Mr.  East  and  one  of  the  latter’s  best 
customers.  While  Mr.  East  was  a strong  free  trader, 
Mr.  West  was  just  as  strong  a protectionist,  and 
many  were  the  squabbles  the  two  gentlemen  had  on 
that  question  during  the  time  the  Wilson  bill  was 
before  the  two  houses  of  Congress.  It  so  happened 
that  their  two  front  porches  joined  and  during  the 
summer  of  1894  we  three  spent  fully  more  than  half 
the  evenings  on  these  porches. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  lower  house  of 
Congress  sent  the  Wilson  bill  to  the  Senate  with 
manufactured  hair  on  the  free  list.  It  so  happened 
a short  time  after  the^bill  had  passed  the  house  I 
met  Mr.  East  on  a car  one  morning  going  down 
town  to  business  and  he  said  to  me:  “Do  you  know, 
Mr.  Maxwell,  that  the  English  have  their  agents  in 
here  already  since  the  Wilson  bill  passed  the  house, 
trying  to  contract  manufactured  hair?  Mr.  East 
had  a quick  and  positive  manner  of  speaking  and  it 
had  a little  quicker  and  a little  more  positive  tone  to 
it  on  this  occasion  than  I had  ever  observed  before. 


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207 


In  fact,  he  was  very  much  excited  and  it  was  excite- 
ment of  an  intense  and  startling  nature;  something 
such  as  would  naturally  come  to  a man  if  his  own 
house  uninsured  was  directly  in  the  path  of  a raging 
fire,  and  the  word  had  gone  forth  that  those  in 
authority  had  shut  the  water  supply  off,  forbidding 
that  it  be  turned  on,  and  had  placed  a strong  guard 
at  all  points  to  prevent  their  orders  being  violated. 
It  is  not  commendable  to  me  or  my  nature  to  admit 
that  I could  find  a .particle  of  pleasant  relish  in  my 
friend’s  predicament,  but  to  be  frank,  I must 
confess  that  while  I tried  to  hold  on  to  a very 
serious  countenance  there  was  within  me  a swell  of 
satisfaction  that  I thought,  despite  all  my  hasty 
resolutions  to  the  contrary,  would  show  in  small 
waves  over  my  face.  Of  course,  like  999  out  of  every 
1,000  people,  I knew  not  a thing  about  manufactured 
hair,  or  the  duties  on  it,  as  is  ever  the  case  with  the 
masses  on  any  given  product  except  it  be  some 
special  one  such  as  wool,  lumber,  sugar,  etc.,  that 
has  been  made  prominent  through  the  daily  press, 
and  then  even  the  general  public  rarely  go  through 
it  carefully  and  thoroughly  in  detail. 

With  every  effort  possible  to  disguise  the  deep 
interest  I felt  in  view  of  all  that  had  passed  between 
us  on  tariff  questions,  I quietly  stated  that  I was 
poorly  informed  on  the  particular  commodity  of 
hair,  and  in  an  apparently  innocent  way  inquired 
where  the  product  was  found  in  greatest  abundance, 
what  the  tariff  had  formerly  been,  etc. 

Mr.  East,  I found,  as  is  very  natural,  was  well 
posted,  and  told  me  that  the  bulk  of  the  hair  they 
use  was  procured  from  South  America  or  Australia, 


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or  both,  which  I do  not  remember  so  particularly 
about,  and  in  a sense  is  immaterial  anyway. 

He  said  the  English  could  land  it  in  their  own 
country  about  as  cheaply  as  he  could  in  this  country, 
so  that  on  that  score  they  were  on  nearly  equal 
terms,  but  added  that  prior  to  the  McKinley  bill  the 
duty  on  manufactured  hair  brought  into  our  market 
from  foreign  countries  was  twenty-five  per  cent.; 
that  the  McKinley  bill  reduced  the  duty  to  fifteen 
per  cent.  Mark  again,  Mr.  Labor^  what  the  robber 
McKinley  bill  did — ^lower  duties — which  was  about 
the  difference  in  the  cost  of  labor  between  the  two 
countries.  This  fifteen  per  cent,  duty  practically 
held  our  market  on  that  commodity  for  our  own 
people,  but,  said  he,  the  Wilson  bill  as  it  has  passed 
the  House  puts  manufactured  hair  on  the  free 
list,  and  now,  on  the  presumption  that  the  bill  will 
pass  the  Senate  and  become  a law,  the  English,  as  I 
told  you,  actually  have  their  agents  on  the  ground 
trying  to  contract  manufactured  hair  at  new  prices 
for  future  delivery.  Continuing,  so  far  as  I could, 
my  innocent  composure,  although  full  of  the  rudest 
kind  of  laughter,  I asked:  “Will  that  affect  your 
business  particularly?”  “Will  it  affect  us?”  he  pas- 
sionately exclaimed,  “ it  will  shut  us  up,  except  we 
can  arrange  with  our  labor  to  work  for  less  pay,  and 
to  attempt  that  means  an  ugly  strike  and  all  kinds 
of  a tear-up.” 

My  time,  Mr.  Labor,  had  come  to  talk  and  to 
laugh.  I told  him  that  I could  have  no  sympathy 
for  him  whatever;  that  he  would  only  be  getting 
what  he  had  labored  for  and  fought  for  all  his  life  if 
he  did  lose  his  business,  and  that  a man  who  had  for 
a long  term  of  years  been  prodding  for  a blow  be- 


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209 


tween  the  eyes  shouldn’t  complain  when  the  blow 
came.  I told  him  he  hadn’t  seen  because  he  wouldn’t 
see.  That  the  word  “free”  was  “catchy,”  and  that 
was  as  far  as  he  had  looked  into  the  question;  that 
he  had  failed  to  recognize  that  the  workmen  of  this 
country  are  the  customers  of  our  country,  and,  when 
he  thought  they  had  no  rights  but  what  could  be 
sawed  off  and  ignored  with  impunity,  kind  Provi- 
dence would  check  him  up  to  the  extent  of  ignoring 
and  sawing  him  off,  and  added,  that  a man  who  had 
to  feel  a thing  that  was  so  plain  before  he  could  see 
it  was  not  entitled  to  any  person’s  sympathy.  By 
this  time  we  were  down  town,  and  in  his  sorrow  and 
quandary  we  parted  the  best  of  friends,  as  usual. 

Sometime  later  Mr.  East,  Mr.  West  and  myself 
were,  in  our  accustomed  way,  chatting  one  evening 
on  their  porches,  and  in  keeping  with  our  established 
practice  the  tariff  and  Wilson  bill,  which  had  become 
a law  then,  took  its  turn.  It  is  due  to  add  here  that 
the  Senate  put  a duty  of  ten  per  cent,  on  manufact- 
ured hair,  which  the  House  consented  to,  or  con- 
firmed, when  the  bill  became  a law. 

During  our  talk  this  special  evening  Mr.  West 
said  that  the  bill  reduced  the  duty  on  brass  and  iron 
bedsteads  from  forty-five  to  thirty-five  percent.,  and 
added  that  if  they  had  cut  it  to  twenty-five  per  cent, 
they  would  have  had  to  close  up.  As  this  remark 
was  made  Mr.  East,  in  his  manner  of  doing  fre- 
quently, folded  his  arms,  and,  leaning  back  in  his 
rocker,  said:  “Well,  I don’t  care  now,  the  Senate 
put  ten  per  cent,  on  manufactured  hair,  and  that 
saves  us;  we  are  all  right!'  This  sally  seemed  to 
touch  Mr.  West  in  a new  or  old  tender  spot  and  he 
in  words  fairly  flew  at  his  friend,  accusing  him  of  all 


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kinds  of  blindness  in  his  own  interest.  “I  suppose/' 
said  Mr.  West,  “it  would  be  all  right  if  low  duties 
or  no  duties  at  all  shut  our  house  up,  and  everybody 
else’s  business  up  except  yours.  You  are  a first-class 
free  trader,  and  one  of  the  elect,  but  you  can  shout 
loud  enough  when  you  are  hit  direct;  but  like  all 
other  blind  asses  of  free  traders'  you  cannot  see  far 
enough  ahead  to  find  out  when  indirectly  you  are 
hit.  You  are  dense  enough  to  think  that  after 
everybody  else  has  gone  under  there  will  still  be  a 
market  for  manufactured  hair.  I can  tell  you  plainly 
that  when  that  time  comes  the  American  people 
will  be  sleeping  on  shavings  and  you  can  keep  your 
hair,  and  Mr.  Foreigner  can  keep  his  hair,  too.  In 
case  we  had  been  forced  to  shut  down  see  the  army 
we  would  have  had  to  throw  out  of  employment 
who  patronize  all  industries  and  all  classes  of  pro- 
ducts, sending  their  money  into  circulation  weekly, 
not  in  the  old  ox  cart  way,  but  at  a bicycle  pace. 
Don’t  in  the  name  of  decency  stop  to  scour  the  rust 
off  of  your  old  fogy  notions,  but  cast  them  one  side  en- 
tirely and  get  yourself  abreast  of  what  is  the  matter 
with  us.  The  trouble  with  you  and  me  today  that  makes 
our  trade  so  light  and  money  so  scarce  and  close  is 
on  account  of  the  multitude  of  factories  and  manu- 
facturing plants  that  were  compelled  to  shut  down 
last  year.  The  money  the  workmen  in  those  insti- 
tutions were  distributing  prior  to  1893  is  not  travel- 
ling now;  it  is  locked  up  in  vaults  and  tied  up  in  old 
stockings  just  longing  for  the  time  to  come  when  it 
can  get  out  into  the  open  air  and  breathe  again  and 
help  put  breath  and  life  into  everybody  and  every- 
thing. And  when  you  learn  what  has  caused  this 
wreck  you  will  find  it  was  not  the  Sherman  bill  nor 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  21  i 

our  government’s  financial  policy;  it  will  dawn  on 
you  some  day  that  it  was  all  due  to  the_  standing 
promise  of  a new  tariff  bill,  which  we  now  have  and 
call  the  Wilson  bill;  and  you  can  just  write  one  fact 
more  in  your  reference  book,  Mr.  East,  and  look  at 
it  later  on  at  my  request,  and  that  is,  that  the  times 
we  are  having  now  will  remain  with'  us  just  as  long 
as  the  Wilson  bill  remains.  And  not  until  the  words 
null  and  void  are  written  across  the  face  of  that 
bill,  and  a good  protective  measure  to  American 
labor  has  taken  its  place,  will  good  times  come  to  us 
again.” 

I tried  to  ease  Mr.  West  up  a little;  but  he  was  so 
thoroughly  in  earnest  that  I cauldn’t  get  a word  in; 
I had  never  seen  him  so  wrought  up  before.  He 
told  me  afterwards  that  he  ought  not  to  have  been 
quite  so  saucy,  but  he  said  it  was  impossible  for  him  to 
keep  quiet  or  have  any  patience  whatever  with  any 
man  on  the  ground  that  his  own  business  would  go 
on  all  right  when  every  other  known  business  was 
going  all  wrong,  and  added  that  the  free  trader  was 
a conundrum  to  him.  “They  are  all  alike;  can’t  see 
or  feel  a thing  until  it  pinches  them.”  One  would 
naturally  think  that  Mr.  East  would  feel  a direct  in- 
terest in  the  protection  to  my  line  of  business,  for  to 
ruin  it  would  be  to  throw  out  of  the  field  a long  list 
of  his  oldest  and  best  customers;  and  even  if  he  sold 
as  much  hair  under  such  conditions  he  would  in  nine 
cases  out  of  ten  have  to  sell  it  to  new  and  untried 
customers,  which  would  mean  greater  hazard;  more 
expense  in  soliciting  and  advertising,  over  half  his 
old  acquaintances  (which  is  prestige)  v/ould  be  gone, 
which  means  half  he  has  worked  all  these  years  to 
establish  would  be  gone,  and  he  could  begin  half 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


new  and  that  means  a whole  lot  today  when  young 
business  houses  are  fighting  so  hard  to  keep  their 
powder  dry. 

On  the  other  hand,  Maxwell,  I do  not  grant  that 
he  could  sell  as  much  hair  under  such  conditions. 
The  case  in  hand  today  illustrates  it  all  to  him  and 
me  alike,  as  I told  him.  While  the  new  tariff  bill 
grants  us  sufficient  protection  to  continue  to  manu- 
facture we  are  operating  in  a very  mild  way  as  com- 
pared to  what  we  could  be  doing  if  all  other  indus- 
tries had  been  properly  protected.  Those  that  voh 
untarily  shut  down  for  prudence  sake,  together  with 
the  large  number  that  were  forced  out,  cut  a chunk 
out  of  our  market  that  sadly  affects  him  and  me,  and 
Heaven  only  knows  how  many  more  that  corner  of 
the  market  that  has  already  gone  is  going  to  take 
with  it  yet. 

I tell  you.  Maxwell,  I feel  very  anxious  over  the 
outlook.  That  corner  of  the  market  is  not  only 
gone,  but  clearly  enough  it  is  growing  larger  every 
day  like  the  snow  balls  we  used  to  roll  up  when  we 
were  boys.  But  you  can’t  induce  a fool  free  trader 
to  see  any  of  it.  Mr.  East  can  see  what  would  have 
happened  to  him  if  manufactured  hair  had  been 
left  on  the  free  list,  but  you  can’t  make  him  see 
that  the  very  same  thing  has  happened  to  thousands 
of  others,  and  when  you  carry  it  on  to  the  number  of 
wage  earners  that  are  idle  it  runs  into  the  millions 
that  are  out  of  money,  which  means  less  trade  in  all 
lines,  and  in  some  no  trade^^ 

I could  hardly  forego  bringing  this  case  before 
your  class,  Mr.  Labor,  for  I feel  that  there  is  a lesson 
in  it. 

Labor.  It  does  contain  a lesson,  Mr.  Maxwell,  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


213 


what  Mr.  West  predicted  in  1894  has  proven  so  true 
he  ought  to  rank  as  a prophet. 


214 


Labors’  Hard  Times  Schooi. 


LESSON  XL 

A tall,  dignified,  elderly  gentleman  attracts  Labor's 
attention  and  asks  the  privilege  of  the  floor  for  a 
moment  only. 

Labor,  You  will  kindly  give  us  your  name  and  the 
business  you  follow.  I take  it  for  granted  from  your 
dialect,  however,  that  you  are  from  the  South. 

. Yes  sah,  Mr.  Labah,  I am  from  the 

South,  sah.  I have  a cotton  plantation;  my  name  is 
Rasbach. 

Labor.  Ah,  indeed.  Col.  Rasbach;  a member  of 
the  class  called  my  attention  to  your  attendance 
here  and  ask  that  I call  upon  you  in  case  we  consid- 
ered the  question  of  cotton.  I hope.  Colonel,  you 
will  take  up  that  subject  and  use  more  than  a brief 
moment  of  our  time,  for  I am  informed  that  you  own 
a large  cotton  plantation  which  you  manage  and 
operate  yourself,  hence  can  deal  with  the  question 
from  experience,  which  is  exactly  what  we  want, 
and  I presume  there  can  be  no  better  time  to  take 
that  product  up  than  the  present. 

Col.  Rasbach.  Well,  sah,  Mr.  Labah,  I did  not  rise 
sah  with  the  intent  of  taking  up  any  of  your  val- 
uable time;  I have  been  moah  than  compensated  foh 
my  presence  heah,  sah.  These  labohing  men  have 
taught  me  wheah  my  true  interests  lie;  they  have 

shown  me  wheah  I have  made  a fool  of  myself 

foh  yeahs;  and  I thank  them  and  I thank  you,  sah, 
foh  opening  my  eyes.  I came  heah  at  the  outset, 
sah,  to  have  something  to  say  back,  in  the  belief  I 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


215 


would  be  shuah  to  find  enemies  heah,  but,  sah,  I 
leahn  you  all  ah  my  friends.  I have  lived  in  the  past 
with  the  belief  that  fwee  twade  would  be  good  foh 
us  all,  sah,  but  I see  now,  sah,  what  tawiff  duties 
have  done  foh  us  in  the  past;  ouah  pwogwess  in  the 
past,  sah,  has  been  because  ouah  wuhk  was  done  at 
home  and  ouah  money  kept  at  home.  I see,  sah,  by 
statistics  that  in  1890  965  cotton  mills  employed 
221,585  people  and  they  weuh  paid  ^69,500,000  that 
yeah,  sah,  foh  theah  laboh.  If  I keep  my  cotton 
cwop,  sah,  I shall  have  no  money  to  spend,  and  if 
the  people  who  make  the  cotton  into  cloth  and  a 
thousand  otheh  things  fail  to  sell  theah  days  wuks 
to  manufactah  ouah  cotton,  sah,  they  will  have  no 
money  to  spend.  Keeping  th  ah  days  wuks  is  too 
much  like  me  keeping  my  cotton  foh  me  to  vote  the 
fwee  twade  ticket  any  moah. 

I want  to  be  honest,  sah,  and  kind  to  evewy 
living  being,  but  I would  not  be  honest,  sah,  now 
that  I know  bettah,  if  I should  vote  to  let  cheap 
days  wuks  into  ouah  country  without  any  hindwance 
and  fowce  ouah  wuking  people  to  go  hungwy  be- 
cause they  could  not  sell  theah  days  wuks.  Ouah 
countwy,  sah,  waises  moah  cotton  than  the  balance 
of  the  wold,  and  our  people  use  neahly  one-thuwd  of 
all  we  waise.  Ouah  mawket  then,  sah,  is  the  best 
single  mawket  in  the  wold  foh  cotton.  Won’t  we 
show  ouah  best  sense,  sah,  when  we  cotton  groehs 
take  good  caeh  of  the  wold’s  best  mawket?  Will  we 
show  ouah  good  sense  any  moah  if  we  vote  to  have 
the  ^69,500,000  oah  any  pohtion  that  our  factowy 
wuhkehs  got  in  1890  paid  to  wuhkmen  in  other 
countwies,  and,  as  has  been  said  so  often  heah,  the 
money  go  away  fwom  home  and  stay  away?  That 


216 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


thought  and  expwession,  sah,  has  attwacted  my  at- 
tention beyond  anything  I have  met  in  a long  time, 
sah,  and  I think,  Mr.  Labah,  it  should  be  kept  be- 
foah  ouah  people  until  it  is  taken  up  in  the  same 
sense  and  they  adjust  theyselves  to  it  as  they  do 
to  slang  phwases,  sah,  and  in  song  and  othehwise  be 
constantly  flashed  in  the  faces  of  fwee  twadehs. 

If  ouah  mawket,  sah,  takes  one-thuwd  of  my  cot- 
ton, is  it  not  then  singly  my  best  customeh,  sah? 
What  good  business  man,  sah,  neglects  his  best 
customeh? 

I know,  sah,  while  foweign  countwies  take  lawge 
quantities  of  ouah  cotton  and  wheat  and  pwovisions, 
all  of  which  they  would  get  elsewheh  if  they  could, 
sah,  they  do  not  take  enough  of  ouah  manufactwed 
goods  to  call  them  customehs,  sah.  For  evewy  two 
dollahs  of  manufactuwed  goods  foweign  countwies 
take  of  us,  sah,  our  own  countwy  uses  ninety-eight 
dollahs  of  what  we  manufactuh.  We  have  paid  too 
much  attention  to  the  two  dollah  intewest  and  too 
little  to  the  ninety-eight  dollah  intewest.  I don’t 
like  that,  sah.  I don’t  like  that  pwivilege  extended 
in  our  mawket  eitheh,  sah,  only  so  fah  as  it  covehs 
goods  that  we  don’t  pwoduce. 

I see,  sah,  by  statistics  you  have  heah,  sah,  that 
duhwing  the  last  fiscal  yeah  of  the  McKinley  law, 
1894,  that  theah  weah  28,325,213  yahds  of  cotton 
cloth  shipped  into  ouah  countwy,  while  in  the  fust 
calendah  yeah  of  the  Wilson  bill,  1895,  50>307>476 
yawds  came  in;  neahly  double,  sah.  I don’t  like 
that,  sah;  the  value  of  goods  undeh  the  McKinley 
bill  was  $3,480,806;  undeh  the  Wilson  bill  the  value 
was  $5,985,941.  The  Wilson  bill  stole  fwom  the 
laboh  of  this  countwy,  sah,  for  the  manufactuh  of 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


217 


neahly  two  and  a half  million  dollahs  woth  of  goods 
moah  than  the  McKinley  bill  did,  sah,  and  gave  it  to 
laboh  in  otheh  countwies,  sah,  and  in  only  one  pwo- 
duct,  and  I see  now,  sah,  that  such  twansactions  ah 
not  just  oah  honest  and  I shall  not  identify  myself 
with  them  any  moah,  sah. 

I took  the  figyhs,  Mr.  Laboh,  fwom  among  othuhs 
that  I hope  you  will  pwint  with  these  lessons;  the 
total  amount  of  what  the  fust  yeah  of  the  Wilson 
bill,  sah,  paid  to  foheign  laboh  oveh  and  above,  sah, 
what  the  last  yeah  of  the  McKinley  bill  did,  amounts 
to  $116,444,511,  sah.  What  a wold  of  good,  sah, 
that  one  hundwed  and  sixteen  million  dollahs  would 
do  ouah  laboh  heah  and  what  a sum  of  money  it 
would  set  in  circulation,  sah.  Some  may  claim  that 
it  will  come  back  when  they  buy  ouah  cotton,  but  if 
it  did,  sah,  and  I was  just  as  well  off  foh  it,  I would 
be  unpawdonably  unjust  to  want  it  that  way,  but,  sah, 
on  the  scoah  of  self  interest  I do  not  put  it  thajt  way. 
I pwesume,  sah,  that  the  wukmen  in  foweigh  count- 
wies only  weah  shiwts  a pawt  of  the  time,  while  ouah 
factowy  men  and  women  when  they  have  wuk  weah 
shiwts  all  the  time,  sah,  and  they  have  sheets  and 
spweads  on  theah  beds  and  cloths  on  their  tables, 
too,  sah,  while  it  is  a question  whetheh  the  wuhkmen 
in  the  old  countwies  have  beds  to  sleep  on,  sah, 

I tell  you,  sah,  this  is  a pwofitable  school,  and  I 
can  tell  you,  Mr.  Laboh,  you  will  find  me,  sah,  help- 
ing take  caheh  of  ouah  own  mawket  in  the  futuh; 
give  ouah  people  a chance  to  wear  good  clothes  and 
all  have  what  they  want  to  eat,  sah,  and  we  will  be 
all  wight  all  the  time. 

Labor.  I am  pleased  with  your  new  sentiments. 
Col.  Rasbach,  and  hope  when  you  return  home  you 


2I8 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


will  take  pains  to  convince  many  of  your  friends  of 
their  errors. 

Col.  Rasbaeh.  You  can  feel  confident,  sah,  that  I 
shall  take  with  me  all  the  fwuit  I have  gathewed 
heah,  and  not  be  at  all  stingy  in  giving  it  away,  sah. 
Some  of  ouah  people,  though,  in  the  South  ah  in  a 
tewible  wut,  sah,  and  to  dwive  them  out  I may  have 
to  get  in  fwont  of  them  with  my  old  shot  gun,  sah. 

Labor.  What  is  it.  Col.  Rasbaeh,  that  enters  into 
cotton  up  to  the  time  that  it  is  baled  and  ready  to 
leave  your  hands? 

Col.  Rasbaeh.  Laboh,  sah;  laboh  and  nothing  else, 
except  the  value  of  the  seed,  and  that  came  from 
laboh,  too,  sah.  To  carefully  pwepahe  the  gwound 
is  laboh;  to  plant  it  is  laboh  and  to  look  after  it  and 
cultivate  it,  sah,  until  it  is  ready  to  pick  is  good,  vig- 
ilant laboh,  sah.  To  pick  and  wun  it  thwough  the 
gin  is  laboh  and  to  put  it  thwough  the  pwess  and 
make  it  into  bales  is  laboh,  sah,  which  it  costs  fwom 
six  to  nine  cents  a pound  to  do. 

Labor.  Then,  Col.  Rasbaeh,  you  look  upon  your 
yield  of  cotton  when  baled  as  so  much  stored  up 
labor? 

Col.  Rasbaeh.  That,  sah,  is  what  it  wepresents  and 
all  it  wepwesents,  and  fwequently,  sah,  I have  moah 
money  stowed  in  the  bales  than  I eveh  take  out  of 
them,  sah,  and  that  money  was  all  paid  to  laboh, 
sah,  and  it  was  a vast  numbeh  of  people  that  it  fed 
and  clothed. 

I enjoy  the  pay  day  of  the  help,  sah,  when  theah 
money  entehs  theah  pockets  something  seems  to 
enteh  theah  very  bosoms  that  makes  theah  vewy  feet 
lighteh,  and  a sweet  relish  comes  to  me,  sah,  the 
quality  of  which  no  otheh  deed  in  life  excels,  and, 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


2ig 


sail,  when  I allow  this  sentiment  to  cahwy  me  to  the 
factowy  wukehs,  sah,  it  does  not  take  me  long  to 
discoveh  that  those  of  ouah  own  countwy  come  fust, 
and  even,  sah,  if  we  discawd  our  own  selfish  intew- 
ests  “that  if  we  pay  the  money  to  our  own  people 
it  stays  in  ouah  own  countwy  and  we  get  fuhtheh 
chances  at  it,”  wegardless  of  this  selfish  intewest,  I 
say,  sah,  the  chahity  within  us  should  lead  and  di- 
wect  that  we  pwovide  foh  ouah  own  people  befoah 
we  do  those  of  otheh  lands,  and  the  man,  sah,  who  is 
not  bwoad  enough  to  hold  elements  of  such  a natuh 
is  too  nahwoh  to  desehve  the  pwotection  of  any  flag 
oah  any  countwy,  and  I add  again,  Mr.  Laboh,  that 
in  the  futuh,  sah,  I shall  wepel  such  people  and  ad- 
vise them  to  get  into  camp  with  otheh  demagogues 
and  stay  theah  wheah  they  belong. 

One  thing  fuhtheh,  Mr.  Laboh.  I notice  by  the 
statistics,  sah,  fwom  1880  to  1892  theah  had  been  an 
incwease  in  the  manufactuh  of  cotton  in  our  own 
countwy,  sah,  amounting  to  1,100,000  bales.  Fwom 
1892  to  and  including  1894  and  1895  there  has  been 
no  inquease,  sah.  What  has  become  of  ouah  pwog- 
wess,  sah?  The  fwee  twaderh,  sah,  may  claim  it  has 
only  gone  back  a twifle,  but  I shall  ask  him,  why  go 
back,  and  wemind  him  that  ahead  is  the  way  we 
ought  to  go.  I should  not  blame  any  othehs  moah 
than  myself,  sah.  I voted  to  stand  still  oah  go  back- 
wawds,  but  I shall  blame  you  all,  sah,  who  hang  to 
such  notions  any  longeh. 

I want  to  notice  the  lumbeh  intewests  in  the 
South,  sah,  and  then,  Mr.  Laboh,  Twill  withdway 
and  make  woom  foh  othehs. 

I was  deeply  intewested  when  Mistah  Haskell  was 
talking  about  ouah  lumbeh,  sah.  They  do  kill  and 


220 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


buhn  it  up  to  clean  the  land  to  make  fahms.  Sup- 
pose, sah,  we  could  turn  it  into  lumbeh  and  the 
money  it  bwought  only  paid  the  cost  of  doing  it, 
sah.  Wouldn’t  we  sell  the  laboh  in  this  countwy 
and  have  millions  of  dollahs  that  now  go  to  Canada, 
sah?  Selling  laboh  is  like  selling  anything  else,  and 
falling  to  sell  the  laboh  is  like  failing  to  sell  any- 
thing else,  sah. 

If  the  lumbehmen  came  and  lived  among  us. they 
would  help  build  upouah  towns  and  make  new  villages, 
too.  Yes, sah, and  they  would  be  industwious  citizens; 
just  what  we  want  in  the  South,  sah.  It  seems  that 
men  become  fwee  twadehs  as  soon  as  the  lumbeh 
wheah  they  live  has  been  exhausted,  sah.  I don’t 
like  that  sentiment,  sah.  Let  the  lumbeh  wukman 
sell  his  home  wheah  the  lumbeh  is  all  gone  and 
come  to  ouah  sunny  countwy  and  he  will  have  a 
home  in  a showt  time  that  will  not  only  make  his 
living,  sah,  but  it  will  make  him  wich,  and  in  place 
of  sending  ouah  money  to  Canada,  sah,  we  will  tuhn 
whatweare  now  destwoying  into  wiches,sah,and  keep 
the  wiches,  too.  I am  foh  ouah  flag,  sah,  and  ouah 
own  home,  and  in  the  futuh  if  I have  any  pwefew- 
ence  foh  any  political  pahty,  sah,  I shall  demand 
that  the  candidates  that  pahty  nominates  shall  be  in 
favoh  of  tawiff  laws,  sah.  As  has  been  said  heah 
befoah,  that  will  pwotect  ouah  wohkmen  in  selling 
theah  laboh  in  ouah  own  mawket,  sah.  If  my  own 
pahty,  sah,  attempt  to  fowce  fwee  twade  candidates  on 
me  heahafteh,  sah,  and  some  otheh  pahty  nominates 
candidates  in  favoh  of  duties  that  will  pwotect  ouah 
industwies,  I shall  vote  foh  the  lattah,  sah,  whetheh 
I like  the  pahty  that  nominates  such  candidates  aah 
not,  sah. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


221 


We  want  moah  factowies  foh  the  manufactuh  of 
all  cotton  goods  in  ouah  own  sunny  south,  sah,  and 
if  we  manage  wightly,  we  may  have  them  sooneh 
than  we  look  foh,  but  when  we  vote  to  help  factow- 
ies in  foweign  countwies,  sah,  the  factowies  will 
wemain  in  such  countwies  instead  of  coming  to  us, 
sah. 

We  people  of  the  South  should  get  a move  on 
ouhselves,  and  the  fust  thing  foh  us  to  do,  sah,  is  foh 
one  and  all  of  us  to  help  make  laws  that  will  pwo- 
vide  foh  ouah  cotton  being  manufactuhed  in  the 
United  States,  and  then  a committee  of  Southun 
gentlemen  go  to  foweign  countwies  and  pwevail  on 
cotton  manufactuhehs  to  bwing  theah  industwies 
into  ouah  end  of  ouah  own  countwy,  sah.  This  will 
be  taking  action,  sah,  and  action  is  bettah  than 
pictuhs  and  pwinted  mattah,  sah. 

If  ouah  people  could  have  factowies  enough 
among  them,  sah,  in  a fewyeahs  they  wouldn’t  know 
theyselves,  sah.  We  would  have  some  home  maw- 
ket  for  ouah  gawden  stuff  and  fwuit  then,  sah,  and  a 
multitude  of  things  the  South  can  gwoh  so  abun- 
dantly, sah. 

We  have  been  blindly  patting  ouah  angeh  on  its 
back  too  long,  sah.  Just  think,  Mr.  Laboh,  the 
vehwy  industwies  we  needed,  sah,  and  should  have 
done  all  in  ouah  poweh  to  bwing  to  us,  we  have  foh 
yeahs  tried  to  vote  out  of  ouah  countwy,  sah.  I don’t 
blame  these  labohing  men  foh  complaining,  sah. 
They  have  been  misled  and  abused,  sah.  When  I 
fust  listened  heah  they  excited  my  sympathy,  sah, 
and  when  that  was  awoused  the  last  of  my  angeh 
left  me,  sah.  Soon  as  my  angeh  was  gone  my  good 
sense  began  to  asseht  itself  and  I saw  plainly,  sah, 


222 


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fob  the  fust  time  in  my  life  that  my  own  and  the  in- 
tewests  of  my  people  at  home,  sah,  was  in  line  and 
identical  with  the  labohing  men,  sah.  One  end  of 
ouah  countwy  cannot  go  down  and  wemain  down, 
sah,  and  the  otheh  end  go  up  and  thwive  and  wemain 
up  and  thwive;  it  is  unnatuhal,  sah;  ultimately  the 
two  ends  will  come  to  one  comg;ion  level,  sah.  The 
people  in  the  Noath  must  help  make  laws  that 
will  suppoht  Southehn  intewests,  sah,  and  the  people 
of  the  South  must  help  make  laws  that  will  suppoht 
Nohthen  intewests,  and  this  sentiment,  sah,  must 
cover  the  whole  bweadth  of  ouah  countwy  from  the 
East  to  the  West,  sah. 

We  must,  Mistah  Laboh,  stand  weady  to  fohsake 
any  political  pahty  that  hopes  to  build  foh  itself, 
sah,  by  stabbing  any  of  ouah  industwies,  and  no 
single  pwoduct  should  be  pehmitted,  sah,  to  make 
capital  foh  itself,  sah,  to  the  detwiment  of  all  otheh 
pwoducts. 

Gwovehsville,  sah,  was  what  bwought  me  to  my 
senses.  That  illustwation  was  so  pat,  sah,  as  between 
pwotected  laboh  and  unpwotected  laboh  that  my 
fwee  twade  sentiments  dissolved  like  sugah  in  watah, 
sah.  If  we  want  to  stay  on  the  eawth,  we  must  plant, 
cultivate  and  put  some  kind  of  a fence  with  gates  in 
it  awound  ouah  own  mahket,  sah,  and  the  gates  must 
be  guahded;  we  cannot  affohd  to  leave  them  open, 
sah. 

Why,  I ask  you,  Mistah  Laboh,  should  waw  cotton 
be  impohted  into  ouah  countwy,  sah?  I see  by  the 
wepohts  that  neahly  five  million  dollahs  wohth  was 
impohted  in  1895,  sah.  We  waise  moah  than  half 
the  pwoduct  of  cotton  in  the  wohld,  and  I cannot 
see  why  we  need  cotton  fwom  otheh  lands,  sah.  Five 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


223 


million  dollahs,  oah  neahly  that,  paid  to  other  coun- 
twies  in  one  yeah  foh  waw  cotton  means  quite  fouh 
million  dollahs  less  to  cotton  waising  laboh  in  the 
South  yeahly,  sah.  We  need  that  fouh  million  dollahs 
in  the  South,  sah.  We  cannot  affohd  to  let  a dollah 
get  away,  sah,  and  we  cannot  affohd  to  compete 
with  the  cheap  laboh  of  India  and  otheh  countwies, 
sah.  Again,  Gwovehsville  tells  the  whole  stohy,  sah. 

I neveh  wecognized  befoh,  Mistah  Laboh,  that  in 
nineteen  cases  out  of  twenty,  sah,  the  only  way 
to  make  a commodity  cheapeh  is  to  loweh  wages, 
sah,  in  that  special  pwoduct,  which  means  a few 
wounds  dowh  the  laddah  foh  us  all,  sah.  I want  to 
take  evewy  man  in  this  school  by  the  hand  befoah 
we  pawt  foh  good,  sah,  and  tell  him  I am  not  in 
favoh  of  that;  up  the  laddah  is  my  motto,  sah. 

As  I said  at  the  outset,  sah,  I came  heah  to  find 
fault,  but  you  have  fohced  me,  and  with  kindness, 
tQO,  sah,  to  make  not  only  an  unconditional  suw- 
wendah  but  to  offeh  myself  as  a loyal  volunteeh 
wecwuit  to  youah  fohces.  I love  you  all  deahly, 
sah,  and  when  I wetuhn  home  I shall  make  my 
childwen  so  familiah  with  you,.  Mistah  Laboh, 
that  they  will  wecognize  you  on  sight  and  lay  at 
youah  feet  such  a gweeting,  sah,  as  only  a hawhty 
welcome  can  extend. 

Labor,  You  are  very  kind.  Col.  Rasbach,  and  I 
hope  that  the  future  may  hold  in  store  for  us  many 
pleasant  seasons,  and  that  the  greetings  offered 
cannot  predispose  us  to  insensibility  of  our  duties 
one  to  another,  no  matter  in  what  volume  such 
greetings  may  come.  I noticed  that  the  class  was 
deeply  interested  in  all  your  talk,  and  on  their  part 
as  well  us  my  own  I take  the  liberty  to  thank  you 


224 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


earnestly  for  the  light  you  have  given  and  the  special 
interest  you  have  manifested. 

Is  Mr.  Carson  present?  If  so,  will  he  please  rise? 
Ah,  indeed,  I am  glad  you  are  here  just  at  this  mo- 
ment, Mr.  Carson. 

You  claim  to  be  somewhat  familiar  with  cotton 
mills,  Mr.  Carson;  will  you  briefly  outline  to  us 
whether  there  is  any  labor  attached  to  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  goods? 

Mr,  Carson.  Col.  Rasbach  has  shown  that  the  bale 
of  cotton  represents  stored  up  days  works  only. 
Truly,  Mr.  Labor,  in  my  attitude  to  that  article  in 
the  past  I had  considered  it  raw  material,  while  in 
fact  it  had  cost  from  six  to  nine  cents  a pound  for 
the  labor  to  produce  it,  and  the  immense  quantities 
raised  had  been  the  means  of  feeding  and  clothing 
a great  army  of  people. 

I shall  not  undertake  a detailed  description  of  the 
multitude  of  manipulations  by  human  hands  of  th^s 
commodity  to  form  it  into  the  innumerable  articles 
that  meet  us  on  all  sides. 

To  prepare  it  for  the  cards,  cleaning,  etc.,  is  labor, 
and  to  card  it  is  labor;  to  prepare  it  for  spinning  is 
labor  and  to  spin  it  is  labor;  to  prepare  it  for  weav- 
ing is  labor,  and  labor  weaves  it. 

You  can  correct  me,  of  course,  and  claim  that  the 
various  machines  do  all  this  work,  but  if  you  do  I 
shall  urge  that  the  machinery  and  material  both  are 
in  the  grasp  of  human  hands  from  the  cotton  bale 
to  the  finished  product;  all  forming  of  patterns, 
coloring,  bleaching  and  dyeing  is  labor.  It  was 
labor  that  freighted  and  landed  the  bales  at  the  mill 
and  it  will  be  labor  that  will  pack,  box  and  ship  it 
away. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


225 


Labor.  Your  analysis,  Mr.  Carson,  together  with 
Col.  Rasbach’s  descriptions,  show  that  if  there  was 
any  raw  material  anywhere  along  the  line  it  must 
have  been  the  seed. 

Mr.  Carson.  Yes,  but  Col.  Rasbach  claimed  that 
the  seed  came  from  labor. 

I^bor.  Accepting  that  to  be  true,  and  of  course  it 
is  true,  we  are  at  a loss  to  find  the  raw  material. 

Mr.  Carsoii.  It  is  singular,  Mr.  Labor,  that  what- 
ever we  sift  down  to  the  closest  possible  point  we 
find  to  be  all  labor.  It  must  be  that  after  a time  we 
will  fully  recognize  that  when  we  buy  anything  ex- 
cept raw  land  we  are  simply  purchasing  labor. 

In  1894,  Mr.  Labor,  we  imported  cotton  goods, 
such  as  cloth  unbleached,  or  not  colored  or  stained, 
together  with  stained,  printed,  bleached,  colored  or 
dyed,  and  articles  ready  made,  such  as  wearing  ap- 
parel, .knit  goods,  stockings,  hose,  half  hcTSe,  shirts, 
drawers,  etc.,  and  laces,  embroideries,  thread,  yarn, 
warp  or  warp  yarn;  all  told  of  the  above  cotton 
goods  we  imported  in  1894  the  sum  of  $24,968,629. 

In  1895  imports  of  the  same  goods  amounted 
to  the  sum  of  $33,196,625  and  in  1896  to  nearly  32^ 
million  dollars. 

(These  latter  figures  are  taken  from  the  Daily 
News  Almanac  of  1897.) 

The  money  that  bought  the  days  works  in  these 
goods,  Mr.  Labor,  was  furnished  by  the  United 
States,  and  if  the  raw  cotton  was  not  raised  in  our 
own  country  the  whole  sum  was  sent  to  foreign 
lands  to  make  glad  people  other  than  our  own.  The 
question  arises,  Mr.  Labor,  do  we  owe  other  coun- 
tries that  much,  and  can  we  afford  to  pay  the  price? 
These  questions  have  been  so  thoroughly  gone  over 


226 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


that  further  comment  would  seem  out  of  place.  I 
cannot  refrain,  however,  from  asking  all  our  free 
trade  friends  why,  so  long  as  we  have  the  days  works 
on  hand  in  this  country  to  sell  to  make  these  goods, 
except,  perhaps,  some  of  the  lace  and  embroidery, 
they  insist  that  it  is,  or  can  be  better  to  buy  the 
days  works  in  other  countries?  I do  think,  Mr. 
Labor,  that  it  is  the  plainest  question  that  was  ever 
submitted  to  a plain  people.  How  a man  of  sense 
can  ignore  the  importance  of  keeping  our  money  at 
home  and  in  circulation  at  home,  baffles  all  my  in- 
genuity and  imagination  of  the  construction  of  a 
heart  and  brain.  What  in  the  name  of  all  that  is  of 
any  value  can  such  a man  be  composed  of?  We  do 
not  urge  that  our  gates  be  closed,  but  we  do  urge 
that  they  be  better  guarded.  There  is  a limit  beyond 
which  justice  to  our  own  worthy,  and  would  be  in- 
dustrious, poor  demands  we  shall  not  go.  No  one 
can  claim  that  the  exact  point  of  duty  in  this  can  be 
found.  To  tell  just  where  to  drive  the  stake  and 
avoid  all  error  is  beyond  the  power  of  human-kind, 
but  there  is  a principle  involved  that  can  be  found, 
and  it  does  not  require  to  be  hunted  for,  either,  and 
that  principle  is — so  long  as  bur  own  people  con- 
sume seven-eighths  of  our  breadstuff  and  our  pro- 
visions, and  out  of  our  manufactured  products  for  a 
fraction  less  than  every  two  dollars  worth  that  we 
sell  to  other  countries  we  at  home  consume  a frac- 
tion over  $g8  worth,  shows  so  plainly  the  direction 
in  which  we  must  act  in  order  to  save  ourselves,  that 
I cannot  see  a thing  but  hypocrisy  or  dense  ignor- 
ance as  to  the  facts  on  the  part  of  any  class  or 
political  party  that  is  constantly  shouting  foreign 
markets  to  our  people,  hoping  thus  to  divert  their 


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227 


minds  from  the  importance  of  our  own  market.  Poli- 
tics is  so  loaded  with  trickery,  and  men  who  are  square 
and  valuable  citizens  in  all  other  channels  of  life 
manifestly  become  willing  demagogues  when  their 
political  prejudices  are  at  stake,  or  the  party  they 
have  identified  themselves  with  apparently  needs 
some  special  sustenance,  they  will,  without  stopping 
to  estimate  the  contingencies  of  the  future,  lend 
themselves  to  proclaim  and  advocate  what  they 
know  to  be  false  and  unwholesome.  The  honest 
voter,  who  cares  to  be  best  served,  owes  to  himself 
the  most  careful  scrutiny  of  any  manipulator’s  de- 
signs when  he  is  dealing  on  these  lines.  Don’t  think 
for  a minute  that  a man,  because  he  pays  his  grocery 
and  all  other  bills  promptly,  and  fulfils  to  the  letter 
his  pledges  in  all  other  avenues,  would  hesitate  for 
a moment  to  keep  a card  up  his  sleeve  when  dealing 
in  politics. 

The  average  voter  should  ever  bear  in  mind  that 
our  country  is  liberally  supplied  with  candid,  think- 
ing, business  men  who  have  no  ambition  for  ofifice 
or  political  emoluments,  and  when  any  voter  is  in 
doubt  as  to  where  his  best  interests  can  be  found,  he 
would  better  watch  the  drift  of  sentiment  with  this 
class  of  citizens  than  to  listen  to  some  exhorter  who 
hopes  to  be  rewarded  for  his  shouting. 

A man  of  sixty  years  and  upwards,  a few  days 
ago,  who  claimed  to  be  the  author  of  several  books, 
began  to  me  a tirade  on  the  times  we  were  living  in, 
and  prophesied  a terrible  future  close  at  hand; 
arraigned  bankers  and  all  capitalists,  and  everybody 
that  he  thought  had  a meal  of  victuals  ahead.  I 
told  him  when  he  talked  to  me  about  bankers  and 
capitalists,  that  I had  the  feebleness  to  listen  to 


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them  and  give  them  some  credit  for  honesty  and  a 
a great  amount  of  credit  for  what  they  had  learned 
through  the  touch  of  experience.  I told  him  that  I 
thought  more  of  a banker’s  opinion  on  finance  than 
I could  of  the  opinion  of  any  curb  stone  orator  that 
I knew  was  “dead  broke.” 

Then  he  said:  “You  would  leave  it  to  bankers  to 
fix  our  system  of  finance,  would  you?” 

I retorted  by  asking  if  he  would  leave  it  with 
servant  girls  to  cook  up. 

“No,”  but  he  claimed  he  would  leave  it  to  the 
people. 

I asked  him  what  people,  and  added:  “Do  you 
mean  those  who  don’t  know  enough  to  take  care  of 
their  own  finances?  Why  not  urge  as  well  that  those 
in  authority  shall  confer  with  the  insane  as  how  to 
safely  provide  for  them?  The  average  man  knows 
about  as  much  of  what  is  good  for  us  in  a public 
financial  policy  as  the  insane  man  does  what  is  best 
for  him.” 

He  wanted  to  know  if  I was  a banker,  or  had  any 
friends  in  the  banking  business. 

I told  him  that  I was  in  no  such  good  luck;  that  I 
was  a factory  workman,  and  that  all  I had  to  sell  to 
obtain  a living  was  days  works. 

He  remarked  that  it  was  singular  then  that  I 
should  want  to  do  anything  to  favor  bankers  and 
capitalists. 

I told  him  I had  to  have  money  from  some  source 
and  asked  him  if  he  thought  I could  get  it  of  some 
one  that  didn’t  have  any. 

Well,  no,  he  thought  not,  but  he  charged  that  I 
was  flying  in  the  face  of  my  own  interests  to  place 
any  confidence  in  men  who  had  much  money. 


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229 


I replied  that  I thought,  and  I knew,  and  so  did 
he  know  if  he  would  use  his  own  good  sense,  that  I 
would  be  flying  in  the  face  of  my  own  interests  to 
lose  the  confidence  of  men  who  have  money,  or  do 
anything  that  would  frighten  that  class  of  men  out 
of  the  market  with  their  money,  and  I frankly  told 
him  that  the  kind  of  talk  he  was  making  was  alto- 
gether too  plenty,  and  that  it  specially  injured  the 
market  for  the  sale  of  days  works,  which  was  a per- 
sonal injury  to  me  and  to  all  men  who  tried  to  earn 
an  honest  living  by  selling  the  toil  that  was  in  them, 
by  thus  giving  a fright  to  money  that  would  drive  it 
out  of  circulation. 

“Then  you  want  money  to  circulate  freely?”  he 
asked. 

“Certainly  I do,”  was  my  reply.  He  continued: 
“And  you  are  willing  to  leave  it  to  bankers  to  ar- 
range the  system  of  circulation,  are  you? 

“Yes,  I would  rather  they  would  arrange  the  plans 
than  to  leave  it  to  you,  no  matter  how  bright  or 
smart  you  are,  if  you  have  had  no  practical  experi- 
ence in  financial  matters.” 

He  replied:  “Don’t  you  think  they  would  fix  it  to 
help  themselves  and  not  you?” 

“What  would  help  me?”  I asked. 

“To  have  money  circulate  freely,  as  you  have  al- 
ready stated,”  he  said. 

“What  is  a bank  for,  and  how  does  it  make 
money?” 

His  reply  was:  “By  money,  checks,  drafts  and 
collections  passing  through  it,  and  loaning  deposits, 
etc.” 

“Well,”  I asked,  if  money  passes  through  the 


230 


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ma  loit  ia$aa. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


231 


banks  and  they  are  successful  in  loaning  deposits,  it 
will  be  in  circulation,  won’t  it?” 

^‘Yes,”  he  answered. 

“If  money  travels  to  the  banks  and  stops  there, 
and  they  fail  to  loan  their  deposits,  then  they  will 
not  be  able  to  show  any  profits  for  themselves,  will 
they?” 

“No,”  he  reluctantly  said,  discovering  that  he  was 
getting  into  a corner. 

“Why  then  would  a banker  want  to  tie  money  up?” 
I demanded. 

“Well,”  he  said,  “they  should  not,  but  it  has  been 
tied  up  somewhere  the  past  few  years.” 

I agreed  with  him  there,  Mr.  Labor,  but  I reminded 
him  that,  true  to  his  own  admission,  for  a bank’s 
salvation  money  shall  circulate,  and  for  my  success 
money  must  circulate.  Then  I asked  him  if  the 
banks’  and  my  interests  were  not  identical?  And  he 
admitted  that  it  looked  like  they  were.  Then  I asked 
him  if  he  didn’t  think  that  bankers,  through  experi- 
ence, had  greater  ability  to  adjust  such  questions 
than  I could  possibly  have  minus  that  essential'  ex- 
perience? He  tried  to  crawl  out  and  evade  this 
point,  Mr.  Labor,  but  I pressed  the  question  and  re- 
minded him  that  what  was  truly  good  for  him  would 
prove  good  for  me,  and  vice  versa,  and  that  neither 
he  nor  I could  afford  to  oppose  or  ignore  channels 
that  promised  the  greatest  degree  of  safety.  That 
his  and  my  first  duty  was  to  be  honest  to  ourselves, 
and  that  if  we  lived  close  to  this  last  line  we  would 
prove  honest  with  everybody.  After  pushing  hard 
the  admission  cam^e.  Then  I asked  him  if  the  bank- 
ers would  be  compelled  to  injure  themselves  in  order 
to  injure  the  public,  why  he  distrusted  them  so?  I 


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said,  “You  have  virtually  admitted  that  bankers 
would  like  to  see  money  flying  around  and  through 
their  banks,  and  you  admit,  too,  that  that  is  just 
what  you  and  I want,  with  the  hope  that  some  of  it 
might  light  upon  us,  knowing  full  well  that  if  it  is 
out  of  sight  or  gone  to  some  other  country  to  buy 
days  works  we  won’t  get  our  hands  on  a penny  of  it. 

I told  him  I could  not  believe  there  was  a banker 
on  earth  that  would  be  willing  to  have  his  own  arm 
sawed  off  in  order  that  he  might  have  the  pleasure 
of  sawing  another  man’s  arm  off,  and  while  they 
cannot  possibly  recommend  and  follow  in  lines  that 
will  injure  the  public  without  each  taking  on  many 
times  more  than  an  individual  share  of  such  injury, 
I could  not  see  any  room  for  the  kind  of  talk  he 
and  so  many  others  were  making,  and  that  such 
sentiments  publicly  expressed  were  a direct  injury 
to  the  poor  and  needy. 

I told  him  again  that  if  either  he  or  I got  money 
we  would  have  to  steal  it,  or  sell  something  we  had 
to  get  it,  and  reminded  him  that  we  couldn’t  steal  .it 
of  a man  who  had  none,  neither  could  we  sell  such 
a man  anything  and  get  money.  Then  why  do  we 
want  to  tramp  on  and  disgust  the  man  who  has 
money,  and  drive  him  into  hiding  with  it?  I want  to 
do  all  I can,  I remarked,  to  invite  such  a man  out 
into  the  open  market  and  sell  him  some  days  works, 
and  get  some  of  his  money  honestly  and  decentl}’, 
and  when  you  do  anything  to  shoo  him  away  from 
me  you  hurt  me,  and  you  hurt  my  family,  and  I tell 
you,  stranger,  I do  not  cherish  such  treatment;  it 
carries  with  it  a pain  that  goes  too  deep  and  lasts 
too  long.  I told  him  that  I thought  he  must  be  out 
of  gear;  that  he  needed  some  repairs,  as  his  talk 


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233 


made  him  look  like  he  was  working  only  one  side. 
He  wanted  to  know  what  I meant  by  his  working 
only  one  side.  I told  him  that  there  were  two  sides 
to  everything;  that  a locomotive  had  two  sides  of 
power,  and  on  rare  occasions  a parallel  or  main  rod 
on  one  side  would  break,  when  the  engineer  would 
take  the  broken  or  disabled  side  down  and  run  his 
engine  with  one  side.  I asked  him  if  he  hadn’t  rid- 
den behind  a locomotive  sometime  in  his  life  work- 
ing only  one  side,  and  noticed  the  fits  the  train  would 
have.  He  said  to  his  knowledge  he  had  not.  I ad- 
vised him  then  the  first  time  he  was  on  a train  that 
hopped  and  skipped  out  of  a station  like  a cork 
bobs  when  a fish  is  nibbling  at  the  hook,  to  ask  the 
conductor  if  his  engine  was  only  working  one  side. 

“Then,”  he  says,  “you  think  I am  hopping  and 
skipping  along,  and  only  working  one  side?” 

“Yes,  that  is  about  the  size  of  it,”  I said,  and  added 
that  it  was  my  opinion  he  needed  to  be  thoroughly 
overhauled  and  repaired,  and  gotten  in  shape  to 
work  both  sides. 

I told  him  he  reminded  me  of  people  I had  seen 
on  a train  who  were  wonderfully  amused  with  the 
way  it  acted  at  times  when  a locomotive  was  working 
only  one  side,  but  those  in  charge  were  not  amused. 
Why?  Because  they  knew  what  it  all  meant.  The 
hazard  of  the  additional  strain  breaking  the  other 
rods  and  leaving  them  between  stations  and  the  sure 
thing  of  losing  time  at  every  turn  of  the  wheels,  did 
not  induce  laughter  with  them.  And  you  will  pardon 
me,  stranger,  if  I claim  to  you  that  in  proportion  as 
the  train  crew  from  experience  knew  better  what  to 
do  in  case  of  emergency  in  their  line  in  preference 
to  the  judgment  of  the  passengers,  so  I shall  clairn 


234 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


that  bankers  and  financiers  of  experience  know 
better  than  the  people  in  masses  can  how  to  plan  a 
financial  system  that  will  be  the  best  and  safest  for 
us  all,  and  they  will  have  the  same  self  interest  as 
the  people  in  hewing  to  lines  holding  the  maximum 
of  promise,  that  the  train  crew  would  in  getting  the 
passengers  to  the  end  of  their  runs,  and  thus  them- 
selves be  relieved  from  duty  and  at  home  with  their 
families.  I told  him  that  I did  not  hesitate  to  frank- 
ly confess  that  I felt  extremely  anxious  that  the  dis- 
creet bankers  of  our  country  should  devise  some  bet- 
ter method  of  finance  if  the  oi\e  we  have  is  faulty  and 
told  him  that  I did  not  object  to  his  urging  that  they 
confer  with  a committee  of  servant  girls,  together 
with  a committee  of  colored  plantation  people  be- 
fore a full  decision  should  be  reached,  but  in  the  end 
I thought  more  than  likely  I would  agree  with  the 
bankers.  I reminded  him,  too,  that  some  of  our 
goverment  officials  had  proven  that  they  possess 
plenty  of  ability  on  these  questions  to  check  the 
bankers  up  and  keep  them  in  line  with  his  interests 
and  mine. 

I told  him  I did  not  believe  we  were  going  to  have 
any  such  disasters  as  he  predicted  and  asked  him  if 
he  did  not  remember  when  the  farm  hand  worked 
from  day  light  until  dark,  and  cited  that  last  fall  a 
farmer  told  me  his  help  would  not  begin  work  any 
more  until  seven  o’clock  in  the  morning  and  they 
would  quit  promptly  at  six  o’clock  in  the  evening. 
I asked  him  if  he  could  not  remember  when  all 
labor  worked  twelve  and  fourteen  hours  each  day 
except  Sunday.  He  admitted  he  did  remember  it. 
I cited  to  him  the  present  hours  of  days  works  in 
comparison  and  asked  him  how  the  charities,  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


235 


preparation  for  charity  of  today  compared  with  what 
we  had  when  he  was  a boy,  and  called  to  his  mind 
our  steam  heated  county  houses  for  the  poor  that 
our  country  is  dotted  with  in  every  direction;  large 
brick  palaces  with  all  modern  improvements;  the 
healthful  and  sanitary  features  thoroughly  looked 
after  in  the  construction;  better  accommodations  by 
far  than  the  well-to-do  as  a rule  enjoyed  in  his  boy- 
hood days.  I told  him  that  where  these  conditions 
did  not  already  prevail  shame  for  the  lack  of  them 
and  the  pride  in  having  as  good  as  their  neighbors 
could  boast  of  would  force  the  citizens  in  such 
localities  to  move  in  the  same  direction. 

I told  him  that  committees  today  are  slow  to  leave 
a little  bit  of  room  to  charges  of  want  of  charity. 
Frequently,  no  doubt,  uncleanly,  incompetent  and 
unscrupulous  persons  get  control  of  such  institutions, 
but  that  should  not  be  used  as  a club  by  calamity 
howlers  to  kill  the  spirit  of  decency,  justice  and 
fairness  that  is  so  potent  in  our  land  right  now. 

I called  his  attention  to  state  institutions  for  the 
insane,  and  all  manner  and  kinds  of  dependents,  and 
cited  the  progress  in  this  direction  since  he  was  a 
boy;  called  his  attention  to  our  public  parks  and  to 
many  other  things.  I did  not  forget  to  inform  him 
that  in  1891  in  Massachusetts  I saw  on  Christmas  day 
more  presents  on  and  around  a Christmas  tree  in  a 
family  of  six  children  than  were  given  away  in  any 
county  in  the  State  of  New  York  when  he  was  a 
Christmas  lad,  and  there  was  more  happiness  in  that 
family  on  that  day  than  he  ever  stumbled  on  to  in 
all  of  his  young  life.  I told  him  to  get  the  old  ox- 
cart wheel  out  of  his  head  and  let  the  young  bicycle 
wheel  in  and  he  would  feel  better. 


236 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


I asked  him  frankly  if  the  world  had  not  grown 
better  every  day  that  he  had  lived,  and  just  as 
frankly  he  admitted  it  had. 

“You  say,  too,  you  are  an  author  and  write  books?” 

He  said  he  had  written  books. 

See,  then,  the  harm  you  are  doing  and  how  you 
are  misleading  the  young,  when  you  take  the  false 
stand  you  do;  and  I reminded  him  he  was  too  good 
looking  a man  to  serve  any  such  purpose  as  he  was 
allowing  himself  to  become  the  tool  of,  and  pointed 
out  to  him  again  that  he  was  following  in  lines  that 
directly  injured  me  and  every  other  working  man  in 
the  United  States. 

“Why  don’t  you,”  I said,  “show  us  how  much  our 
world  has  improved  in  your  life  time  and  encourage 
us  to  believe  that  we  have  been  stopped  for  a brief 
time  only  in  a road  that  leads  in  the  direction  that 
we  wish  to  travel.” 

I pointed  out  to  him  the  armies  of  people  that 
had  come  to  us  in  the  last  few  years,  and  that  if  our 
promise  was  not  better  under  the  strain  of  the 
present  even,  than  that  they  had  left,  they  would 
have  started  back  long  ago. 

Just  think,  Mr.  Labor,  of  the  increase  of  people, 
and  the  mental  condition  they  were  in,  this  great 
country  of  ours  has  provided  for  in  the  past  twenty- 
five  years.  It  is  the  marvel  of  marvels!  No  other 
country  in  the  whole  world  could  have  taken  care 
of  them  so  handsomely,  and  we  have  a right,  sir,  to 
look  for  the  same  ratio  of  increase  in  charity  and 
mercy  in  the  future  that  we  have  had  in  the  past; 
coming  gradually,  too,  as  we  have  come,  it  will  be 
charged  with  the  same  good  health  and  vigor. 

You  could  as  well,  Mr.  Labor,  put  a raw  Indian  in 


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237 


a pilot  house  and  look  for  safety  to  a large  vessel 
in  dangerous  waters,  as  to  undertake  or  hope  for  a 
pure  and  mighty  transformation  of  any  people  with 
the  view  of  their  adjusting  themselves  in  any  brief 
moment  to  such  new  conditions. 

We  have  progressed  and  grown  better  daily  and 
hourly  for  years  regardless  of  the  spouters  who  have 
been  promising  for  so  long  that  just  in  front  of  us 
with  one  wave  of  the  hand  they  were  going  to  even 
everything  up  and  fire  mercies  and  plenty  out  of  the 
blank  heavens  into  the  bosoms  of  all. 

Until  two  of  that  peculiar  family  of  human  kind, 
Mr.  Labor,  can  demonstrate  to  me  that  they  could 
live  in  the  same  house  one  week  without  breaking 
up  the  furniture,  I shall  be  content  to  move  along 
on  the  same  progressive  lines  that  have  brought  to 
us  so  much  that  had  a man  ventured  to  predict  it 
all  forty-five  years  ago  he  would  for  prudence  and 
safety  have  been  turned  into  a pasture  by  himself — 
and  the  entrance  carefully  locked. 

I cannot  believe  that  any  man  means  well  when 
he  encourages  people  to  expect  what  he  knows  it  is 
utterly  impossible  for  him  or  anyone  else  to  deliver, 
and  if  he  could  deliver  he  knows  there  would  be 
such  a fight  over  the  first  “divvy”  that  he  wouldn’t 
stay  to  see  it  out. 

When  we  have  advanced  to  that  strata  of  love, 
order  and  perfection  that  an  Irishman  and  a colored 
man  become  congenial  room  mates,  live  in  peace 
together  and  are  in  a state  of  unrest  when  not  in 
each  other’s  embrace,  then  I will  consent  to  bow 
humbly  to  the  doctrine  of  equality  to  all. 

I will  not  wait  for  the  German  and  Frenchman  to 
feel  lonely  when  not  in  each  other’s  company,  or  for 


238 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


the  Jew  and  Gentile  to  feast  off  each  other’s  lips. 
Just  show  me  the  first  two  remaining  thirsty  when 
they  cannot  drink  one  with  the  other,  at  the  same 
fountain  of  love,  refusing  food  when  they  cannot 
break  the  same  bread,  declining  rest  when  they  can- 
not occupy  the  same  bed,  and  then  the  vision  painter 
shall  have  my  unconditional  surrender;  but  until 
then,  Mr.  Labor,  I shall  be  in  favor  of  keeping  our 
own  market  to  sell  our  own  labor  in,  and  take  the 
chances  that  success  on  these  lines  will  give  us 
better  times  than  anything  any  trickster  is  at  the 
present  offering,  or  writing  and  talking  about. 

There  have  been  many  angry  disputes  as  to  what 
took  money  out  of  circulation  after  the  election  of 
1892,  but,  Mr.  Labor,  what  happened  at  Grovers- 
ville  has  settled  all  that  contention.  Money  went 
out  of  circulation  there  because  the  factories  were 
forced  by  cheaper  imported  goods  to  close  down, 
thereby  keeping  from  the  working  people  the  money 
to  put  in  circulation  that  they  had  obtained  through 
the  sale  of  their  days  works  up  to  that  time.  What 
happened  to  Groversville,  the  Wilson  bill  and  the 
early  promise  of  it  brought  to  the  whole  United 
States.  More  than  half  the  days  works  that  our 
market  had  taken  regularly  were  refused  and  could 
not  be  sold.  There  was  no  other  market  on  earth 
outside  of  our  own  that  we  could  offer  them  in,  and 
even  if  some  other  country  could  have  taken  them 
they  wouldn’t  have  paid  a price  that  we  could 
have  accepted.  The  extra  money  that  had  formerly 
been  in  circulation  was  what  these  same  days  works 
had  sold  for  prior  to  1893.  If  we  were  forced  to 
keep  everything  known  to  man,  and  not  sell  a thing, 
there  would  be  no  money  circulating,  and  if  we  are 


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239 


compelled  to  keep  any  part  there  will  be  less  in  cir- 
culation than  if  we  could  sell  the  whole.  The  promise 
of  a change  in  tariff  duties  which  later  materialized 
in  the  Wilson  bill  spoiled  the  sale  of  more  than  half 
our  days  works,  which  was  more  than  half  of  the 
long  end  of  what  we  have  to  sell  that  puts  money  in 
circulation.  We  know  this,  and  have  known  it,  and 
have  been  told  it  on  hundreds  of  occasions,  but  we 
have  failed  to  take  it  in  its  full  magnitude  and  that 
is  why  I refer  to  Groversville.  In  that  illustration 
we  see  every  feature  clearly  and  distinctly.  It  is  a 
complete  and  comprehensive  panorama  that  brings 
to  our  mental  vision  all  there  is  within  or  without 
that  makes  or  ruins  a market,  and  I earnestly  urge 
that  all  laboring  men  who  have  days  works  to  sell, 
which  means  so  much  to  them  and  to  me,  to  read 
and  re-read  that  lesson  until  they  become  so  loaded 
with  the  sentiments  and  principles  it  contains,  that 
they  can  ever  be  on  the  alert  to  thrust  it  in  the  teeth 
of  the  professional  mystifiers  who  undertake  to  lure 
us  into  the  belief  that  it  was  the  repeal  of  the  Sher- 
man silver  bill,  or  our  Government’s  financial  policy, 
that  took  money  out  of  circulation. 

Tell  such  men  plainly,  brother  workingman,  that 
when  the  free  traders  inveigled  us  into  voting  that 
men  and  women  in  some  other  country  should  sell 
their  days  works  in  our  market,  and  take  the  pay 
for  those  days  works  (which  should  have  been  pay 
for  our  days  works)  to  their  own  country  to  put  in 
circulation  there,  is  the  very  thing,  and  only  thing, 
that  so  shamefully  and  unpardonably  reduced  the 
circulation  of  money  in  this,  our  own  country,  and 
by  and  through  the  facts  and  results  in  Groversville 
your  claims  are  substantiated. 


240 


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I feel  deeply,  too,  Mr.  Labor,  that  the  time  has 
come  that  we  men  who  sell  days  works,  and  virtually 
have  not  a thing  else  to  sell,  turn  down  all  intruders 
in  our  field  who  endeavor  to  convince  us  that  the 
men  we  sell  them  to  are  not  our  friends.  Why  do 
not  such  men  go  out  and  tell  the  farmer  to  curse  the 
ground  that  grows  his  wheat?  Why  don’t  they  insist 
that  the  owner  of  a ship  shall  condemn  the  wind 
that  fills  its  sails?  Why  don’t  they  advise  the  dis- 
tributor of  the  product  to  censure  the  frost  that 
makes  his  ice?  Why  don’t  they  prevail  upon  all 
mankind  to  disapprove  of  the  air  we  breathe,  and 
the  water  we  drink?  Why  don’t  we  workingmen, 
Mr.  Labor,  have  the  courage  to  tell  such  men  to  go 
to  work  and  earn  an  honest  living  and  quit  absorbing 
from  us,  in  preference  to  listening  to  the  abuse  of 
the  man  who  gives  us  money  to  buy  our  flour? 

We  workingmen  have  all  the  power  in  our  own 
hands  today,  and  there  is  no  class  that  the  public 
yields  to  as  they  yield  to  us.  All  the  people,  and 
eight-tenths  of  our  employers  are  studying  our  wel- 
fare, no  matter  what  may  be  said  to  the  contrary. 
There  is  never  an  occasion  when  we  are  in  the  right 
that  the  strongest  and  the  best  of  our  people  are  not 
with  us. 

When  we  are  in  the  wrong  they  are  not  in  sym- 
pathy with  us,  and  they  ought  not  to  be,  and  on  such 
lines  WQ  ought  not  to  succeed;  but  under  all  circum- 
stances when  what  we  ask  is  tempered  with  consist- 
ency, we  get  it. 

All  the  laws,  except  the  Wilson  tariff  bill,  are  in 
our  favor,  and  there  has  been  no  contest  to  have 
them  come  that  way,  either.  You  can  get  a man 
killed  quicker  for  not  paying  for  a day’s  work  than 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


24 


any  other  crime  known.  To  put  it  tamer,  and  more 
to  the  point,  the  law  guards  the  workman’s  pay  first 
of  all  creditors.  We  laboring  men  never  fought  for 
that;  it  came  voluntarily  from  the  natural  mercies 
that  our  country  is  loaded  with,  and  when  all  our 
people  have  read  about  Groversville  you  and  I will 
not  have  to  keep  our  days  work,  and  permit  some 
other  man  in  some  other  country  to  sell  his  days 
work  to  our  neighbors. 

What  we  want  to  shut  off  is  the  street  howler  who 
tells  us  that  the  man  who  gives  us  all  the  money  we 
ever  see  as  our  own,  is  the  greatest  enemy  we  have. 

I do  not  know,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I have  said  very 
much  about  cotton  mills.  My  understanding  is  that 
all  you  cared  for  on  that  line  was  to  learn  if  there 
was  very  much  in  manufactured  cotton  goods  other 
than  labor.  That  product  came  out  like  all  others 
must,  showing  that  it  was  difficult  to  find  in  it  any- 
thing that  was  not  labor.  The  cotton  mills  in  1890 
employed  over  220,000  people,  and  beyond  a doubt 
fed,  clothed  and  provided  for  fully  a million  per- 
sons. Without  a doubt,  if  our  factories  could  manu- 
facture all  the  cotton  goods  this  country  uses,  they 
could  feed  and  care  for  nearly  half  a million  more 
people,  without  it  is  some  laces  and  certain  hand 
made  goods  that  some  other  countries  pay  greater 
attention  to  than  our  working  classes  care  to  turn 
their  hands  to. 

I shall  always  look,  Mr.  Labor,  for  our  country  to 
import  fine  hand  made  and  expensive  luxuries,  and 
when  all  our  labor  is  employed  and  we  are  having 
normal  success  there  will  always  be  enough  in  this 
direction  to  make  our  market  on  such  goods  very 
valuable  to  other  countries.  When  our  labor  is  so 


242 


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much  of  it  idle,  though,  as  has  been  the  case  the  past 
four  years,  our  margins  will  be  too  scrimpy  to  give 
very  much  room  to  luxuries.  We  are  not  likely  to 
indulge  our  appetites  for  luxuries  to  any  extended 
limit  when  our  stomachs  are  empty. 

I will  read  an  extract  from  Ex-Senator  David 
Bennett  Hill’s  Fourth  of  July  oration  at  Oswego,  N. 
Y.,  and  suggest,  Mr.  Labor,  that  it  is  good  matter  to 
print  in  the  records  of  this  school. 

(Clipped  from  the  Chicago  Tribune,  and  to  be 
duly  credited  to  the  New  York  Sun.) 


Ex-Senator  David  Bennett  Hill  in  his  Fourth  of 
July  Oration  Talks  of  Hard  Times. 


The  New  York  Sun  quotes  from  Ex-Senator  Hill’s 
Fourth  of  July  oration  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  as  follows: 

“I  realize  as  keenly  as  any  one  the  burdens  and 
sufferings  which  pertain  to  the  present  hard  times, 
the  continued  depression  which  affects  all  business, 
the  difficulty  of  obtaining  remunerative  employment, 
and  the  hardships  which  are  constantly  imposed  up- 
on the  extremely  poor  and  those  in  moderate  cir- 
cumstances. But  while  regretting  these  conditions, 
which  have  unfortunately  come  upon  the  country 
about  every  quarter  of  a century  since  our  existence 
as  a nation,  and  which  are  not  confined  to  this 
country  alone,  but  exist  largely  everywhere,  I beg  to 
remind  you  that  they  cannot  be  alleviated  by  parti- 
san misrepresentations,  by  plausible  but  false  the- 
ories of  their  cause,  by  attacking  those  in  official 
station,  by  arraying  class  against  class,  by  railing 
against  capital,  or  by  sowing  the  seeds  of  public  dis- 
content. It  is  in  such  times  as  these  that  dema- 


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243 


gogues  thrive;  it  is  in  just  such  times  that  they 
should  be  shunned.  Their  denunciations,  their  ap- 
peals, and  their  sophistries  afford  no  genuine  relief, 
but  only  aggravate  the  situation.  They  are  utterly 
powerless  for  good  but  potent  for  mischief.  They 
can  lead  men  astray,  but  they  cannot  correct  a single 
real  or  imaginary  grievance  under  which  men  suffer. 
They  are  usually  possessed  of  glib  tongues,  and 
while  profuse  with  honeyed  words  in  their  pro- 
fessions of  friendship  for  the  cause  of  labor  have 
never  been  known  to  contribute  one  idea  toward  the 
solution  of  labor’s  great  problem,  or  to  recommend, 
aid,  or  secure  the  enactment  of  a single  measure  for 
the  amelioration  of  workingmen  or  the  advancement 
of  their  welfare. 

‘Tt  is  strange,  indeed,  and  the  times  must  be  out 
of  joint  when  such  men  can  find  listeners  and  secure 
a following  among  reputable  workingmen  and  in- 
telligent farmers.  It  is  a time  for  plain  words.  There 
is  too  much  demagogism  abroad  in  the  land;  there 
is  too  much  false  doctrine  taught  pertaining  to  gov- 
ernmental functions;  there  is  too  much  encourage- 
ment of  the  spirit  of  socialism  and  all  that  it  implies, 
including  communistic  and  chimerical  schemes  for 
a ‘Social  Democracy,’  so-called;  there  is  too  much 
toleration  of  disrespect  for  courts  and  constituted 
authorities;  there  is  too  much  clamor  for  class  legis- 
lation; there  is  too  much  inculcation  of  the  idea  that 
men  can  become  rich  without  effort,  by  the  mere  fiat 
of  the  government,  instead  of  earning  wealth  in  the 
good  old-fashioned  way;  and  there  is  too  much  at- 
tention paid  to  cranks,  blatherskites,  and  political 
adventurers,  entitled  to  no  consideration,  but  who 


244 


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seem  to  have  obtained  the  public  ear,  and  are  seek- 
ing to  pull  down  the  pillars  of  society. 

‘‘I  confess  that  I know  of  no  adequate  remedy  for 
hard  times  within  the  power  of  the  government  to 
bestow.  I do  not  assume  to  be  wiser  than  our 
fathers,  who  confessed  alike  inability  in  worse  times 
than  these. 

“It  is  difficult  to  diagnose  accurately  the  causes 
of  a nation’s  ills.  This  much,  however,  is  clear:  the 
restoration  of  business  confidence  is  the  paramount 
need  of  the  hour.  Croaking  in  such  times  as  these 
will  not  give  us  relief;  recriminations  will  do  no 
good;  we  must  look  to  the  careful,  prudent,  intelli- 
gent men  of  all  classes  to  solve  the  difficulties  in  the 
light  of  the  experiences  of  the  past;  professional 
labor  agitators  cannot  furnish  a day’s  work  to  a 
single  unemployed  laborer,  and  theoretical  political 
evangelists,  who  pretend  so  thoroughly  to  compre- 
hend the  money  question,  but  whose  only  stock  in 
trade  is  their  fine-spun  theories  and  severe  criticism 
of  successful  men,  have  usually  not  a dollar  to  invest 
in  any  legitimate  business. 

“Instead  of  yielding  to  despondency,  let  us  look 
at  the  future  with  hope  and  courage.  Let  us  lend  a 
helping  hand  to  the  unfortunate.  Let  us  endeavor 
to  create  work  for  the  unemployed.  Let  us  encour- 
age men  of  means  to  embark  in  new  enterprises. 
Let  us  welcome  every  public  improvement.  Let  us 
patronize  the  public-spirited  business-man,  who  does 
something  for  the  people  in  return.  Let  our  nation 
cease  to  meddle  with  dangerous  monetary  experi- 
ments.” 

The  suggestions  in  this  speech  as  to  whom  we 
should  not  listen  to  or  follow  is  of  untold  value,  and 


Labors’  Hard  iimes  School. 


245 

if  we  laboring  men  will  give  the  weight  and  import- 
ance that  is  due  ourselves  to  give  it  we  will  be  guided 
in  the  wrong  direction  less  in  the  future  than  we 
have  been  in  the  past. 


i 


I 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


.'>46 


LESSON  XII. 

Labor  recognizes  a gentleman,  who  rises  and  ex- 
presses a desire  to  take  a brief  part  in  the  exercises, 
and  in  opening  says: 

“My  name,  Mr.  Labor,  is  Sands;  I am  a farmer, 
and  a resident  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  I shall  be 
pleased  to  add  a few  words,  and  I have  a small 
amount  of  data  that  I feel  confident,  when  examined, 
you  will  consider  of  sufficient  importance  to  include 
in  your  report  of  what  transpires  here.’' 

Labor.  We  shall  be  pleased  to  listen  to  you,  Mr. 
Sands,  and  the  data  you  refer  to  will  no  doubt  con- 
firm and  give  strength  to  our  efforts.  You  may 
proceed. 

Mr.  Sa?ids.  I have  been  a regular  pupil  here  to 
the  neglect  of  some  other  affairs  over  which,  ordi- 
narily, I would  have  felt  slightly  guilty,  but  the 
light  I have  taken  on  has  so  engrossed  my  thoughts 
that  I have  cheerfully  neglected  other  duties.  I have 
some  confessions,  too,  that  I shall  never  feel  quite 
right  over  if  I smother  and  carry  away  with  me. 
You  have  said  that  the  word  “free”  was  catchy,  and 
I conclude  that  that  was  a part  of  what  caught  me. 

The  free  traders  had  so  much  to  say  about  a larger 
market — so  much  larger — and  about  my  getting 
everything  cheaper,  and  such  a lot  of  things,  that  I 
decided  in  1892  I would  be  making  a good-sized  ass 
of  myself  if  I didn’t  vote  their  ticket.  I see  now, 
Mr.  Labor,  what  a fool  I was  that  I didn’t  think  to 
ask  them  about  the  size  of  our  own  market.  If 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


247 


enough  of  us  had  done  that  in  time  we  could  have 
saved  a whole  lot  of  wounds.  The  truth  is  “the 
markets  of  the  world’'  sounded  so  large  it  caused  us 
to  forget  everything  else. 

I was  so  taken  with  the  idea  that  the  only  wonder 
to  me  now  is  that  I didn’t  load  everything  I own  on 
to  the  cars,  farm  and  all,  and  go  chasing  after  the 
markets  of  the  world.  Only  for  the  chickens,  butter, 
eggs,  steers,  calves,  etc.,  I have  sold  in  our  own 
market  since  1892  I would  have  starved  to  death. 
When  I found  out  that  the  markets  of  the  world 
only  take  from  one-seventh  to  one-ninth  of  all  we 
raise,  barring  cotton,  and  that  we  can’t  coax  them  to 
take  any  more,  and  they  only  take  that  much  when 
theycannot  get  it  anywhere  else,!  felt  goodand  cheap. 
Mr.  Labor,  do  you  think  that  the  fellows  who  told 
me  such  a lot  about  the  world’s  markets  knew  that 
England,  China,  France,  Germany,  Italy,  Russia, 
Poland,  India  and  all  other  countries  wouldn’t  send 
any  of  their  agents  to  my  farm  to  buy  what  I had  to 
sell? 

Labor,  My  opinion  is,  Mr.  Sands,  that  they  knew 
but  very  little  of  what  they  were  talking  about.  Evi- 
dently they  have  suffered  equally  with  the  rest  of 
us,  which  they  could  not  have  anticipated  or  desired, 
hence  my  opinion  that  they  were  ignorant  of  the 
danger  they  were  inviting  and  urging. 

Mr.  Sands.  My  opinion  is,  Mr.  Labor,  that  they 
were  a big  lot  of  guessers,  and  they  didn’t  seem  to 
do  much  but  guess  after  we  elected  them.  The  load 
they  took  on  appeared  to  be  too  large  for  their 
wagon.  A whole  lot  of  them  wanted  to  do  all  right, 
but  there  was  a larger  lot,  “large  like  the  markets  of 
the  world,”  the  regular  free  trade  or  bust  element, 


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who  wanted  to  paint  themselves  all  over  any  color 
on  earth  except  red,  white  and  blue.  They  wouldn’t 
study  history,  listen  to  reason  or  anything  or  any- 
body except  the  few  artists  who  acted  as  if  they 
wanted  to  decorate  themselves  so  they  would  espec- 
ially shine  and  leave  us  fellows,  who  put  them  in 
office,  to  decorate  ourselves. 

If  those  fellows  ever  get  any  compliments,  Mr. 
Labor,  for  the  tints  they  put  on  themselves  or  on  us, 
they  will  have  to  go  to  some  other  country  for  them. 
I don’t  believe  our  people,  or  the  history  of  our 
country,  will  ever  give  them  any. 

I see  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  our  Treasury 
Department  that  $6,777,995.82  worth  of  unmanufac- 
tured cotton,  free  of  duty,  was  imported  into  the 
United  States  in  1896.  In  1887  it  only  amounted  to 
$533, 219.  I don’t  like  this  kind  of  growth,  Mr. 
Labor;  I feel  there  is  danger  in  it.  I believe  with 
Col.  Rasbach  that  the  South  needs  that  nearly  seven 
million  dollars.  According  to  the  Colonel’s  figures, 
five  million  and  more  of  that  money  would  have 
gone  to  the  laboring  people  of  the  South,  and  that 
end  of  our  country  would  have  been  over  six  and  a 
half  million  dollars  richer.  My  State  of  Ohio  will 
shake  hands  with  Col.  Rasbach  on  this  question;  we 
are  mutually  interested.  He  and  his  people  can 
help  us  take  care  of  our  wool,  and  we  people  will 
help  them  take  care  of  their  cotton. 

Then  we  who  raise  the  wool,  instead  of  having  to 
‘‘kiss  our  money  good-bye”  when  it  goes  to  other 
countries  to  buy  that  product,  will  keep  it  at  home 
to  buy  more  cotton  goods  with,  which  will  benefit 
our  people  in  states  where  the  cotton  is  raised  and 
help  those  who  manufacture  such  goods  into  cloth 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


249 


that  serves  for  sails,  bagging  and  such  a quantity  of 
things  other  than  wearing  apparel,  which  properly 
protected  means  to  this  latter  class  a lot  more  of  our 
money  to  keep  and  use  at  home.  The  Colonel  and 
his  friends  in  the  South  by  having  our  cotton  mar- 
ket, as  they  are  entitled  to  have  it,  will  be  spared  the 
pain  of  seeing  United  States  money  going  to  foreign 
countries  to  purchase  baled  cotton,  and  we  are  blind, 
and  doubly  blind,  when  we  fail  to  see  that  it  is  to 
our  interest  for  the  South  to  have  that  money  so 
they  can  invest  more  liberally  in  what  we  have  to 
offer  for  sale,  a thing  utterly  beyond  their  power  to 
do  when  minus  this  money,  it  having  been  given  to 
some  other  country. 

The  day  seems  to  be  just  dawning,  and  for  the 
first  time  in  our  history,  too,  that  the  South  and  the 
North  are  mutually  recognizing  the  utility  they  can 
be  to  each  other.  The  early  cabbage,  potatoes,  ber- 
ries, peaches,  melons,  etc.,  and  lemons,  oranges,  pine 
apples  and  a host  of  stuff  our  Northern  people  pur- 
chase from  the  South,  should  remind  them  that  pro- 
tection to  our  industries,  which  provides  for  keeping 
our  money  at  home  rather  than  leaving  gates  open 
for  it  to  go  abroad  to  stay,  is  of  too  much  import- 
ance to  them  to  be  lost  sight  of,  and  beyond  any 
question  they  are  beginning  to  see  it. 

The  market,  Mr.  Labor,  they  want  to  increase  is 
the  one  mentioned  above  If  the  day’s  work  is  done 
in  Germany,  the  workman  will  buy  his  early  cabbage 
and  melons  there,  and  the  South  will  not  ship  them 
to  him  either,  hence  he  can  be  no  customer  of  theirs. 
Also,  if  our  workman  by  this  means  fails  to  get  the 
day’s  work  to  do  he  will  be  out  of  money  and  fail 
to  be  their  customer,  too. 


250 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


How  plain  that  we  are  all  mutually  interested. 
The  more  the  South  does  to  aid  Northern  toilers  in 
selling  their  days  works  the  more  of  all  their  pro- 
ducts they  can  sell  them.  The  greater  quantity  oi 
their  products  the  North  is  able  to  buy  and  eat  up, 
and  consume  in  other  ways,  the  more  money  the 
South  will  have  to  invest  in  what  the  North  offers 
for  sale. 

Instead  of  our  money  flying  across  the  briny  deep 
to  stay,  it  will  be  flying  back  and  forth  across  our 
own  country,  and  the  sum  of  our  increased  riches, 
Mr.  Labor,  will  be  just  exactly  the  sum  of  money 
we  have  kept  at  home. 

I am  tired,  Mr.  Labor,  of  hearing  about  foreign 
markets  when  it  is  used  in  any  sense  that  injures  our 
own  market.  They  have  pumped  all  of  that  into  me 
they  ever  can.  We  use  from  seven-eights  to  nine- 
tenths  of  our  grown  products  at  home,  except  cotton 
About  two-thirds  of  the  cotton  we  raise  is  sold  to 
other  countries,  but  we  raise  more  cotton  than  the 
balance  of  the  world  just  now. 

Egypt,  India  and  other  countries  are  gaining  rap- 
idly and  may  injure  our  foreign  trade  in  cotton  later 
on,  hence  the  importance  of  being  kind  enough  to 
ourselves  to  keep  our  own  market  on  that  com- 
modity for  our  own  product. 

If  we  should  surrender  to  other  countries  that 
portion  of  our  market  on  all  industries  they  would 
have  the  gall  to  ask,  which  would  be  quite  all  we 
have,  they  would  not  then  buy  any  more  baled  cot- 
ton of  us  than  they  had  to  have,  or  anything  else  we 
have  to  sell. 

Our  own  market,  Mr.  Labor,  is  what  I have  made 
up  my  mind  we  can  control  and  increase  if  we  know 


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251 


enough  to  do  it.  So  long  as  statistics  show  that  we 
use  forty-nine  fiftieths  of  all  we  manufacture  at 
home,  wherein  the  very  sellers  of  days  works  with 
their  families  themselves  are  the  chief  feature  of  our 
market,  why  can  we  find  individuals  that  will  urge 
us  to  shamefully  ignore  the  49-50  interest  in  order  to 
cultivate  the  fractibnal  1-50  part?  Does  anyone 
flatter  himself  that  we  could  compete  with  Germany 
in  making  wooden  shoes  for  their  market? 

The  fellows  that  fooled  me  about  the  markets  of 
the  world,  Mr.  Labor,  and  inveigled  me  into  voting 
their  ticket,  doctored  our  market  with  their  medicine 
so  that  the  people  of  the  United  States  consumed 
147,788,510  bushels  less  wheat  in  1895  than  they  did 
in  1890. 

That  is  what  they  did  in  one  commodity,  Mr^ 
Labor,  to  our  market  while  they  were  chasing  after 
the  markets  of  the  world.  How  much  must  our 
market  for  delicacies  and  luxuries,  together  with 
other  necessities  that  our  simplest  comforts  demand, 
have  shrunk? 

Why  do  we  not  have  printed  estimates  of  all 
shrinkage  covering  all  our  industries  and  all  our 
products?  They  should  be  kept  before  our  people 
that  we  may  all  know  how  much  we  paid  for  the 
free  trade  singing  we  have  had  to  listen  to  all  these 
years. 

Think  of  our  using  nearly  148  million  bushels  less 
wheat  in  1895  we  did  in  1890!  Was  there  not  an 
increase  of  people  in  that  time?  Where  was  our 
growth  and  our  progress  for  five  years  ? Some  one  ( I 
don’t  know  who  it  is)  ought  to  be  ashamed.  I called 
one  man’s  attention  to  the  fact  of  how  much  less  we 
used  in  the  product  of  wheat  in  1895  he  said  he 


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thought  the  people  were  eating  more  oats.  I told 
him  I thought  they  were  eating  more  hay,  and  cited 
Groversville  to  him.  That  ideal  city  carries  the 
keen  edge  that  makes  us  all  see  it,  Mr.  Labor. 

I listened  to  a conversation  between  a protection- 
ist and  a free  trader  in  New  York  City  in  the  fall  of 
1893.  The  former  was  remarking  how  cheap  his 
wife  had  told  him  butter  and  eggs  were  in  the  mar- 
ket, when  the  free  trader  in  a boasting  way  said: 
“Are  you  not  glad  of  1:hat?” 

The  protectionist  answered  he  could  not  see  why 
he  should  be  glad  of  it.  Why,  the  free  trader  re- 
marked, don’t  you  like  to  have  what  you  are  com- 
pelled to  buy  cheap?  The  protectionist  answered, 
not  in  the  light  he  saw  that  kind  of  cheapness,  and 
added  that  he  didn’t  believe  the  ridiculously  low 
price  was  caused  by  there  being  any  more  butter,  or 
any  more  eggs  than  usual,  and  remarked  that  the 
only  way  he  could  account  for  it  was  that  the  poor 
people  were  eating  their  bread  without  butter,  and 
that  they  had  no  thought  of  using  eggs,  and  he  told 
the  free  trader  that  if  he  could  find  any  consolation 
in  such  a condition  of  cheapness  he  would  have  to 
enjoy  it  all  alone;  that  the  fact  that  others  were  en- 
during privation  held  no  gratification  for  him,  and 
charged  that  men  who  could  find  pleasure  and  en- 
joyment in  such  conditions  were  not  less  than  cheap 
skates  themselves. 

One  millon  dollars  per  week  forwool  going  out  of 
our  country  so  the  papers  have  been  telling  us  for  a 
long  time,  Mr.  Labor,  but  I think  for  the  past  few 
weeks  it  has  been  more  than  that,  for  they  have 
been  rushing  wool  in  to  avoid  the  Dingley  bill  tax. 
How  do  you  think  we  Ohio  Farmers  who  keep  a 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


253 


few  sheep,  or  want  to  keep  a few,  like  that,  Mr. 
Labor? 

Labor,  It  is  a great  injury  to  you,  Mr.  Sands,  and 
I should  judge  it  would  make  you  very  sore. 

Mr.  Sands.  Yes,  but  we  are  somewhat  accustomed 
to  it  now.  You  know,  Mr.  Labor,  you  can  become 
so  thoroughly  accustomed  to  an  old  sore  that  it  loses 
part  of  its  sting.  When  I first  learned  that  a lot  of 
other  fellows  held  the  markets  of  the  world  on 
wooden  shoes,  leather  coats,  and  the  gloves  that 
nature  started  mankind  out  with,  in  the  hollow  of 
their  hands,  it'  nearly  took  my  breath.  I had  be- 
come so  wrought  up  with  the  idea  that  I was  going 
to  have  a chunk  out  of  nearly  everything  on  earth 
tossed  on  to  my  farm,  and  everything  was  going  to 
be  so  smooth  and  easy  with  me,  that  I just  drove 
down  to  the  store  and  loaded  my  big  wagon  box 
full  of  everything  nice, — things  my  family  never 
had  before,  and  told  the  merchant  to  charge  it,  that 
I would  be  back  in  a few  days  and  pay  the  bill,  and 
get  a lot  more. 

Do  you  know,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I haven’t  paid  that 
bill  yet?  I had  to  give  the  merchant  my  note  and 
pay  interest  on  it.  Of  course,  I am  all  right;  I had 
loaned  some  farmers,  that  were  in  the  wool  and 
sheep  business,  some  money,  but  they  haven’t  been 
able  to  pay  even  the  interest.  I am  well  secured 
and  could  force  them  to  pay  me  any  time,  but  they 
are  not  to  blame  and  are  good  fellows.  It  would  be 
mean  in  me  to  push  them  in  so  much  as  I voted  the 
nasty  times  on  to  them.  One  of  them  told  me  that 
free  wool  would  shut  him  up  while  it  lasted,  and 
advised  me  not  to  vote  the  ticket  I did. 


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Twe  iuorth  ^ovtr  au'iiNc 

?0REIC,N  COVA^TaiE'i 


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255 


I told  him  what  I had  heard  about  the  markets  of 
the  world,  and  about  getting  things  so  cheap,  etc. 

He  asked  me  then  if  anybody  had  hit  me  on  the 
head  with  anything  hard,  like  a policeman’s  club,  or 
the  coupling  pin  to  a freight  car? 

I said,  “ no,”  and  wanted  to  know  why  he  asked 
me  such  a question. 

He  said  I talked  like  my  old  scull  had  been 
cracked. 

I told  him  I didn’t  like  that  remark,  and  that  I 
had  as  good  a right  to  an  opinion  as  he  had. 

Yes,  he  said,  but  you  have  no  right  to  go  crazy 
from  choice.  And  then  he  went  on  and  gave  me 
hail  Columbia.  He  said  I was  an  old  hog;  that  I 
was  always  grabbing  for  everything  in  sight  and 
wanted  some  one  else  to  pay  for  it.  He  said  that 
the  jingle  of  a ten  cent  piece  going  down  into  my 
pocket  would  remind  anyone  of  that  old  camp 
meeting  song,  “ Farewell,  Vain  World,  I am  Going 
Home.” 

You  are  one  of  the  blind,  too,  he  said,  that  plan 
to  tramp  all  kinds  of  money  into  the  mud,  chasing  af- 
ter a dollar  that  cannot  be  had.  He  told  me  if  I would 
try  to  get  what  I wanted  in  a decent  kind  of  a way  I 
would  grow  better  looking.  He  said  I was  hunting 
for  something  I could  get  for  nothing  so  hard  that 
my  eyes  were  growing  squinty. 

I tell  you,  Mr.  Labor,  by  the  time  he  stopped 
talking  I was  angry,  and  if  his  notes  had  been  due  I 
would  have  made  him  pay  them  right  there,  but  he 
had  only  had  my  money  for  about  six  months,  and 
I had  loaned  it  to  him  for  a year.  I did  not  go 
near  him  again  for  a long  time;  I did  not  like  his 
guns,  or  the  way  he  fired  them.  I had  made  up  my 


256  Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  ^ 

mind,  though,  that  when  his  notes  did  come  due,  if 
he  was  in  any  shape  so  I could  do  it,  I would  break 
his  back,  but  before  that  time  rolled  around,  Mr. 
Labor,  the  squint  he  told  me  about  began  to  get  out 
of  my  eyes,  and  what  he  had  said  had  a different 
look  to  me.  I knew  he  was  a man  who  studied  all 
questions  closely,  and  it  dawned  upon  me  that  he 
had  a pretty  clear  idea  of  what  was  in  store  for  us. 
I have  heard  him  say  since,  though,  that  times  were 
three  times  as  bad  as  he  ever  thought  they  could  be. 

I listen  to  every  word  that  man  says  now.  His 
name  is  Dutcher,  and  he  will  tell  you  just  what  he 
thinks  every  time.  I have  studied  myself  a lot,  Mr. 
Labor,  since  he  held  that  mirror  up  in  front  of  me, 
and  as  soon  as  the  Dingley  bill  is  a law  I will  make 
him  acknowledge*that  when  I pull  a ten  cent  piece 
out  of  my  pocket  the  lad  will  sing,  “Here  I am  born 
again  in  the  best  of  cheer.  Watch  me  now  while  I 
go  on  a lark.’’ 

It  is  pretty  slow  work,  Mr.  Labor,  for  farmers  to 
make  money,  and  we  people  in  Ohio  have  felt  the 
pinch  worse  on  account  of  free  wool  than  any  other 
single  thing  that  has  gone  the  wrong  way. 

Labor.  I do  not  see,  Mr.  Sands,  that  you  are  enti- 
tled to  much  sympathy.  You  have  means,  and  was 
in  a sense  fortified  for  the  struggles  that  we  have 
passed  through. 

Mr.  Sa?ids.  Very  true,  but  I have  not  made  any 
money.  We  never  feel  real  good  when  our  re- 
sources are  not  growing  stronger. 

Labor.  You  must  not  forget,  Mr.  Sands,  that  you 
have,  as  a farmer,  resources  that  your  family  and 
you  can  depend  upon  for  nearly  every  necessity  of 
life,  even  though  you  sell  but  very  little  of  anything. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


257 


Farmers  can  avoid  becoming  dependent  during 
such  a siege  as  we  have  just  passed  through  easier 
than  any  other  class  of  our  people.  You  can,  in  a 
sense,  live  a long  time  without  selling,  although 
there  is  nearly  always  some  kind  of  a demand  for 
something  you  may  have  to  offer,  but  you  will  ad- 
mit, I know,  that  you  can  keep  what  you  have  to 
sell  and  exist,  but  how  is  it  with  the  man  whose 
only  resource  is  from  the  sale  of  his  days  works. 
You  cannot  dispute  that  it  must  be  a great  question 
with  him  how  he  is  to  live  when  he  is  compelled  to 
keep  his  days  works;  you  can  nearly  always  accu- 
mulate on  your  farm  and  sell  later,  while  the  work- 
ingman’s accumulated  unsold  days  works  are  abso- 
lutely without  value. 

Mr.Sa?tds.  I have  been  studying  that  phase  of  the 
question  these  last  few  days,  Mr.  Labor,  and  I had 
already  discovered  what  a debt  w^e  farmers  owe  the 
people  who  have  only  toil  to  sell,  and  how  shameful 
it  is  when  we  vote  a ticket  that  forces  those  people 
to  keep  that  toil;,  when  not  sold,  as  you  remarked,  it 
is  absolutely  without  value. 

What  an  excruciating  pain  it  must  be  to  a robust 
head  of  a family  when  his  means  are  all  exhausted, 
and  he  finds  it  impossible  to  dispose  of  his  days 
works. 

Up  to  the  time  that  Mr.  Dutcher  so  frankly  pictured 
to  me  the  narrow  channel  in  which  I was  living,  I had 
never  given  these  questions  a passing  thought.  I 
was  quite  positive  they  did  not  concern  me.  What 
has  overtaken  our  people  since  then,  together  with 
what  he  said  and  the  information  gained  at  this 
school,  has  brought  home  to  me  this  higher  and 
broader  sphere  of  life. 


258  Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 

A man  suspended  in  some  frail  way  at  a dizzy 
height,  seemingly  beyond  the  power  of  aid  from 
those  below  whose  attention  he  can  attract,  and  all 
avenues  cut  off  whereby  he  can  relieve  himself,  must 
be  partially  in  the  frame  of  mind  of  the  fond  father 
and  husband  whose  table,  chairs,  cook-stove,  dishes 
and  beds  have  already  been  exchanged  for  food  and 
yet  not  a semblance  of  an  opportunity  to  dispose  of 
a day’s  work  insight,  and  the  attention  he  can  attract 
is  only  that  of  people  whose  distress  is  equal  to  his 
own. 

When  such  conditions,  Mr.  Labor,  are  due  to  the 
fact  that  other  countries  are  shipping  their  days 
works  into  the  United  States  and  our  people  are 
buying  them,  it  is  a sad  thought,  and  whether  they 
are  cheaper  or  not,  the  principle  is  wrong.  The 
squint  is  getting  out  of  my  eyes,  and  I want  to  help 
if  I can;  and  I can  help  when  I vote,  and  I will.  By 
thus  voting,  too,  I see  now  I will  be  helping  my  own 
family.  I want  the  wage  earner  of  our  country  to 
wear  Ohio  wool.  I know,  Mr.  Labor,  some  will 
charge  that  this  is  a selfish  and  narrow  view  to  take 
of  a question  so  broad,  but  if  we  carry  the  day  we 
will  do  it  on  selfish  lines.  Men  are  too  much  in  the 
condition  I was  before  Mr.  Butcher  overhauled  me. 
There  are  enough  people  on  the  selfish  end  to  give 
us  the  day  when  it  is  all  understood,  and  give  it  to 
us  to  keep,  too,  but  people  must  not  flatter  them- 
selves that  the  free  trader  is  dead,  or  that  we  are  not 
going  to  hear  from  him  again,  for  we  are.  Some  of 
them  are  scolding  me  good  every  time  I meet  them 
for  changing  my  mind,  and  they  say  I will  be  back 
in  the  old  lines  when  election  comes  around.  I tell 
them  I want  to  remain  and  vote  with  them,  but  if  I 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


259 


do  they  must  not  put  up  any  free  trade  candidates 
on  their  tickets,  and  I have  only  commenced  telling 
them,  Mr.  Labor.  I intend  to  fire  hot  shot  into  them 
after  this. 

I don’t  want  to  keep  my  wool,  or  take  half  price 
for  it  in  order  that  foreign  countries  may  have  our 
market,  or  divide  it  with  us  on  wool.  I had  rather 
they  w^ould  sell  their  wool  here,  though,  than  to  have 
them  make  it  into  cloth  and  send  the  cloth  here.  If 
our  laborer  can  sell  the  days  works  to  make  the 
cloth,  he  will  be  better  able  to  buy  a steak  out  of  a 
steer  I may  raise  than  could  possibly  be  the  case  if 
the  cloth  were  made  in  some  other  country.  I am 
getting  my  eyes  opened  wide  enough,  and  they  are 
open  wide  enough,  too,  to  see  that  if  we  farmers 
can  sell  the  wool  we  will  have  more  money  to  buy 
the  cloth  and  clothes  with. 

This  you  see,  Mr.  Labor,  brings  us  right  up  to  the 
point  again  where  we  are  helping  each  other  when 
we  are  all  wearing  and  in  every  possible  way  using 
American  wool  manufactured  at  home.  The  Ameri- 
can manufacturer  who  wants  foreign  wool  should  not 
grumble  if  I buy  foreign  clothes,  but  we  are  two 
fools  and  it  is  a Kilkenny  fight  when  we  do  either. 

Some  say  our  wool  is  not  of  the  right  quality. 
That  kind  of  talk,  Mr.  Labor,  is  subterfuge  pure  and 
simple.  We  can  raise  good  enough  wool  for  any 
lords  to  wear.  I have  seen  as  good  cloth  made  in 
this  country  from  our  own  wool  as  need  ever  be  laid 
on  any  counter,  and  that,  too,  in  the  face  of  but  little 
encouragement  to  our  manufacturers  to  make  that 
class  of  cloth,  just  because  our  fine  cloth  people 
want  to  say  they  wear  only  imported  goods. 

Induce  our  people,  Mr.  Labor,  to  use  fine  Ameri- 


26o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


can  cloths  and  our  manufacturers  will  surprise  them 
with  the  elegance  of  the  goods  they  can  make,  but 
they  do  not  want  to  make  fine  cloth  and  keep  it,  and 
we  need  not  think  they  are  simple  minded  enough 
to  do  it  either. 

Think,  Mr.  Labor,  of  a million  dollars  a week  for 
wool  leaving  our  country.  How  much  more  of  every- 
thing would  we  farmers  and  the  sheep  ranchmen  of 
the  West  buy  if  we  could  have  that  money?  That 
money,  Mr.  Labor,  belongs  to  our  country  as  a 
nation  just  as  much  and  in  the  same  sense  as  the 
money  I sell  a steer  for  that  I have  raised  belongs 
to  me  and  my  family.  All  we  are  as  a nation  is  a 
larger  family;  then  why  should  we  as  a nation,  or  a 
larger  family,  buy  of  other  countries  just  what  we 
have  to  sell  any  more  than  any  single  family  should 
purchase  of  a neighbor  just  the  very  same  article 
that  such  single  family  has  at  home  and  is  looking 
forward  to  the  time  when  a customer  will  be  found 
to  buy  it? 

This  was  all  illustrated  by  Mr.  Williams  when  he 
asked  how  he  would  look  buying  corn  of  a neighbor 
to  fatten  his  hogs  when  he  had  a crib  full  of  corn  on 
his  own  farm. 

This  holds  good  with  manufactured  products  as 
well  as  grown  products,  as  has  already  been  cited. 
The  principles  involved  were  made  plain  in  Grovers- 
ville,  where  the  identical  workman  identically 
bought  himself  out  of  a job. 

Our  national  officers  are  at  the  head  of  our 
larger  family  the  same  as  my  wife  and  I are  at  the 
head  of  our  family,  and  such  national  officers  plan- 
ning for  our  people  to  purchase  from  foreign  coun- 
tries just  what  we  have  ourselves,  and  what  we  can 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  261 

manufacture,  has  just  as  little  business  prudence  as 
my  wife  and  I would  show  in  planning  to  accumulate 
all  possible  for  our  children,  should  we  buy  our  milk 
and  butter  and  let  our  own  cows  go  dry. 

Labor,  We  see,  Mr.  Sands,  that  you  are  becoming 
quite  a protectionist, 

Mr.  Sands.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  I am  forced  square 
about.  This  light  is  old  to  you  but  it  is  new  to  me 
and  it  dazzles  me  more,  a thing  new  light  always 
does.  You  no  doubt  have  thought  these  things  out 
a thousand  times  until  the  thoughts  have  become  old 
and  rusty,  but  to  me  they  are  bright  and  new  and 
possess  a special  lustre. 

I never  brought  national  affairs  down  to  my  farm 
or  some  one’s  store  or  factory  before.  When  we  look 
at  it  in  the  right  way,  our  government  is  a huge  busi- 
ness affair,  but  on  so  broad  a scale  that  it  staggers 
our  comprehension. 

As  a rule,  what  will  harm  us  as  a whole  will  harm 
us  in  fractional  parts.  No  one  would  dare  argue  that 
we  should  buy  all  our  wool  from  other  countries, 
and  now  that  it  cannot  be  honestly  proven  that  we 
cannot  raise  a good  enough  grade  of  wool,  why 
should  we  purchase  a fractional  part  even  away  from 
home? 

This  principle  holds  good  with  days  works  stored 
in  manufactured  goods  or  anything  else  we  have  to 
sell,  Mr.  Labor,  and  will  continue  to  hold  good  so 
long  as  ours  is  by  far  the  greatest  single  market  in 
the  world,  and,  in  a sense,  nearly  equal  to  all  the 
other  markets  of  the  world  which  so  many  howlers, 
to  whom  I was  simple  enough  at  one  time  to  listen, 
have  been  so  solicitous  about. 

If  the  markets  of  the  world  were  ten  or  twenty 


262 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


times  greater  than  ours,  as  is  the  case  with  any  other 
country,  it  would  all  have  a very  different  look  to  it. 
So  long,  though,  as  our  market  approaches  one-half 
in  dollars  and  cents  the  total  markets  of  the  world, 
and  our  part  of  it  is  the  only  portion  we  can  con- 
trol, my  ears  in  the  future,  Mr.  Labor,  shall  not  be 
open  to  quackers  about  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Labor,  Is  there  any  labor  required  in  growing 
wool,  Mr.  Sands? 

Mr,  Sands,  If  we  farmers  hired  and  paid  for  all 
the  attention  given  to  our  sheep  from  the  time  they 
are  lambs  until  they  are  grown  it  would  cost  us  more 
than  the  wool  and  sheep  would  have  sold  for  in  our 
markets  the  past  few  years.  We,  as  a rule,  do  most 
of  the  work  ourselves,  and  our  children  before  they 
are  old  enough  to  assume  heavier  duties  aid  us  ma- 
terially in  looking  after  the  sheep  in  a small  way. 
At  washing  and  shearing  time,  as  a rule,  extra  help 
is  employed. 

Selling  our  wool  and  what  increase  of  sheep  we 
want  to  dispose  of  is  simply  getting  pay  for  our 
days  works,  Mr.  Labor,  and  the  price  the  wool  and 
sheep  bring  tell  whether  we  realize  good  pay  or 
small  pay  for  our  labor. 

It  is  rare,  Mr.  Labor,  that  a farmer  owning  lOO 
acres  of  land  or  more  does  not  consider  it  profitable 
to  keep  a few  sheep.  Up  to  a certain  number  they 
can  be  carried  along  on  a farm,  and  what  they  com 
sume  during  portions  of  the  year  hardly  be  missed. 
Sheep  appear  to  be  a sort  of  requisite  to  a farmer’s 
equipment  and  an  adjunct  of  no  trifling  importance 
when  rounding  up  the  yearly  receipts.  Especially  is 
this  true  when  we  can  depend  on  having  our  owm 
market  to  ourselves  for  both  wool  and  woolen  goods. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


263 


I have  here,  Mr.  Labor,  some  comparative  data 
relative  to  the  wool  industry  under  the  McKinley 
bill  and  the  Wilson  bill  that  is  very  significant.  This 
is  what  I referred  to  in  the  outset,  and  claimed  then 
that  I felt  confident  after  hearing  it  read  you  would 
consider  it  of  sufficient  importance  to  include  in  your 
report. 


WOOL — A STUDY  FOR  FARMERS  IN  FREE  TRADE. 

No.  395. 

IMPORTS  OF  WOOL. 


Calendar  year. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

1891 

139.317.571 

$18,798,402 

1892 

167,784,490 

21,190,639 

1893 

111,752,368 

13.953,549 

1894 

115,736,820 

13,862,512 

Protection  average 

j33.647.813 

16,951,386 

00 

248,989,217 

33.770,159 

Free  trade  increase 

115,341,405 

16,818,883 

Free  trade  in  the  raw  material  of  woolen  manu- 
facturers means  nearly  double  the  quantity  of  foreign 
wool  used  here,  to  the  detriment  of  American  wool, 
and  just  double  the  amount  of  gold  sent  abroad  to 
pay  for  it.  The  extra  ^16,818,883  shipped  to  foreign 
farmers  would  have  served  a much  better  purpose 
had  it  been  distributed  among  American  sheep- 
raisers.  It  would  have  helped  our  own  people  won- 
derfully in  paying  interest  on  their  farm  mortgages, 
perhaps  in  preventing  the  mortgages  on  their  farms, 
or  in  improving  them,  or  in  paying  off  a little  of  the 
village  store  account.  But  farmers  must  not  expect 
this  under  free  trade.  They  can  only  wait  patiently 
until  we  have  a Congress  in  favor  of  protection  and 


264 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


a President  in  1897  favor  of  protection,  when,  we 
trust,  such  a tariff  law  will  be  enacted  as  will  exclude 
every  pound  of  foreign  wool,  and  enable  American 
farmers  to  secure  the  whole  of  the  thirty-odd  mill- 
ions of  dollars  of  gold  that  we  shipped  abroad  last 
year  to  pay  for  it. 

WOOL — BEFORE  AND  AFTER  TAKING  FREE  TRADE. 

No.  396, 


Imports  of — 

1894. 

1895. 

Wool 

$13,862,512 

$33,770,159 

Shoddy 

533,310 

2,759.478 

Woolen  goods 

16,809,372 

57,494,863 

Totals 

31,205,194 

94,024,500 

Free  trade  loss 

62,819,306 

WOOL — COST  OF  PRODUCING. 

No.  397. 

A communication  from  Hon.  Charles  Hilton,  an 
extensive  wool  grower  of  Eastern  Oregon,  states  the 
effects  of  placing  wool  on  the  free  list  in  Oregon  as 
follows: 

The  Dalles,  Ore.,  Dec.  6,  1893. 

“I  have  been  engaged  in  the  business  for  eighteen 
years,  and  have  run  from  ten  to  twelve  thousand 
head.  I have  made  it  a point  each  year  for  a period 
of  thirty  days  to  accurately  ascertain  the  actual  cost 
of  all  my  sheep  camps  in  the  way  of  supplies,  and 
you  can  accept  the  following  figures  as  trustworthy, 
since  they  are  an  average  from  all  these  records: 

COST  OF  RUNNING  2,000  SHEEP  ONE  YEAR. 


Herder,  at  $35  per  month $420 

Board,  at  $15  per  month 180 

Camp  tender  to  help  move  and  furnish  camp 200 

Salt,  2 tons  at  $30 60 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


265 


Hay,  50  tons  at  $8 $400 

Extra  help  during  lambing  season 100 

Extra  help  during  winter  feeding  season 50 

Shearing  2,000  sheep  at  7 cents  per  head  140 

Board  of  Shearers 30 

Extra  help  sacking  wool,  etc 25 

50  wool  sacks  at  40  cents 20 

Feeding  horses  used  to  supply  camp,  etc 180 

Shoeing  horses  used  to  supply  camp,  etc 36 

Furnishing  camp,  tents,  blankets,  rope,  etc 30 

Hauling  16,000  pounds  wool  to  railroad  at  120 


Cost  of  16,000  pounds  of  wool  as  per  above 

16,000  pounds  of  wool,  at  6 cents $960 

700  iambs,  being  increase,  $.1.25 875 

— 1.835 

Net  loss  on  above  basis $ 156 

“The  only  possible  reduction  that  can  be  made  in 
the  cost  of  running  a band  of  sheep  is  in  wages,  as 
the  plow  has  driven  the  stock  so  far  back  into  the 
hills  that  the  cost  of  feed  is  greater,  as  there  is  so 
little  land  that  will  produce,  and  freight  to  and  from 
the  railroad  figures  largely  in  supplying  salt  and  other 
supplies  in  shipping  wool. 

“Thus  you  will  see  that  at  6 cents  per  pound  for 
wool,  which  is  the  highest  price  we  can  expect 
with  free  wool  for  the  class  of  wool  raised  here,  cal- 
culating the  weight  of  each  fleece  at  eight  pounds, 
v/hich  is  about  the  average,  and  the  increase  at  35 
per  cent,  (which  is  all  an  ordinary  band  of  stock 
sheep  will  produce,  as  we  have  to  carry  the  males 
until  two  years  old  and  past  before  they  are  suitable 
for  market  and  cannot  breed  the  ewes  until  two  years 
old)  the  owner  would  be  about  $200  loser  on  the 
year’s  work.  This,  leaving  out  of  consideration  all 
the  taxes,  interest  on  capital  invested,  and  wear  and 
tear  to  camp  accoutrements,  which  is  considerable. 


266 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


“For  the  last  four  or  five  years  I have  averaged  15 
cents  per  pound  for  my  wool  and  $2.75  for  my  mut- 
ton sheep.  The  latter  cannot  now  be  sold  for  more 
than  $1.50  (at  the  ranch),  and  our  wool  is  now  being 
sold  in  Boston  for  10  cents.  The  cost  or  freight,  in- 
cluding insurance  and  commissions,  amounts  to 
about  4 cents  a pound. 

“There  is  one  thing  which  you  may  not  have  had 
brought  to  your  notice,  and  that  is  that  destruction 
of  the  sheep  industry  means  the  abandonment  of 
thousands  of  acres  of  land  which  now  furnish  good 
sheep  pasture  in  Eastern  Oregon. 

“The  only  vegetation  which  now  exists  is  weeds 
and  the  small  sheep  grass  v/hich  will  support  nothing 
but  sheep,  and  upon  which  they  will  thrive;  take 
away  the  sheep  and  this  is  waste  land  and  can  never 
be  anything  else. 

“It  would  be  impossible  for  us  to  continue  the 
business  under  free  wool;  we  would  have  to  quit 
breeding  and  dispose  of  our  sheep  for  mutton  as 
they  become  of  suitable  age. 

“When  the  industry  is  destroyed  in  the  United 
States,  I apprehend,  the  foreigner  will  raise  the  price 
of  wool  probably  to  more  than  we  have  received 
under  protection;  but  we  will  have  no  sheep,  and  it 
takes  a long  time  to  stock  up  a range,  as  sheep  do 
not  increase  very  rapidly.’* 

WOOL — EXTENT  OF  DESTRUCTION. 

No.  398. 

Do  our  free  trade  friends  know  the  magnitude  of 
the  wool-growing  industry  which  they  have  de- 
stroyed? There  were  700,000  wool  growers  in  the 
United  States — 700,000  people  whose  principal  in- 
dustry was  that  of  growing  wool.  There  were  prob- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


267 


ably  150,000  more  who  were  owners  of  small  flocks 
of  sheep  in  the  United  States.  This  industry  em- 
ployed, besides  the  owners  of  flocks,  at  least  half  a 
million  laborers,  representing,  with  those  who  were 
dependent  upon  them,  2,500,000  people  dependent 
upon  the  wages  paid  to  laborers  in  this  industry. 
There  were  700,000  farms,  averaging  160  acres  each, 
devoted  to  the  industry;  and  the  mountainous  re- 
gions of  the  great  West  and  the  vast  plains  of  the 
great  West,  which  are  not  suitable  for  other  kinds  of 
agriculture,  which  are  not  suitable  for  cultivation, 
have  been  utilized  in  this  great  industry  and  made 
valuable.  These  700,000  farms,  of  160  acres  each, 
comprising  112,000,000  acres  of  land,  are  made  value- 
less by  placing  wool  on  the  free  list  and  destroying 
this  great  industry. 

A statement  from  Hon.  W.  W.  Baker,  editor  of  the 
North  Pacific  Rural  Spirit,  shows  that  in  Oregon, 
Utah,  Washington,  Idaho  and  Western  Montana 
there  were  6,710,746  sheep,  which  were  worth  in 
1892,  prior  to  the  Presidential  election,  ^13,421,492, 
and  which  are  worth  in  1896  no  more  than  ^6,710,746 
showing  a falling  off  in  the  value  caused  by  putting 
wool  on  the  free  list. 

WOOL — FALL  OF  FOREIGN  PRICES. 

No.  399. 

Free  traders  have  been  fond  of  drawing  compari- 
sons between  the  lower  price  of  American  wool 
under  the  McKinley  law  and  prices  current  previous 
to  i860.  It  is  true  that  previous  to  i860  the  clean 
scoured  value  of  Ohio  XX  was  80  cents,  and  its  clean 
scoured  value  under  the  McKinley  law  before  it  was 
menaced  with  repeal  in  the  early  part  of  1893  was 
70  cents — a decline  of  12^  percent.  This  fact  has 


268 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


been  given  great  prominence,  but  the  advocates  of 
this  view  have  been  ominously  silent  as  to  the  46 
per  cent,  decline  in  London  in  wool  of  the  same 
kind  and  quality  during  the  same  period.  For  some 
years  previous  to  i860  the  London  value  of  Austra- 
lian clean  scoured  wool  similar  to  XX  Ohio  was  65 
cents,  but  in  1893  its  value  was  only  35  cents — a de- 
cline in  the  free  trade  markets  of  the  world  of  over 
46  per  cent.,  as  against  a decline  under  protection 
in  the  United  States  for  wool  of  the  same  quality 
and  condition  of  only  12%  per  cent.  Further  evi- 
dence of  this  fact,  but  exhibiting  a still  greater  de- 
cline in  foreign  markets,  is  shown  in  the  publication 
of  a table  by  Messrs.  George  William  Bond  & Co.,  of 
Boston,  giving  all  kinds  of  colonial  wools  imported 
into  England  and  America  in  j86o  and  in  1893, 
showing  a falling  off  in  value  in  that  period  of  over 
51  per  cent. 

The  importation  of  colonial  wools  into  Europe 
and  America  at  various  tariff  periods  between  i860 
and  1893,  with  approximate  value  per  bale,  in 
English  money,  was  as  follows: 


Year. 

Bales. 

Value 
per  bale. 

Year. 

Bales. 

Value 
per  bale. 

i860 

266,000 

1883 

1,253,000 

im 

1868 

639,000 

i?>y2 

1890 

1 ,699,000 

1869...  , 

657,000 

13^ 

1893 

2,074,000 

I2>^ 

A decline  of  51^  per  cent,  in  33  years. 

WOOL — NECESSITY  FOR  PROTECTION — FREIGHT 
CHARGES. 

No.  400. 

Today  we  have  38,000,000  of  sheep  in  the  United 
States,  26,000,000  of  which  and  nearly  70  per  cent,  of 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


269 


all  are  located  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The 
freight  on  the  wool  from  these  sheep  from  the  ranch 
to  the  Eastern  markets  varies  from  two  to  three 
cents  per  pound,  while  the  freight  on  wool  from 
London  is  only  one-fourth  of  a cent  per  pound.  How 
can  the  American  wool  grower  pay  from  800  to  1,200 
per  cent,  more  freight  than  his  foreign  competitor, 
when  the  freight  alone  under  such  unequal  competi- 
tion would  of  itself  bar  the  American  wool  grower 
from  his  own  market?  Thus,  with  the  removal  of 
protection,  the  difference  in  freight  alone  is  against 
the  American  wool  grower,  so  that  he  is  compelled 
to  go  out  of  the  business. 


WOOL  AND  WOOLEN  GOODS — IMPORTS — INCREASE  IN 
TEN  MONTHS. 

No.  401. 


Imports  for  ten  months. 

1894. 

1895. 

Increase. 

Raw  wool,  pounds 

Shoddy,  “ 

83,223,270 

211,057,038 

127,833,768 

1,081,441 

17,823,008 

16,741,567 

Carpets,  square  yards... 

265,314 

829,423 

564,109 

Clothing,  value 

$673,088 

$1,296,210 

$623,122 

Cloths,  pounds 

5.317.056 

34.573.887 

29,266,831 

Dress  goods,  sq.  yds 

32,761,465 

25.976,470 

*6,784,995 

Knit  woolens,  value 

$593,669 

$1,988,349 

$1,394,680 

Shawls,  value 

§69,553 

370,264 

$300,711 

Yarns,  pounds 

383.98s 

3.383.285 

2,999,300 

All  other  woolens,  value. 

$542,235 

$1,919,785 

$1,377,550 

^Decrease 


WOOLEN  INDUSTRY  VS.  WHISKY  TRUST — FREE  TRADERS 
LEGISLATE  AGAINST  FACTORY  AND  UPHOLD 
DISTILLERY. 

No.  402. 

Census  Bulletin  No.  380  calls  attention  to  the  fact 
that  440  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture 


270 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


of  distilled  spirits,  with  a capital  of  $31,006,176,  and 
turning  out  a product  of  104,197,869  gallons,  employ 
but  5,343  persons,  at  wages  of  $2,814,889;  while  1,454 
establishments  are  engaged  in  the  woolen  and  wor- 
sted manufactures,  with  a capital  of  $199,075,056, 
turn  out  a product  of  $212,772,629,  employ  122,944 
persons,  at  wages  of  $132,977,104.  The  woolen  busi- 
ness has  seven  times  the  capital,  twenty-five  times 
the  laborers,  and  pays  fifty  times  the  wages.  But  the 
Wilson  bill  reduced  the  tariff  on  thewoolen  schedule 
three-fifths,  which  has  caused  a reduction  of  wages 
and  a closing  up  of  factories,  and  has  increased  the 
tax  on  spirits  for  the  benefit  of  the  whisky  trust. 
Verily,  great  is  the  free  trader’s  love  for  the  “honest 
toilers.” 

Labor,  I am  pleased,  indeed,  Mr.  Sands,  that  you 
can  give  us  such  important  statistics,  and  if  you  will 
bring  them  to  the  platform  I will  see  that  they  find 
a place  in  our  report  in  connection  with  what  you 
have  to  say.  The  cost  of  raising  sheep  on  our  western 
ranges  is  more  than  acceptable. 

Mr.  Sands.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  until  I saw  Mr.  Hil- 
ton’s figures  on  cost  of  raising  ranch  sheep  I had  an 
idea  myself  that  the  stock  on  such  a ranch  grew  and 
came  to  the  shearing  age  with  practically  little,  if 
any  cost.  The  number  of  people  employed  in  the 
sheep  industry,  too,  was  a very  great  surprise  to  me. 
We  can  hardly  realize  how  large  and  extensive  our 
country  is.  Wool  and  lumber  both  on  the  free  list 
in  the  Wilson  bill  has  done  untold  injury  to  us  all. 
I remember  meeting  a sheep  ranchman  in  1894  and 
he  told  me  he  had  seen  sheep  sell  at  fifty  cents  a 
head  that  had  formerly  been  worth  $2.50  each.  I 
suppose  someone  bought  them  at  that  price,  Mr. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


27 


Labor,  to  take  them  into  the  markets  of  the  world, 
as  it  requires  about  that  kind  of  figures  and  prices 
to  get  into  that  large  market  successfully. 

The  figures  that  we  have  just  read  show  that  700,- 
000  of  our  own  people  were  directly  affected  by  free 
wool.  Mr.  Hilton  claims  that  prior  to  the  free  trad- 
ers coming  into  power  he  had  realized  fifteen  cents 
per  pound  for  his  wool;  after  they  came  into  control 
six  cents  per  pound. 

What  did  this  mean  to  the  people  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river  where  70  per  cent,  of  the  sheep 
were  owned?  Is  it  any  wonder  that  money  went  out 
of  circulation  there? 

It  cannot  be  possible,  Mr.  Labor,  that  any  honest 
man  who  is  well  informed  can  approve  of  free  trade 
or  low  duties  any  longer.  I think  such  a strictly 
honest  man  must  have  peculiar  aches  and  pains.  I 
know  plenty  of  persons  who  have  lots  to  say  about' 
others  being  dishonest,  and  some  of  these  same  fel- 
lows print  a lot  about  it,  but  that  does  not  prove  to 
me  that  they  are  honest.  The  man  who  has  printed 
the  most  about  dishonest  people  is  in  jail  now. 

So  I do  not  mean  a strictly  honest  man  when  talk- 
ingabout  tariff  duties.  All  that  I want  to  convey  is  that 
when  a man  is  dishonest  with  himself  as  to  the  best 
method  he  can  adopt  to  apprise  the  people  of  that 
fact  is  to  proclaim  in  the  loudest  possible  voice  that 
he  is  in  favor  of  free  trade,  or  tariff  for  revenue;  that 
is,  if  he  makes  his  living  by  manufacturing  any  given 
article  and  he  has  occasion  to  invest  in  that  article, 
that  he  purchase  a foreign  make  instead  of  one  that 
he  made  himself. 

The  latter  plan  might  give  him  a chance  to  make 
a duplicate  to  take  the  place  of  the  one  he  pur- 


272 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


chased,  but  he  don  t want  to  do  that;  he  wants  a 
vacation.  ^ 

Such  a d n fool,  Mr.  Labor,  I call  dishonest. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


273 


LESSON  XIII. 

Labor,  addressing  a gentleman  and  calling  him 
Mr.  Hubbell,  said: 

“I  promised  you  an  opportunity  to  say  a word, 
Mr.  HubbellJ  relative  to  the  industry  of  ship  build- 
ing; we  will  listen  to  you  now.” 

Mr,  Hubbell.  I suppose,  Mr.  Labor,  the  first  you 
will  expect  me  to  undertake  will  be  to  name  the 
parts  of  a ship  that  do  not  consist  of  labor,  or  days 
works. 

Labor,  Yes,  Mr.  Hubbell,  it  is  to  determine  what 
there  is  besides  days  works  in  any  finished  article  or 
product  that  we  take  up. 

Mr,  Hubbell,  We  will  consider,  then,  that  our  ship 
is  to  be  propelled  by  steam,  and  one  good  way  to 
find  what  part  of  it  is  not  days  works  is  in  our  mind’s 
eye  to  take  the  days  works  all  out  of  it,  and  then 
endeavor  to  appreciate  what  kind  of  a ship  we  would 
have  left.  I could  not  from  memory,  Mr.  Labor, 
enumerate  all  that  enters  into  the  construction  of  a 
ship,  and  it  is  not  essential  that  I should. 

Labor,  No,  Mr.  Hubbell,  the  details  are  uncalled 
for;  all  we  want  are  the  principles  involved. 

Mr,  Hubbell,  A great  deal  of  value,  Mr.  Labor,  is 
found  in  what  is  called  the  raw  material  that  is  re- 
quired to  build  a ship  that  would  cost  when  com- 
pleted one  million  dollars.  We  take  the  lumber, 
iron,  zinc,  lead,  copper,  cotton  cloth,  silk,  woolen 
goods,  asbestos,  material  for  caulking,  paints,  chem- 
icals, and  a host  of  things  that  it  is  difficult  to  call 


274 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


to  mind,  and  it  is  plain  that  we  would  be  unable  to 
make  anything  like  an  accurate  estimate  of  their 
worth. 

Labor.  You  do  not  call  what  you  have  named  raw 
material,  do  you,  Mr.  Hubbell? 

Mr.  Hubbell.  That  is  the  term  such  goods  are  known 
by;  at  least,  a large  portion  of  them.  Of  course,  when 
boilers  and  machinery  are  put  into  a vessel  they 
would  hardly  be  classed  as  raw  material,  but  the  pig 
iron  is  that  from  which  the  various  parts  start.  The 
sheet  iron  and  such  commodities,  including  carpets, 
draperies  and  many  furnishings,  if  passenger  and 
freight  craft,  as  many  today  are,  would  not  be  classed 
as  raw  material,  but  you  have  only  to  go  a step  back 
with  any  of  them  until  they  are  looked  upon  as  such. 

Labor.  After  taking  that  step  back  to  where  you 
say  it  is  looked  upon  as  raw  material,  what  does  it 
represent,  Mr.  Hubbell? 

Mr.  Hubbell.  It  represents  days  works  more  by  far 
than  anything  else.  We  have  virtually  to  carry  it 
all  back  into  the  earth  and  into  the  trees  in  the 
woods,  or  to  the  silk  worm  tree,  if  you  demand  that 
true  raw  material  is  only  such  commodities  as  have 
not  been  touched  by  toil. 

Labor.  We  claim,  Mr.  Hubbell,  that  raw  material 
is  a commodity  that  money  has  not  been  invested 
in,  turning  it  over  prior  to  anyone  having  moved 
or  changed  it  in  position,  or  in  any  other  manner, 
whereby  it  has  taken  on  value  by  such  moving  or 
changing. 

Mr-.  Hubbell.  You  would  not  claim,  Mr.  Labor, 
were  I digging  a cellar  and  had  shoveled  a load  of 
dirt  on  a wagon  to  get  rid  of  it,  that  the  dirt  had 
taken  on  value? 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School,  275 

Labor.  Are  you  seeking  to  be  technical,  with  a 
view  to  embarrassing  us,  or  with  a view  to  a better 
understanding?  The  dirt  you  m.ention  would,  of 
course,  have  no  value,  Mr.  Hubbell,  except  you 
wanted  to  use  it  to  fill  in  somewhere,  but  the  space 
it  had  occupied  has  taken  on  value  to  you.  In  your 
cellar  you  were  not  taking  out  material,  you  were 
simply  getting  rid  of  something  that  you  had  good 
reasons  for  wanting  out  of  your  way,  the  same  as 
you  would  remove  earth  in  order  to  reach  ore  of 
some  kind,  when  the  cost  of  moving  the  dirt  would 
have  to  be  added  to  the  ore,  although  the  latter 
would  not,  after  taken  out,  have  any  stamp  on  it 
that  indicated  this  part  of  the  labor  that  was  in  it, 
while  your  cellar  would  indicate  this  particular  labor. 

Thus  it  is  with  everything,  Mr.  Hubbell.  In  some 
portions  the  days  works  are  plainly  seen,  while  in 
others  they  are  not. 

The  principle  involved  is  what  we  are  aiming  to 
establish;  that  is,  the  days  works  contained  in  all 
possible  products,  and  the  days  works  contained  in 
material  which  enters  into  such  products,  that 
language  today  unjustly  classes  as  “raw.”  These 
principles,  we  say,  Mr.  Hubbell,  we  have  no  fears  of 
anyone  upsetting.  They  are  plain  to  everybody,  and 
what  we  desire  is  that  in  the  future  writers  and 
speakers  shall  recognize  them  and  class  them  in 
their  true  light,  that  the  masses  may  not  be  misled 
by  the  jingle  of  adroit  words  from  those  who  find 
remuneration  politically,  or  in  some  other  way,  in 
thus  misleading. 

Mr.  Hubbell.  Do  not  think  for  one  moment,  please, 
that  I would  intentionally  do  anything  to  embarrass. 
I am  in  accord  with  your  motives  fully,  Mr.  Labor. 


276 


\-.ABORs’  Hard  Times  School. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

I see  as  you  see  and  I firmly  believe  you  are  -^wtving 
in  the  true  interests  of  every  American  citizen.  I 
was  with  my  question  as  I put  it  urging  to  further 
clearness,  that  not  one  shall  fail  to  catch  and  com- 
prehend the  points  that  are  so  important  to  us  all. 

I am  conscious  of  the  fact,  Mr.  Labor,  that  first 
you  want  to  establish  that  everything  known  to  man, 
after  deducting  nature's  share,  is  brought  forth 
through  toil  and  days  works.  After  that  you  want, 
in  the  best  and  clearest  manner  possible,  to  illustrate 
the  importance  to  our  own  people  of  having  those 
days  works  done  at  home,  that  we  may  have  the 
money  for  that  toil  to  put  in  circulation  here  at  home. 

Labor,  You  are  correct,  Mr.  Hubbell,  as  to  our 
aims  and  intentions,  and  when  our  people  all  thor- 
oughly understand  these  questions  it  will  be  difficult 
to  find  a man  or  a politician  who  will  admit  that  he 
ever  favored  free  trade  or  a tariff  for  revenue,  or 
anything  leading  in  such  a direction. 

Mr.  Hubbell.  True  enough,  Mr.  Labor;  when  the 
people  are  all  faced  one  way  on  these  principles,  as 
they  some  day  will  be,  you  will  not  be  able  to  find  a 
leader  who  will  admit  that  he  ever  looked  in  any 
other  direction  any  more  than  you  can  find  a man 
living  today  (and  some  of  them  are  living)  who  will 
confess  that  he  ever  cast  a vote  in  sympathy  with 
our  old  slavery  laws. 

The  object  lessons  of  the  last  four  years  should  have 
settled  the  question  of  whether  it  is  to  our  interests  . 
in  this  country  to  buy  days  works  at  home,  and  thus 
keep  our  money  at  home,  or  buy  the  same  days 
works  of  some  other  country  and  send  our  money  to 
that  country.  But,  Mr.  Labor,  the  question  is  not 
settled  and  you  will  see  proof  that  it  is  not  when  the 


278 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


votes  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  are  recorded 
for  and  against  the  Dingley  bill. 

I admonish  all  protectionists,  provided  there  is  a 
majority  in  the  Senate  for  the  bill,  not  to  lose  sight 
of  the  opposition  it  will  meet  there,  for  it  will  signify 
that  the  opposition  is  going  back  to  its  following  to 
retouch  and  embellish  anew  their  already  strained 
picture  of  things  cheap. 

They  will  find  men  who  have  days  works  only  to 
sell  who  will  listen  to  them  when  they  charge  that 
the  man  who  buys  such  days  works  is  a robber,  and 
these  same  sellers  will  accept  their  counsel  when 
they  advise  them  to  vote  that  man  out  of  the  market 
as  a buyer,  which  they  do  in  principle  when  they 
vote  for  free  traders,  or  for  candidates  in  favor  of  a 
tariff  for  revenue  only. 

When  our  buyer  is  out  of  the  market  for  days 
works  in  our  own  country  it  means,  Mr.  Labor,  that 
some  man  in  some  other  country  is  buying  those 
days  works,  and  he  is  buying  them  at  his  own  home, 
and  our  people  are  keeping  theirs.  How  plain  this 
is,  and  how  easy  to  be  seen,  and  yet  we  have  sellers 
who  vote  a ticket  which  forces  them  to  keep  their 
days  works.  It  must  be  that  they  do  it  to  have 
something  to  kick  about  when  the  future  want  that 
is  certain  to  come  has  its  fangs  upon  them. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  when  a ship  goes  back  emphati- 
cally to  raw  material  but  little  of  value  can  be  found. 
It  is  days  works  it  represents  v/hen  completed  and 
it  has  been  virtually  purchased  of  labor,  and  all  that 
is  to  be  built  or  manufactured  for  the  future  is  stored 
up  in  days  works  in  human  beings.  Shall  we  pur- 
chase what  we  want  of  our  own  people  or  buy  it  of 
some  other  people  and  let  our  own  come  to  want? 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


279 


We  have  sellers  enough  to  control  this  question. 
Then  why  do  they  fail  to  understand  and  protect 
themselves? 

What  a ship  building  people  we  might  be,  Mr. 
Labor,  if  our  Government  would  only  extend  the 
proper  encouragement. 

Our  daily  papers,  magazines,  and  prints  of  every 
type  is  full  of  complaint,  and  has  been  for  years,  of 
the  miserable  showing  our  merchant  marine  makes 
in  comparison  with  other  countries.  Why,  I ask, 
Mr.  Labor,  has  this  nature  of  investment  been  so 
thoroughly  neglected? 

Labor.  Undoubtedly,  Mr.  Hubbell,  it  is  because 
capital  always  seeks  the  plainest  investment  and 
that  which  is  the  most  inviting.  Our  country  is  so 
vast,  and  the  demands  for  development  so  urgent, 
that  it  is  rare  our  capital  is  not  all  tied  up  on  shore 
before  it  has  had  time  to  study  the  broad  seas. 

In  place  of  any  of  our  money  seeking  investment 
away  from  home,  capital  from  other  countries  is 
seeking  investment  with  us,  and  so  long  as  we  are  a 
magnet  of  sufficient  strength  to  attract  this  latter 
into  our  midst,  having  passed  all  ship  building  in- 
ducements on  its  way,  it  would  appear  idle  for  us  to 
attempt  to  persuade  our  capital  that  there  was  the 
least  possible  occasion  for  it  to  go  out  of  sight  of 
land. 

Mr.  Hubbell.  May  not  our  weakness  in  this  direc- 
tion prove  unfortunate  for  our  people  some  day,  Mr. 
Labor?  Or,  on  the  theory  of  the  political  economist 
of  “the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number,”  would 
you  counsel  to  protect  our  own  market  for  our  own 
people  and  in  exchange  give  up  the  ocean  carrying 


28o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


trade  to  other  countries  as  a measure  of  compensa- 
tion for  their  loss  of  our  markets? 

Labor.  You  say  our  markets,  Mr  Hubbell.  If  they 
are  our  markets  how  can  foreign  countries  lose  them, 
and  what  compensation  do  we  owe  other  people  for 
a thing  that  is  our  own?  We  have  made  our  own 
market,  the  title  is  in  us,  why  deed  it  away?  Why 
deed  our  rights  on  the  ocean  away,  or  lose  them  by 
default? 

You  ask  if  it  may  not  be  some  day  unfortunate  if 
we  continue  to  neglect  them,  and  I answer  that  man- 
ifestly it  will  be  seriously  unfortunate.  I shall  take 
the  ground  that  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest 
number  demands  that  we  fulfill  our  broad  sea  privi- 
leges. We  are  the  liberty  loving  and  liberty  dis- 
tributing people  of  the  world,  and  apart  from  our 
own  interests  we  unquestionably  should  be  prepared 
to  perform  a mission  on  the  ocean  as  well  as  on  the 
land. 

Regardless  of  the  uneducated  masses  that  have 
been  thrust  upon  us  in  recent  years,  we  are  the  most 
enlightened  and  the  richest  in  intelligence  as  a 
people  of  any  that  inhabit  the  earth.  Our  oppor- 
tunities and  our  ability  to  achieve,  and  means  to  ex- 
ecute, outrank  any  other  country,  and,  if  our  Govern- 
ment so  wills,  can  be  made  to  outrank  them  all  com- 
bined. Why  should  we  leave  it  to  posterity  to 
charge  that  we  had  been  sleeping  while  on  duty? 

Suppose  the  Dingley  bill  becomes  a law,  Mr. 
Hubbell,  as  we  have  every  hope  and  faith  to  think 
it  will,  and  we  protect  our  market  as  we  should  for 
a long  term  of  years,  do  you  not  anticipate  that 
sooner  or  later  we  will  have  dull  seasons  through 
over  production?  And  a term  of  such  a character 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  281 

not  so  far  away  as  we  might  hope  for,  either?  Should 
we  not  be  awake  to  the  future  on  these  lines  and 
discover,  if  possible,  what  dykes  can  be  placed  to 
prevent  our  being  thus  submerged?  Should  not 
our  Government  pay  strict  attention  to  the  growth 
of  our  consuming  ability  in  order  to  defeat  the 
stings  from  over-production,  or  at  least  to  bend  to  the 
minimum  in  them  so  far  as  it  rests  within  their 
power  to  do  so?  In  what  direction  does  there  so 
broad  a field  offer  so  little  resistance  and  invite  so 
appealingly  as  does  the  improvement  of  our  mer- 
chant marine  and  our  whole  carrying  trade? 

Mr,  Hubbell,  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  every  conceivable 
signal  is  up  to  guide  us  in  that  direction,  and  what  a 
power  of  consumption  for  our  grown  and  all  manu* 
factured  products  the  forces  required  in  constructing 
and  sailing  such  fleets  (as  it  is  due  our  country  to 
possess  and  control)  would  be.  All  our  farmers, 
and  all  sellers  of  days  works  in  other  industries, 
every  one  of  them  (and  all  Americans)  are  inter- 
ested. The  farmer,  because  of  their  consuming  his 
products,  and  the  sellers  of  days  works  in  other  in- 
dustries because  of  their  consuming  such  products  as 
they  manufacture.  To  the  latter,  too,  it  gives  still 
more  when  it  gives  additional  employment  to  the 
working  masses. 

If  I can  find  all  I want  to  do  in  ship  building,  Mr. 
Labor,  I shall  not  be  found  crowding  to  get  into 
other  lines.  The  same  will  prove  true  of  the  man 
who  is  inclined  to  become  a sailor;  if  he  finds  plenty 
of  opportunity  in  the  direction  his  tastes  run,  not 
even  his  shadow  will  be  found  contending  in  other 
pursuits. 

Our  Government  ought  to  have  a p^id  commission 


282 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


studying  these  questions,  with  the  view  of  adequate- 
ly disposing  of  our  future  possible  excess  of  days 
works,  in  the  interests  of  directing  and  placing  them 
as  fast,  if  can  be,  as  they  accumulate,  but  it  would 
be  futile  to  undertake  such  a mission  except  under 
laws  whereby  our  country  controls  our  own  market. 

Everything  today,  Mr.  Labor,  is  divided  into 
classes.  We  have  the  business  lawyer,  the  real  estate 
lawyer,  the  patent  right  lawyer,  the  railroad  lawyer, 
the  criminal  lawyer,  etc.  No  one  man  any  longer 
attempts  to  cover  it  all. 

How  can  I except  I neglect  my  calling  as  a ship 
builder  think  of  studying  the  demands  and  require- 
ments of  all?  These  questions  should,  however,  be 
more  thoroughly  studied  with  the  view  of  placing 
and  directing  than  they  are  or  have  been,  and  who 
is  there  to  do  it  with  a semblance  of  success  except 
the  general  Government  through  a competent 
agency? 

I firmly  believe  we  are  on  the  eve  of  a prosperity 
that  will  astound  us  all;  that  will  go  as  far  beyond 
the  limits  of  what  we  look  for  as  the  recent  blight 
carried  us  beyond  any  possible  expectations  in  the 
direction  we  did  not  care  to  go.  Despite  the  un- 
looked-for strain,  we  have  weathered  the  contest 
nobly,  due  wholly  to  the  abundant  riches  gathered 
during  a long  term  of  protection  to  our  home  in- 
dustries- 

We  were  in  a large  measure  prepared,  Mr.  Labor, 
for  the  calamity  which  came  to  us,  and  while  a great 
number  suffered,  and  suffered  intensely,  what  has 
that  suffering  been  in  comparison  to  what  it  would 
be  were  it  just  beginning  today  in  our  present  state 
of  preparation? 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


283 


If  the  past  four  years’  object  lesson  fails  to  reform 
those  delving  in  Political  Economy,  the  free  trader 
and  the  tariff  for  revenue  people  who  brought  the 
depletion  to  us,  we  shall  have  to  give  them  up  as  ^ 
lost,  and  in  a magnanimous  way  urge  Kind  Provi- 
dence to  lead  them  into  more  profitable  lines. 

Other  important  nations  are  doing  all  they  can 
find  to  do  to  encourage  and  sustain  their  merchant 
marine,  and  why,  Mr.  Labor,  should  not  our  Govern- 
ment strike  now  and  strike  hard  in  a like  direction? 

It  will  be  a greater  problem  for  our  people  to 
solve  than  it  is  with  many  older  nations  which 
have  surplus  capital  that  is  constantly  seeking  in- 
vestment. Large  quantities  of  that  capital  come 
voluntarily  to  our  interior,  as  you  have  already  said, 
Mr.  Labor,  because  it  can  be  profitably  employed 
whenever  our  condition  is  normal.  If  foreign  capital 
can  come  inside  our  lines  and  do  well,  why  won’t 
our  own  naturally  remain  inside? 

If  our  interior  is  inviting  to  foreign  people,  and 
they  come  within  our  lines  and  remain  here,  as  they 
do,  why  won’t  the  same  incentive  hold  our  own 
young  peoq)le  within  those  lines,  and  thus  prevent 
their  seeking  the  high  seas  for  maintenance? 

It  is  a plain  case  to  me,  Mr.  Labor,  that  if  our 
capital  and  our  people  go  to  sea  to  find  bread  and 
support  during  the  coming  one  hundred  years  in 
sufficient  numbers  to  make  the  showing  on  the  broad 
ocean  that  we  should  make,  our  Government  will 
have  to  offer  all  the  inducement  that  other  nations 
offer,  and  many,  many  times  more  inducements. 

When  we  have  less  room,  and  fewer  opportunities 
in  our  interior,  our  capital  and  our  people  may  vol- 


284 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


untarily  go  to  sea  to  remain  there,  but  until  then, 
except  through  some  special  pull,  never. 

It  is  on  account  of  this  phase  of  the  question,  Mr. 
Labor,  that  our  merchant  marine  has  gone  the 
wrong  way  for  the  last  fifty  years,  and  all  the  charges 
and  all  the  claims  above  and  below  cannot  change 
it.  The  very  good  reason  that  other  countries  have 
thrust  themselves  upon  our  oceans  is  because  the 
situation  with  them  is  diametrically  opposite  to  our 
own.  They  are  crowded  with  both  capital  and  men, 
and  aside  from  a greater  inclination  for  both  to  go 
to  sea  on  account  of  restricted  opportunities  in  other 
directions,  their  governments  offer  special  induce- 
ments for  them  to  do  so. 

Some  of  our  free  trade  friends,  Mr.  Labor,  who 
are  so  liberal  in  citing  free  trade  countries  to  us, 
should  explain  why  such  governments  make  it 
practically  prohibitory  to  ship  goods  into  their  own 
country  except  in  their  own  ships,  or  ships  flying 
such  country’s  flag.  What  is  this  but  protection  of 
what  they  see  it  to  their  interest  to  protect,  and  it  is 
done  with  a vengeance,  too. 

Were  all  the  conditions  between  our  country  and 
the  leading  foreign  countries  reversed  they  would 
shut  us  out  of  their  markets  too  quick,  the  same  as 
they  force  all  freights  it  is  within  their  power  to  con- 
trol into  the  bottoms  flying  their  flags. 

Building  ships  is  days  works,  Mr.  Labor,  and  sail- 
ing them  is  labor  and  hazard  combined.  Our  country 
should  build  from  25  to  100  where  it  builds  one,  and 
they  should  all  be  flying  the  American  flag.  The 
high  seas  should  be  dotted  with  them,  but  if  they 
become  numerous  in  the  near  future  it  will  be  the 
result  of  Herculean  efforts  on  the  part  of  our  Gov- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


285 


eminent  to  influence  capital  and  men  in  that  direc- 
tion. There  is  no  question  but  that  steps  should  be 
taken  at  once  on  these  lines,  Mr.  Labor,  and  the 
two  reasons  you  have  pointed  out  are  plenty.  First, 
to  increase  our  ability  to  profitably  consume  and 
thus  swell  the  strength  of  our  own  market;  second, 
that  we  may  be  better  equipped  for  contingencies 
either  peaceful  or  otherwise,  and  when  the  time 
comes,  if  it  ever  does,  that  we  acquire  these  avenues 
of  industry  in  order  to  provide  a market  for  our 
unlooked  after  increase  of  days  works  to  sell,  we 
shall  appreciate  the  sagacity  of  those  who  were  in- 
strumental in  bringing  to  us  such  achievements. 

I hope  no  one  will  conclude  that  the  three  features 
we  have  noticed,  Mr.  Labor,  include  all  the  advan- 
tages to  be  gained  by  an  extensive  merchant  marine 
of  our  own.  Conspicuously  flying  the  American  flag 
in  other  countries  is  an  advertisement  that  is  real, 
and  our  own  rnen  beneath  those  flags  in  a manner 
becoming  agents  for  our  products,  might  in  time 
make  these  markets  a fractional  part  of  what  the 
“markets  of  the  world”  howler  has  been  picturing  to 
us  the  last  two  decades. 

Don’t  for  one  moment,  Mr.  Labor,  let  one  individ- 
ual infer  that  I would  lose  sight  for  a single  instant 
of  the  importance  of  our  own  market.  I will  pre- 
dict, now,  that  for  every  dollar  that  we  ever  in- 
crease our  sales  in  the  markets  of  the  world,  we 
will,  provided  we  protect  our  own  market  as  we 
should,  increase  our  sales  from  five  to  ten  dollars  at 
home. 

I pity  the  political  party,  Mr.  Labor,  which  first 
attempts  to  subsidize  our  ship  building  and  ship 
carrying  interests.  To  meet  with  a marked  success 


286 


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in  that  direction  will  require  appropriations  of  vast 
sums  of  money  by  our  Government,  and  the  party 
in  power  making  such  appropriations  will  be  charged 
with  willful  extravagance,  thieving,  slaughtering,  and 
the  multitude  of  reproachful  invectives  that  are 
constantly  lodged  in  the  demagogues  domain  of 
thought  and  study. 

Labor,  The  leaders  of  all  political  parties  can,  if 
they  will,  come  to  an  understanding  on  this  import- 
ant question  and  place  it  on  so  high  a plane  that  it 
will  be  entirely  out  of  the  reach  of  the  demagogue, 
Mr.  Hubbell. 

Mr.  Hubbell.  True  enough,  Mr.  Labor,  but  can  they 
manifest  good  sense  sufficient  to  do  that? 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


287 


LESSON  XIV. 

Labor.  We  have  had  some  very  liberal  donations 
this  morning  and  on  this  occasion  there  are  no 
checks;  it  is  all  money  this  time  and  some  of  all 
kinds,  except  coppers  and  nickles. 

I beg  to  thank  each  of  you  most  cordially  for  this 
unsolicited  gift.  Money  is  always  acceptable,  and  I 
can  assure  you,  one  and  all,  if  any  of  it  goes  to  pur- 
chase foreign  goods  it  will  be  for  coffee,  tea  or  some 
article  required  that  our  own  country  fails  to 
produce. 

In  looking  the  money  over,  I find  that  gold  is  still 
in  circulation  and  I have — two  and  four  are  six  and 
three  are  nine  and  one  is  ten — twenty  dollar  gold 
pieces.  I shall  take  this  money  to  the  bank  to  de- 
posit, or,  perhaps,  some  person  present  would  like  to 
have  this  gold. 

A gentleman  rising  in  the  class  said:  “Mr.  Labor, 
I was  going  to  the  bank  to  get  some  twenty  dollar 
gold  pieces,  and  if  you  would  just  as  soon  I should 
have  these  it  will  save  me  the  trouble  of  making  that 
trip  to  the  bank. 

Labor.  Certainly,  I shall  be  glad  to  accommodate 
you.  I have  noticed  you  here  before.  What  may 
your  name  be,  please? 

My  name,  Mr.  Labor,  is  Sampson,  and  I am  willing 
to  tell  you  why  I am  here  and  what  I want  of  the 
gold. 

I am  through  and  through  an  advocate  of  free 
silver.  I have  dropped  in  here  a few  times  to  see  if 


288 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


you  did  not  take  that  question  up.  I am  lecturing 
on  free  silver,  and  I want  the  gold  for  making  illus- 
trations. 

Labor,  Free  silver  leads  to  money  mediums  and 
to  finance  questions,  which  we  do  not  claim  to  be 
sufficiently  familiar  with  to  treat  in  an  expert  sense. 
Therefore,  we  do  not  intend  to  devote  any  time  to 
that  subject. 

I shall  be  glad,  however,  Mr.  Sampson,  if  you  will 
step  this  way,  to  exchange  the  gold  with  you,  and 
you  will  pardon  me  if  I caution  you,  provided  you 
carry  these  twenty  dollar  gold  pieces  in  your  pocket, 
not  to  look  at  them  too  frequently.  They  are  very 
pretty  and  may  tend  to  weaken  your  free  silver  in- 
clinations. 

Mr,  Sa7npso7i,  My  convictions  on  that  question  are 
very  firmly  fixed,  Mr.  Labor,  and  I think  they  will 
not  be  in  any  danger,  no  matter  how  intimately  they 
are  associated  with  the  favored  metal. 

Here  are  $200  in  bills,  Mr.  Labor.  The  ten  twenty 
dollar  pieces  (taking  them  in  his  hand)  do  look 
pretty  well,  and  I must  admit,  Mr.  Labor,  they  feel 
nice,  too. 

Did  I count  the  money  correctly  which  I gave 
you,  Mr.  Labor? 

Labor,  Yes,  you  gave  me  just  $200. 

Mr,  Sampson,  Can  you  also  let  me  have  ten  Amer- 
ican silver  dollars,  Mr.  Labor? 

Labor,  I can  very  conveniently.  You  must  be 
going  into  the  specie  business,  Mr.  Sampson,  (hand- 
ing the  latter  gentleman  the  silver.) 

Mr,  Sampson,  With  these  two  metals  I shall  illus- 
trate to  the  people  how  they  were  robbed  by  the  de- 
monetization of  silver. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


289 


Labor.  That  gold  looks  so  firm  and  solid  when 
shown  alongside  the  silver  that  I fear  you  will  en- 
danger your  cause  when  you  hold  them  up  in  front 
of  an  audience  for  comparison,  Mr.  Sampson. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  I have  no  fears  of  that,  Mr.  Labor, 
in  the  sense  I handle  them. 

Mr.  Maxwell..  If  the  gentleman  will  handle  them 
with  enough  good  sense,  Mr.  Labor,  he  won’t  have 
much  of  a cause  left  to  injure.  I would  like  to  ask 
why  he  called  for  American  silver  dollars. 

Mr.  Sampson.  I want  American  money  for  my 
illustration,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

Labor.  Had  Mr.  Sampson  asked  for  Mexican  silver 
dollars,  Mr.  Maxwell,  I would  have  given  him  had  I 
had  any,  twenty-four  of  them  for  his  ten  dollar  bill. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  and  the  twenty- 
four  Mexican  dollars  would  swamp  his  illustration 
to  the  extent  of  sinking  it  out  of  sight  should  he  use 
them  in  place  of  ours,  regardless  of  what  that  illus- 
tration may  be.  The  true  relations  between  gold 
and  silver  can  be  faithfully  shown  by  using  Mexican 
silver  dollars,  and  I challenge  the  gentleman’s  cour- 
age to  try  it  on.  By  tomorrow,  Mr.  Labor,  you 
might  have  to  give  Mr.  Sampson  twenty-five  Mexi- 
can silver  dollars  for  his  ten  dollar  bill,  and  again 
the  fluctuation  could  be  such  as  to  only  require 
twenty-three  of  them. 

Mr.  Sampson.  You  gold  men,  Mr.  Maxwell,  de- 
monetized silver  for  speculative  purposes  and  you 
undertake  now  to  justify  that  act  by  ridiculing  silver. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  The  gentleman  says,  Mr.  Labor, 
that  for  speculative  purposes  silver  was  demonetized. 
I claim  that  if  silver  had  not  been  demonetized  the 


290 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


rich  would  have  robbed  our  poor;  they  would  have 
been  at  the  mercy  of  the  speculator. 

Look  at  Mexico.  That  country  is  a good  example 
today  and  ought  to  demonetize  silver  at  once,  and 
thus  do  full  justice  to  her  poor,  provided  the  work- 
ing people  represent  that  class.  The  manipulator  in 
Mexico  is  the  man  who  is  making  the  money,  not 
the  wage  earner.  The  man  who  can  buy  anything, 
I care  not  what  it  is,  of  labor  on  a silver  basis,  and 
transport  it  to  some  other  country  and  sell  it  on  a 
gold  basis  can  make  good  money,  and  the  men  en- 
gaged in  that  business  this  minute  in  Mexico  have 
by  far  a surer  thing  than  people  in  other  countries 
are  taking  heed  of. 

Who  in  such  transactions,  Mr.  Labor,  are  being 
robbed?  I can  tell  you  who.  It  is  the  man  of  toil; 
he  is  working  for  half  pay,  and  in  so  much  as  you 
have  shown  that  quite  nine-tenths  of  everything  is 
labor,  the  man  “virtually”  buying  products  of  labor 
and  paying  in  silver  gets  them  for  half  price,  if  the 
same  man  sells  for  silver  he  accepts  half  price;  but 
the  keen  man  does  not  do  that.  He  sells  in  a gold 
country  for  a gold  price,  and  nearly  doubles  his 
money,  after  paying  duties,  transportation  charges, 
etc.  Silver  countries,  Mr.  Labor,  do  not  pay  one- 
fourth  the  wages  paid  in  gold  countries,  and  as  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  some  silver  countries, 
we  pay  ten  times  the  wages  they  do  when  compared 
on  a gold  basis. 

Carpenters  in  Japan  receive  in  United  States 
money  a little  less  than  from  eleven  to  sixteen  cents 
per  day,  and  in  that  ratio  are  all  wages  in  that 
country. 

Male  weavers  receive  from  gi.28  to  $2.42  per 


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291 


month;  female  weavers  from  85  cents  to  $1.6^  per 
month. 

I want  to  ask,  Mr.  Labor,  what  our  free  trade  and 
tariff  for  revenue  friends  are  going  to  recommend 
when  manufacturing  in  such  countries  reaches  that 
state  of  perfection  that  the  quality  of  their  goods  is 
acceptable  and  they  are  prepared  to  load  our  mar- 
kets with  them? 

What  I have  said  in  reference  to  Japan  wages  and 
goods  is  in  a manner  out  of  place  just  at  this  time, 
but  I give  notice  now,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I shall  have 
some  tables  and  information  bearing  on  this  question 
to  submit  later  on. 

Mr.  Sampson.  I want  to  inform  Mr.  Maxwell  that 
wages  in  tree  silver  countries  have  increased. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I will  show,  Mr.  Sampson,  when  I 
submit  the  tables  I referred  to  that  from  1873  to 
1894  wages  increased  in  Japan  about  one-third, 
while  the  cost  of  living  had  increased  two-thirds.  At 
all  events,  he  is  welcome  to  the  situation  when  the 
maximum  wages  of  a carpenter  in  that  country  is 
fifteen  and  eight-tenth  cents  per  day  in  our  money  at 
the  present  time. 

It  is  all  nonsense,  Mr.  Labor,  talking  about  other 
nations.  The  United  States  is  the  great  country  of 
them  all,  and  we  don’t  want  cheap  people  or  cheap 
money,  either  one. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  I suppose,  Mr.  Maxwell,  that  you 
want  dear  money;  that  is,  money  with  a high  price 
on  it,  and  let  the  people  get  hold  of  as  little  as  pos- 
sible of  it;  and  everything  they  buy  and  use  have  a 
high  price  on  it? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  We  have  shown  here  that  low  price 
for  products  of  any  kind  means  a low  wage  scale. 


292 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


for  nine-tenths  of  everything  is  labor.  What  you 
recommend  is  that  we  take  less  than  fifty  cents  for 
what  we  get  a dollar  for  now,  hence  if  everything  is 
virtually  purchased  of  labor,  or  nine-tenths  is  fur- 
nished by  labor,  who  gets  cheated  when  they  accept 
fifty  cents,  and  try  to  make  themselves  believe  it  is  a 
dollar? 

If  labor  gets  a fair  price  for  days  works,  Mr. 
Sampson,  the  products  that  labor  turns  out  will  have 
to  bring  a fair  price.  We  cannot  go  into  the  markets 
of  the  world,  because  the  days  works  in  our  goods 
have  cost  too  much,  and  we  cannot  reduce  the  price 
of  our  goods  except  we  make  the  whole  reduction 
in  the  price  of  labor.  Everything  else,  on  account 
of  competition  at  home,  has  been  cut  out  of  our 
products  already,  and  labor  hanging  together  in 
their  unions  is  all  that  prevents  that  being  cut.  If  a 
man  in  business  clears  ten  per  cent,  net  on  goods 
that  cost  him  $1,000  his  profit  is  $100.  If  the  same 
goods  cost  him  $2,000  and  he  nets  ten  per  cent,  he 
clears  $200,  and  this  is  what  the  labor  unions  are 
helping  men  to  do,  and  many  who  feel,  honestly 
too,  that  the  labor  unions  hurt  them  fail  to  catch  on 
to  this  fact  and  feature. 

Mr,  Sampsoji,  That,  Mr.  Maxwell,  is  one  reason 
why  we  want  free  silver,  so  that  we  can  get  into  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

Mr,  Maxwell,  Now  you  have  given  your  snap 
away,  Mr.  Sampson.  I know  of  one  manufacturer 
who  in  1896  said  boldly  that  he  voted  the  free  silver 
ticket  so  he  could  ship  his  products  into  foreign 
countries  and  meet  their  prices.  How  was  he  going 
to  do  it?  Nine-tenths  of  his  goods  represented  days 
works;  he  was  going  to  buy  that  nine-tenths  with  a 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


293 


fifty-cent  dollar  and  sell  his  product  in  foreign  coun- 
tries for  a loo-cent  dollar. 

The  only  way  I can  account  for  such  an  idiot  is 
that  he  has  too  few  brains  to  get  into  our  markets 
here  at  home,  and  he  is  willing  to  spoil  our  own 
market,  which  is  nearly  equal  in  dollars  and  cents  to 
all  other  markets,  in  order  to  get  into  those  other 
markets,  or  the  markets  of  the  world. 

What  a large  amount  of  sense  such  a man  must 
have.  Could  he  think  for  a minute  that  other  coun- 
tries would  let  us  sell  our  days  works  in  their  mar- 
kets and  they  keep  their  days  works?  If  they  did, 
their  markets  in  a short  time  would  not  be  worth 
bothering  with,  for  selling  their  own  days  works  is 
what  makes  their  markets,  and  the  reason  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world  are  of  so  little  value  today  is  be- 
cause they  pay  so  little  for  days  works. 

This  is  obvious  enough  when  the  sellers  of  labor, 
including  all  farm  products  as  representing  labor, 
are  seven-tenths  of  any  market  on  earth,  and  that 
seven-tenths  is  the  influence  of  any  market.  If  they 
have  but  little  to  invest  they  will  be  thin,  and  so  will 
their  markets. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  Mr.  Free  Silver  Man  cannot  get  into 
the  markets  of  the  world  to  stay  there.  Such  mar- 
kets would  bar  him  out  with  duties,  or  in  some  other 
way,  just  as  our  country  will  have  to  bar  Japan  out 
as  soon  as  she  gets  on  to  the  extent  of  cutting  a 
figure  that  hurts  us.  We  may  get  some  ugly  wounds 
through  neglect  before  we  discover  what  must  be 
done,  but  you  may  feel  confident  that  in  the  end  the 
situation  will  be  taken  care  of. 

Mr.  Sampson.  I did  not  intend  to  impose  a free 
silver  discussion  on  you,  Mr.  Labor,  against  your 


294 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


will,  and  I feel  that  I should  beg  your  pardon  for  in- 
troducing anything  that  has  taken  up  any  of  your 
valuable  time. 

Labor.  I am  quite  satisfied,  Mr.  Sampson,  if  you 
are,  and  do  not  feel  like  crowding  you  out  if  you 
have  anything  in  addition  to  introduce. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  Before  anything  further  is  said,  Mr. 
Labor,  I desire  to  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that 
four  of  the  twenty  dollar  gold  pieces  you  gave  me  are 
very  badly  worn,  and  I fear  the  banks  will  refuse 
them  for  their  face  value  on  account  of  the  abrasion. 

Labor.  Very  good,  Mr.  Sampson,  I will  take  them 
back  and  give  you  other  money.  I noticed  that 
nearly  all  the  silver  dollars  I gave  you  were  very 
badly  worn.  Perhaps  you  would  like  to  return  them 
also.  If  you  would,  you  may  bring  them  all  here  to 
the  desk. 

(Mr.  Sampson  comes  forward  and  hands  Labor 
the  four  twenty  dollar  gold  pieces  and  gets  bills  in 
exchange,  and  Labor  asks:) 

Do  you  not  want  to  exchange  the  worn  silver? 

Mr.  Sampson.  No,  Mr.  Labor,  the  silver  dollars 
show  the  government’s  stamp  yet,  and  they  will  be 
all  right. 

Labor.  If  that  be  true,  Mr.  Sampson,  and  the 
silver  is  all  right,  why  not  these  four  twenty  dollar 
gold  pieces?  They  all  show  the  government’s  stamp. 
They  are  not  so  badly  worn  but  our  stamp  can  be 
found  by  looking  closely. 

Mr.  Sampson.  The  government  stamp  can  do  no 
good  to  the  gold.  If  it  is  badly  worn  the  banks  will 
weigh  it  on  me,  and  deduct  for  abrasion  all  it  falls 
short  in  weight. 

The  whole  house  is  in  confusion  with  loud  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  205 

boisterous  laughter  in  a moment,  and  Labor  for  the 
first  time  raps  sternly  with  his  ruler,  but  he  cannot 
accomplish  a thing.  They  roar  and  laugh,  and  roar 
and  laugh  and  shout  until  Labor  himself  can  no  lon^ 
ger  control  his  own  mirth,  and  when  his  face  breaks 
into  a smile  hats,  handkerchiefs,  umbrellas,  canes, 
coats  and  everything  movable  go  into  the  air. 

In  due  time  Labor  again  attempts  to  restore  order, 
but  the  large  number  present  are  not  ready  to  forego 
the  opportunity  to  express  their  appreciation  of  the 
free  silver  advocate’s  voluntary  confession  that  gold 
was  a standard  that  was  independent  of  any  stamp 
any  country  could  put  upon  it.  And  Labor,  recog- 
nizing the  futility  of  any  further  endeavor  in  quieting 
the  house,  with  a smile  on  his  face,  seated  himself  in 
his  chair  with  the  air — if  you  must  wear  yourselves 
out  before  reason  can  prevail  again  L shall  have  to 
let  you  do  so. 

At  the  first  indication  of  order.  Labor  arose  to  his 
feet,  when  someone  shouted,  ''What  is  gold  without  a 
stampf  and  the  answer  burst  forth  from  every 
mouth,  "Ifs  all  right!'  And  then  the  house  went 
wild,  and  Labor  again  took  his  seat,  but  with  the 
same  smile  lingering  on  his  face  which,  with  a mani- 
fest appreciation  of  the  dignity  due  his  position,  it 
appeared  impossible  for  him  to  suppress  As  soon 
as  sufficient  encouragement  would  justify.  Labor 
arose  again,  striking  his  desk  with  his  ruler  as  he  did 
so,  which  secured  a death-like  silence,  when  some- 
one with  a loud  voice  broke  forthwith,  "What  is 
silver  without  a stamp?"  And  quick  as  a flash  from 
the  other  side  of  the  house  came  the  answer,  "Good 
for  what  it  weighs^  the  sa7ne  as  wheat  a7id potatoes^  with- 
out a stamp!'  Away  went  the  house  again,  and  for  the 


296 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


third  time  Labor  had  to  take  his  seat,  and  the  first 
lull  that  came  a gentleman  stepped  into  his  chair  and 
shouted:  ''What  harm  to  me  when  I can  trade  my 
day's  work  for  something  that  does  not  ha.ve  to  wedr  a 
stamp?"  Another  party  shouts,  "You're  all  right; 
clothes  don't  make  the  manf  and  off  into  another 
spasm  the  whole  class  went  once  more.  When  Labor 
arose  for  the  third  time  the  class  could  see  in  his 
face  a determination  that  everything  of  a boisterous 
nature  should  cease,  and  in  due  silence  they  re- 
sponded to  the  sound  of  his  ruler  striking  the  desk, 
and  he  said: 

I am  glad  to  see  the  uniform  sentiment  that  there 
must  be  a rational  substance  behind,  and  supporting 
everything,  but  I cannot  give  my  full  approval  to 
such  a demonstration  as  we  have  just  witnessed.  I 
fear  that  it  will  weaken  rather  than  strengthen  what 
we  all  feel  such  an  interest  in  establishing. 

Wild  enthusiasm  cannot  add  any  value  to  silver  or 
take  any  value  out  of  gold,  any  more  than  legislation 
of  any  kind  can.  Mr.  Sampson  attracts  Labor’s  at- 
tention, and  Labor  asks  him  if  he  has  something  he 
would  like  to  say.  Receiving  a reply  in  the  affirma- 
tive, Labor  tells  him  he  may  have  the  floor. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  Do  I understand  you  to  say,  Mr. 
Labor,  that  legislation  cannot  put  any  value  in 
silver? 

Labor.  We  have  a law,  Mr.  Sampson,  now  whereby 
less  than  fifty  cents  worth  of  silver  passes  for  a dol- 
lar, but  there  is  not  one  dollar’s  worth  of  silver  in 
that  piece  of  coin  any  more  than  there  is  two  cents 
worth  of  paper  in  a two-cent  postage  stamp. 

You  expressed  the  whole  truth  of  the  whole  situa- 
tion in  all  its  relations  when  you  admitted  that  the 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


297 


stamp  of  our  government  could  do  nothing  for  gold. 
If  our  country’s  stamp  of  $20  was  on  a piece  of  gold 
that  was  overweight,  and  worth  $25,  that  piece  of 
gold  would  bring  $25  or  its  equivalent  in  any  civil- 
ized country,  including  our  own,  regardless  of  any 
stamp  our  government  had  put  upon  it.  And  the 
same  principle,  Mr.  Sampson,  holds  good  with  any- 
thing our  country  can  produce,  whether  it  is  silver, 
lead,  brass,  copper,  iron,  wheat,  oats,  corn,  horses, 
cattle,sheep,or  any  oneof  the  multitude  of  commodi- 
ties that  can  be  named.  In  not  one  is  there  an  excep- 
tion which  you,  Mr.  Sampson,  will  admityourself  until 
you  come  to  silver.  Gold  bullion, silver  bullion,  andall 
the  different  things  named  above,  andall  that  can  be 
named,  are  products  and  have  their  relative  values, 
and  always  have  had,  and  so  they  always  will  have. 
Different  countries  can  affect  their  prices  by  duties 
and  taxes,  but  they  cannot  affect  their  values.  The 
duty  and  the  tax  added  to  the  current  price  will  rep- 
resent the  'Total”  value. 

Any  country  can  place  a duty  or  tax  on  diamonds, 
rubies  and  all  precious  stones,  but  it  cannot  by  law 
put  any  actual  value  into  any  of  them  or  take  any 
out. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  Do  you  claim,  Mr.  Labor,  that  our 
country  cannot  put  a duty  on  diamonds  that  will  in- 
crease their  value? 

Labor.  Some  might  call  it  value,  but  it  is  only  duty 
tax  added  to  value,  if  any  choose  to  pay  the  in- 
creased price,  which  the  duty  does  increase.  If  our 
country  was  a producer  of  diamonds  of  the  quality 
demanded  then  the  supply  and  demand  of  our  own 
product  would  establish  the  value,  and  if  any  of  this 
given  quality  came  from  other  countries  they  would. 


298 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


in  competition,  have  to  rate  their  goods  at  our 
established  values.  If  the  duties  exacted  prevented 
their  doing  that  without  losing  money  they  would 
have  to  stay  out,  or  come  in  and  sell  at  a loss. 

Diamonds,  rubies,  etc.,  are  in  every  particular 
luxuries,  and  do  not  class  with  staples  and  ordinary 
goods  that  rule  as  necessities. 

Take  away  the  tax  and  duty,  Mr.  Sampson,  and  I 
ask,  can  you  claim  that  our  government  can  by  law 
increase  or  diminish  the  value  of  precious  stones? 

Mr.  Sampson.  I do  not  think,  Mr.  Labor,  that  that 
is  quite  to  the  point.  I am  simply  charging  that  our 
country  demonetized  silver  and  that  that  reduced 
the  value  of  it. 

Labor.  You  mean,  Mr.  Sampson,  that  it  reduced 
the  price  of  it.  Answer  me  candidly,  Mr.  Sampson; 
do  you  not  want  our  country  to  pay  a fictitious 
price  for  silver? 

Mr.  Sampson.  I want  them  to  buy  all  that  is  offered 
at  a ratio  of  sixteen  to  one;  the  one  to  represent 
gold  at  its  present  value. 

Labor.  Why  do  you  want  the  Government  to  do 
that,  Mr.  Sampson? 

Mr.  Sampson.  So  there  will  be  more  money  in  cir- 
culation, and  thus  you  and  I can  have  more  money. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Now,  Mr.  Sampson  is  getting  down 
to  business.  I want  more  money,  and  am  half  crazy 
for  it.  I want  him  on  his  free  silver  basis  to  show 
me  how  I can  have  more  and  then  I shall  be  with 
him. 

Mr.  Sampson.  If  our  Government  buys  more  silver 
bullion  and  coins  it,  there  will  be  more  money  in 
circulation  and  your  chances  will  be  better.  That 
is,  if  they  mint  and  issue  it  on  a basis  of  16  to  i. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  299 

Mr.  Maxwell.  That  will  by  law  be  putting  a value 
into  a commodity.  Mr.  Labor  says  you  cannot  do 
that,  and  I believe  him,  and  you  have  not,  Mr. 
Sampson,  proved  that  by  law  a value  can  be  put 
into  anything.  Radishes  and  beets  are  very  much 
the  same  form  and  color;  can  you  regulate  by  law 
how  many  bushels  of  beets  shall  represent  a bushel 
of  radishes? 

Mr.  Sampson.  Radishes  and  beets  are  commodities; 
they  are  not  money.  Gold  and  silver  are  money. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  When  they  are  all  in  the  ground 
they  are  commodies,  are  they  not,  Mr.  Sampson? 

Mr.  Sampsoji.  Yes. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Then,  if  you  have  a surplus  of  beets 
and  a scarcity  of  radishes  one  year  and  the  reverse 
the  next  year,  in  the  two  commodities,  you  would 
not  claim  that  their  relative  values  would  or  could 
be  the  same  for  both  years? 

Mr.  Sampson.  I am  talking  about  money,  and  you, 
Mr.  Maxwell,  are  talking  about  commodities. 

Mr,  Maxwell.  You  have  admitted,  Mr.  Sampson, 
that  gold  and  silver  in  the  ground  are  commodities; 
do  you  deny  that  now? 

Mr.  Sampsoji.  While  in  the  ground  they  are  com- 
modities but  they  are  capable  of  being  reduced  to 
money  when  taken  out  of  the  ground,  which  cannot 
be  done  with  radishes  and  beets;  hence*  I claim  that 
the  comparison  is  not  a reasonable  one. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Yes,  Mr.  Sampson,  you  claim  the 
comparison  is  odious,  but  you  cannot  deny  that  the 
beets  can  be  reduced  to  sugar,  can  you? 

Mr.  Sampson.  No,  but  what  has  the  sugar  to  do 
with  money? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  The  sugar  comes  from  a commodity 


300 


LABORb  Haivu  /imes  School. 


and  so  does  the  money  come  from  a commodity, 
and  in  the  ratio  that  that  commodity  is  found  will 
the  price  be.  Provided  all  our  sugar  came  from 
beets,  if  beets  were  scarce,  sugar  would  be  dear,  o"* 
bring  a high  price. 

This  principle  holds  good  with  everything  on 
earth,  and  there  is  not  a single  exception  to  it;  and  I 
ask  you  now,  Mr.  Sampson,  if  you  do  not  consider 
that  we  are  right  when  we  make  this  claim? 

Mr,  Sampso7i.  I do,  Mr.  Maxwell,  until  you  come 
to  money.  I claim  that  our  Government  demone- 
tized silver  and  thus  degraded  that  metal. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Degraded  that  metal,  and,  as  you 
said  a few  minutes  ago  to  Mr.  Labor,  reduced  the 
value  of  it.  I claim  that  it  is  beyond  the  power  of 
our  Government  to  reduce  the  value  of  anything 
except  they  pass  a law  forbidding  the  production  of 
a given  thing,  and  make  it  a punishable  offense  to 
produce  it,  but  the  work  here  is  not  in  that  direction. 
Our  talk  is  on  business  lines,  and  to  study  principles 
regardless  of  technicalities.  Am  I not  right,  Mr. 
Labor? 

Labor.  Yes,  Mr.  Maxwell,  you  are  right.  We  are 
not  striving  for  fine  points;  it  is  the  broad  principles 
covering  our  greatest  interests  that  we  are  endeavor- 
ing to  unfold. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  In  that  sense  I take  exceptions  to 
your  charge  that  our  Government  reduced  the  value 
of  silver  by  demonetizing  it.  Our  Government  is 
the  loser  by  more  than  two  hundred  million  dollars 
on  the  silver  it  has  already  bought,  and  it  has 
stopped  buying  and  minting  it  just  as  any  business 
man  would  have  done,  which,  Mr.  Sampson,  you 
call  demonetization. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


301 


Our  Government  has  done  everything  that  could 
be  studied  up  to  get  the  silver  it  has  on  hand  out 
into  circulation.  If  you,  Mr.  Sampson,  will  agree  to 
exchange  other  money  for  a few  or  large  number  of 
tons  of  silver  dollars  with  our  Government  the  latter 
will  gladly  pay  the  freight  on  the  silver  to  any  point 
having  transportation  facilities  you  may  name;  and 
they  will  be  prompt  even  to  rushing  the  silver  to 
you  for  fear  that  you  may  change  your  mind. 

The  value  of  silver  is  due  to  the  amount  in  sight 
just  the  siame  as  with  anything  else.  The  sugar 
manufacturer  would  not  buy  beets  to  make  sugar  if 
he  already  had  on  hand  more  than  he  could  use, 
just  as  our  Government  stopped  buying  silver  bull- 
ion, and  just  as  they  will  stop  buying  and  minting 
gold  if  it  should  ever  be  found  in  quantities  beyond 
the  demands  of  the  world,  and  buildings  covering 
acres  of  ground  have  to  be  built  to  store  it  in. 

Labor,  I think,  Mr.  Maxwell,  that  you  and  Mr. 
Sampson  will  be  unable  to  agree.  We  look  upon 
everything  found  or  created  that  has  value  as  sub- 
ject to  the  laws  of  supply  and  demand.  In  this  we 
do  not  except  either  silver  or  gold.  Our  free  silver 
friends,  however,  choose  to  exempt  silver  from  this 
law. 

Mr,  Maxwell,  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  and  they  insist  that 
our  Government  shall  take  all  they  can  bring  of  it 
and  the  few  silver  mine  owners  shall  dictate  the 
price.  And  when  our  Government  tells  them  the 
buildings  we  have  on  hand  to  store  it  in  are  all  hull 
the  silver  men  tell  them  to  erect  more  buildings.  I 
don’t  think  that  is  fair.  The  time  may  come  when 
we  will  need  the  land  such  buildings  might  occupy 
to  raise  wheat  to  feed  our  people. 


302 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Mr,  Sampson,  You  give  us  plenty  of  silver,  Mr. 
Maxwell,  and  we  will  find  a road  by  which  to  get 
the  wheat.  I want  to  remind  you  that  the  first  thing 
done  when  establishing  our  Government  was  to 
make  a silver  dollar  the  unit  of  value,  and  all  other 
money  was  based  upon  that  unit. 

Mr,  Maxwell,  At  that  time,  Mr.  Sampson,  we  were 
virtually  on  a silver  basis. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  Yes,  we  were,  and  both  silver  and 
gold  were  maintained. 

Mr.  Maxwell,  How  was  gold  maintained? 

Mr.  Sampson.  Because  the  Government  minted  all 
that  came. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  The  Government  minted  all  the 
gold  that  came  because  too  much  did  not  come. 
Then  we  were  on  a silver  basis.  What  did  gold  do? 
It  took  care  of  itself,  didn’t  it,  Mr.  Sampson?  When, 
then,  did  the  change  come? 

Mr.  Sampson.  The  change  came  in  1873  when  we 
went  to  a gold  basis. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  For  several  years  after  1873  silver 
dollars  were  worth  one  hundred  cents,  or  nearly  that? 

Mr.  Sampson.  I believe  they  were. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  To  tell  the  truth,  Mr.  Sampson, 
from  the  time  our  Government  began  issuing  green- 
backs during  the  war,  until  1879,  neither  you  nor  I 
saw  so  much  as  a ten  cent  silver  piece,  let  alone  see- 
ing a silver  dollar.  Gold  and  silver  both  were  out 
of  sight  so  far  as  our  country  was  concerned,  and  for 
this  reason  in  1873,  when  the  great  silver  murder 
you  people  tell  about  was  committed  we  had  no  way 
of  practically  discovering  this  monstrous  crime.  A 
silver  dollar  on  any  four  corners  east  of  the  Mississ- 
ippi River  would  have  been  such  a curiosity  in  1873 


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303 


that  any  kind  of  a crowd  in  size  would  have  gathered 
to  look  at  it. 

Had  a man  carried  a twenty  dollar  gold  piece  into 
a National  Convention  at  that  time,  and  held  it  up 
to  view,  a motion  would  have  been  made  and  carried 
to  take  a recess  for  thirty  minutes  for  the  purpose 
of  looking  at  it. 

You  know  very  well,  Mr.  Sampson,  that  neither 
silver  nor  gold  showed  their  faces  in  this  country 
from  the  opening  of  the  war  until  1879,  and  after 
that  time  they  came  in  use  very  slowly.  You  free 
silver  men  just  play  with,  and  make  toys  of  our 
younger  people  when  telling  them  about  the  silver 
murder  of  1873. 

The  facts  are,  too,  that  prior  to  the  war,  that  is, 
prior  to  i860,  our  country  was  short  of  silver  and 
our  Congress  made  foreign  silver  legal  tender  in  the 
United  States,  doing  what  they  could  at  that  time, 
Mr.  Sampson,  to  invite  silver  into  our  country.  Dur- 
ing all  this  time  that  we  were  virtually  on  a silver 
basis,  gold  took  care  of  itself. 

Mr.  Sampso7i.  Yes,  Mr.  Maxwell,  but  gold  was 
legal  tender  all  that  time. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  And  so  are  silver  dollars  legal  ten- 
der for  any  amount  you  can  bring  right  now. 

What  is  the  situation  today,  Mr.  Labor?  Are  we 
short  of  silver?  No.  Are  we  inviting  foreign  silver 
now?  No;  we  are  on  a gold  basis.  Can  silver  take 
care  of  itself  as  gold  formerly  did  when  our  country 
was  on  a silver  basis,  or  the  silver  dollar  was  the 
unit  of  value?  No.  Why?  Because  it  has  been 
found  since,  as  never  before.  It  is  mixed  with  copper, 
gold,  lead  and  other  metals,  and  large  quantities  of 
silver  are  secured  when  seeking  those  metals,  re- 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


gardless  of  the  great  number  of  mines  that  are  called 
silver  mines  because  there  is  little  else  but  silver 
found  in  them. 

When  there  is  an  enormous  supply  of  any  given 
commodity,  Mr.  Sampson,  that  commodity  will  be 
cheap. 

Mr.  Sampson.  Statistics  do  not  show  that  within 
the  last  few  years  there  has  been  any  wonderful  in- 
crease in  the  amount  of  silver  that  has  been  mined, 
Mr.  Maxwell. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I am  glad  you  have  mentioned  that 
fact,  Mr.  Sampson.  You  free  silver  men  are  making 
all  kinds  of  capital  citing  the  fact  that  no  excessive 
quantities  of  silver  have  been  mined  in  the  last  two 
or  three  years.  You  never  tell  us,  though,  how 
much  would  have  been  taken  out  and  put  on  the 
market  if  it  would  have  brought  the  price  you  free 
silver  men  want  our  government  to  pay  for  it,  which 
is  ;^i.29  per  ounce. 

Loud  applause  follows  from  all  over  the  house, 
which  Labor  puts  down  as  suddenly  as  possible, 
fearing  a repetition  of  the  former  scene. 

I can  tell  you,  Mr.  Sampson,  that  under  a free 
silver  basis,  with  our  Government  paying  $1.29  an 
ounce  for  silver,  they  could  not  construct  buildings 
fast  enough  to  take  care  of  the  silver  that  would  be 
offered. 

(More  applause,  which  Labor  suppresses.) 

Our  Government  is  loaded  down  with  silver  now, 
which  everybody  knows,  Mr.  Labor,  and  we  do  not 
need  any  more  to  mint.  There  is  so  much  silver 
that  it  is  weak;  it  has  become  a burden  to  itself,  and 
it  will  have  to  yield  to  the  laws  of  supply  and  de- 


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305 


mand,  the  same  as  gold,  diamonds,  rubies,  wheat, 
iron,  salt,  or  anything  else  does. 

The  truth  is,  silver  has  tried  to  commit  suicide, 
and  the  chief  mourners  having  been  warned  by  the 
most  eminent  talent  that  it  cannot  recover,  the 
mourners  have  resorted  to  quack  doctors,  instructing 
them  to  tell  the  people  that  there  is  plenty  of  vitality 
left  and  that  it  can  be  restored  to  its  former  strength. 

If  Japan  should  go  to  a gold  basis  their  wages 
would  remain  in  gold  about  what  they  are  today  in 
silver.  What  a boon  that  would  be  to  the  working 
people  of  that  country. 

The  maximum  of  their  wages  now  in  silver  is  a 
little  over  thirty  cents  a day.  Under  a gold  basis 
that  thirty  cents  would  buy  twice  what  it  does  now, 
and  Japan’s  market  would  practically  be  doubled; 
that  is,  the  purchasing  ability  of  their  sellers  of  days 
works  would  be  doubled. 

How  would  it  be  with  our  sellers  of  days  works 
here  in  the  United  States,  Mr.  Labor,  should  we  go 
to  a free  silver  basis?  I will  tell  you.  The  moment 
such  a law  took  effect  everything  the  laboring  man 
buys  would  be  double,  and,  like  during  the  war, 
wages  would  increase  about  twenty-five  per  cent. 

During  the  war  goods  of  all  kinds  increased  from 
two  hundred  to  four  hundred  per  cent.,  while  wages 
increased  not  over  thirty  per  cent.  There  is  plenty 
of  evidence  to  be  had  as  to  the  increased  cost  of 
goods  during  the  war,  but  the  only  good  old  books 
to  get  hold  of  to  find  the  increase  of  wages  during 
the  war  are  those  of  the  railroad  companies.  It  will 
be  found  by  examining  them  that  the  increase  in 
wages  was  some  thirty  per  cent.  However,  wages 
on  the  railroads  during  the  war,  when  everything 


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La-rors’  Hard  Times  School. 


was  so  costly,  were  not  as  high  as  they  are  now 
when  we  are  on  a gold  basis. 

When  the  seller  of  days  works  votes  for  free  silver 
in  this  country  he  is  taking  steps  to  bring  a strain 
upon  himself  that  would  require  years  and  years 
to  overcome,  should  there  be  votes  enough  to  give 
us  such  a law.  Our  wage  scale  in  this  country  is 
good,  and  our  money  is  good.  All  we  want  is  a 
good  market,  which  we  can  always  have  provided 
some  other  country  has  not  taken  it. 

I will  read  to  the  class  two  clippings,  Mr.  Labor, 
which  I hope  you  will  print  at  the  end  of  this  lesson. 
One  is  over  a year  old  and  the  other  is  quite  antique. 
Each  of  them,  however,  scores  a good  point. 

Copper — A Money  Metal.  Why  not  Demand 
Free  Coinage  for? 

The  copper  producers  have  just  as  substantial 
ground  for  complaint  as  the  silver  mine  owners,  due 
to  the  depreciation  of  their  metal,  which  is  equally 
a money  metal  with  silver.  When  silver  was  of  full 
value  with  gold,  at  a ratio  of  i6  to  i,  copper  was 
marketable  at  21  cents  a pound.  Silver  since  then 
has  depreciated  from  $i.2g3/^  per  ounce  down  to  the 
present  price — 69  cents. 

Copper,  meanwhile,  has  gone  down  from  21  cents 
a pound  to  the  present  price,  9^  cents  per  pound, 
from  the  same  cause — over-supply.  Instead  of  free 
and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver  at  a ratio  of  16  to  i, 
when  the  bullion  value  of  silver  makes  it  over  30  to 
I,  copper  would  make  more  honest  money  for  the 
country,  and  more  of  it  (if  that  is  what  is  wanted  by 
the  farmers  and  others),  as  the  ratio  can  be  made 
100  cents  to  ^i,  and  still  make  it  honest  money,  and, 
if  the  coin  should  be  made  four  times  the  size  of  the 


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307 


present  penny,  it  would  really  be  restoring  the 
money  of  our  daddies  if  made  free,  unlimited,  and 
independent  coinage. 

Davis,  Jeff — Was  He  a Tool  of  Wall  Street? 

Jefferson  Davis,  while  at  De  Soto,  Mo.,  on  the 
Iron  Mountain  Railroad — a Greenback  convention 
being  in  session — a crowd  assembled  at  the  depot  to 
see  the  distinguished  person,  who  was  easily  per- 
suaded to  speak,  when  some  one  asked,  “How  about 
Greenbacks?”  Davis  replied,  “If  you  want  script  to 
trade  with  among  yourselves,  you  can  issue  county 
script  or  township  script.  It  will  be  good  as  long  as 
you  have  faith  in  it;  but  if  you  want  to  do  business 
with  the  world  at  large,  you  must  use  the  only  cur- 
rency that  is  recognized  by  all  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  and  that  is  gold  coin.” 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


LESSON  XV. 

Labor.  Mr.  Maxwell,  you  said  you  had  some  data 
that  you  wanted  to  submit. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  there  are  several 
things  to  which  I desire  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
class.  One  thing  in  particular  that  I want  to  talk 
about  is  my  own  days  works. 

We  have,  it  seems,  nearly  all  avenues  of  life  repre- 
sented here,  but  with  reference  to  my  days  works  I 
want  to  address  other  sellers  of  days  works  who  are 
among  us. 

By  common  consent  today,  everybody  toils  except 
the  business  man,  the  doctor,  the  lawyer,  the  teacher, 
the  preacher,  and  the  countless  army  of  people  who 
exist  between  the  farmer  and  the  seller  of  days 
works  regular. 

I am  going  to,  from  the  start,  Mr.  Labor,  ignore 
the  idlers  and  loafers  who  are  so  numerous,  and  who 
decline  work  when  offered. 

In  my  business  as  a traveling  salesman  I come  in 
contact  with  nearly  everything,  from  the  street 
sweeper  to  the  bank  president,  and  I must  confess 
that  nearly  all  that  confronts  me  is  toil,  toil,  toil.  It 
is  one  constant  tide  of  effort  and  strife,  coming  and 
going  like  the  swaying  of  the  sea. 

The  house  I am  traveling  for  manufacture  the  line 
of  goods  I represent.  I began  with  them  as  a factory 
hand,  as  the  term  goes,  and  after  several  years  in  the 
factory  I thought  I would  like  to  take  things  a little 
easier,  and  had  the  courage  to  ask  the  firm  to  let  me 


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309 


represent  them  on  the  road.  And  to  my  surprise 
they  said  laughingly  that  they  would  give  me  a trial 
trip. 

Labor.  Why  do  you  say  they  did  so  laughingly, 
Mr.  Maxwell? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  A factory  hand  asking  for  such  a 
position  was  so  novel  was  the  reason  they  laughed,  I 
suppose.  They  expected,  as  they  have  told  me 
since,  that  inside  of  three  days  I would  return  ad- 
mitting that  I was  out  of  my  class. 

I had  started  on  only  a ten  days  trip,  the  house 
having  arranged  to  protect  themselves,  and  at  the 
same  time  embarrass  me  as  little  as  possible  if  I 
failed. 

I met  with  unlooked  for  success,  both  to  the  house 
and  to  myself,  and  in  less  than  a week  I received 
complimentary  letters  and  orders  to  extend  my  trip. 
Of  course,  each  day  found  me  further  from  head- 
quarters and  I could  not  get  word  from  the  firm  so 
frequently.  My  success  continued,  and  each  mail 
that  I overtook  and  opened  said  keep  going,  and  I 
did.  When  I returned  I had  been  out  just  sixty  days. 

It  is  a good  many  years,  Mr.  Labor,  since  this  hap- 
pened, and  I have  been  traveling  for  the  same  peo- 
ple ever  since. 

Labor.  I suppose  you  felt  very  cheerful,  Mr.  Max- 
well, that  you  had  emerged  from  the  drudgery  of  the 
factory  into  an  easier  life. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  You  cannot  mean  that,  Mr.  Labor. 
I found  that  I had  left  an  easy  life  and  gotten  into  a 
drudgery  that  I never  knew  existed,  and  the  truth  is 
I had  decided  before  I returned  to  go  back  into  the 
factory  and  not  make  another  trip,  but  the  firm 
wouldn’t  listen  to  it. 


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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


In  twenty-four  hours  from  the  time  I reached 
home  I was  on  the  road  again,  with  five  large  trunks 
of  samples,  making  for  a brand-new  territory  in 
which  the  house  had  never  introduced  their  goods, 
and  I traveled  thirty-six  hours  before  I made  my 
first  stop,  arriving  there  in  the  evening. 

My  trunks  had  been  packed  so  hastily  that  it  took 
me  nearly  the  whole  of  that  night  to  unpack  and 
arrange  my  goods  so  I would  know  head  or  tail 
about  them.  It  was  nearly  four  o’clock  in  the  morn- 
ing when  I climbed  into  bed,  after  leaving  word  to 
be  called  at  6:30. 

I sold  three  bills  of  goods  the  next  day,  and' after 
writing  out  my  orders  in  the  evening  and  mailing 
them  to  the  house  I packed  my  trunks  and  took  the 
10:40  train  for  the  next  stop,  arriving  there  at  12:35 
A.  M.  Of  course,  I retired  immediately  after  reach- 
ing the  hotel  and  I was  so  tired  and  worn  out  that  I 
begrudged  the  time  it  took  me  to  disrobe. 

I left  a call  for  6:30  and  by  seven  o’clock  in  the 
morning  I was  unpacking  my  trunks.  At  8:25  I sat 
down  to  a light  and  hurried  breakfast  and  at  8:50  I 
was  talking  to  my  first  merchant.  I sold  two  bills  of 
goods  that  morning,  then  I packed  two  of  my  trunks, 
hired  a team  and  man  with  it  to  drive  six  miles  to  a 
little  village  to  see  one  good  merchant,  starting  at 
just  1:35  p.  M.  I opened  my  goods  in  the  man’s  store 
and  sold  him  a very  nice  bill,  and  induced  him  to 
follow  me  back  to  the  station  and  look  at  my  other 
samples  that  evening,  which  he  did  and  he  gave  me 
another  order. 

After  the  gentlemen  left  I wrote  up  my  orders, 
mailed  them  to  the  house,  packed  my  other  three 
trunks,  found  time  for  one  hour’s  sleep  with  my 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  31  i 

clothes  on  and  took  the  12:35  train,  the  same 

one  I came  into  the  town  on  the  morning  before,  for 
the  next  town,  arriving  there  at  1 150  a.  m.  Of  course, 
I had  planned  a scramble  for  bed  and  I had  intended 
to  sleep  a little  later  the  next  morning,  but  when  I 
registered  I saw  the  name  of  a traveling  man  whom 
I had  met  in  the  first  town  I had  stopped  at,  and  I 
asked  what  time  he  had  left  word  to  be  called  and 
was  told  6:30.  In  an  innocent  way,  as  though  he 
were  a friend  of  mine,  I asked  if  he  had  opened  his 
trunks  and  was  told  that  he  had  but  that  he  retired 
immediately  after  doing  so,  hence  he  had  not  seen 
the  trade. 

Of  course,  Mr.  Labor,  I was  after  that  man’s 
scalp,  for  he  was  selling  the  same  line  of  goods  that 
I was.  The  clerk  stepped  one  side  and  I,  with  my 
pocket  knife,  scratched  my  name  off  the  register, 
ordered  my  trunks  in  the  sample  room  and  left  a 
call  for  5:30. 

At  7:10  I took  a seat  at  the  breakfast  table,  where 
I met  my  competitor,  and  I discovered  at  once  that 
he  recognized  me,  but  I was  confident  that  he  would 
labor  under  the  delusion  that  my  trunks  were  not 
opened,  but  before  night  rolled  around  I made  him 
think  they  were.  It  was  a good  sized  town  and  we 
had  it  good  and  hot  all  day. 

As  soon  as  I swallowed  my  breakfast,  which  did 
not  take  long,  I ran  the  town  over,  left  my  cards, 
chatted  some  five  minutes  with  each  man,  told  them 
all  I would  call  again,  and  asked  them  to  hold  their 
orders  until  they  saw  my  samples.  This,  of  course, 
they  were  inclined  to  do,  for  they  had  never  seen  my 
house’s  goods  and  they  would  naturally  want  to  look 
at  them  and  catch  on  to  the  prices  before  ordering. 


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The  last  man  I called  upon  T took  to  the  hotel 
with  me  and  secured  a good  order.  My  house  had 
given  me  elegant  introductory  prices,  and  I was  well 
fortified  for  anything  that  I might  have  to  contend 
with.  What  is  the  use  of  extending  this,  Mr.  Labor? 
I sold  plenty  of  goods  and  so  did  the  man  I wanted 
to  kill.  Thank  Heaven  it  was  Saturday  and  I rested 
over  Sunday,  and  was  a Sunday  ever  sweeter? 

The  following  week  and  the  balance  of  my  trip 
was  a repetition  of  what  I have  just  given  in  detail. 
I have  done  this,  Mr.  Labor,  that  these  men  of  toil 
who  have  listened  to  me  may  know  that  our  greatest 
toilers  are  many  of  those  who  they  think  find  life 
ever  so  easy. 

I have  always  done  more  work  on  the  road  in  one 
day  than  I ever  did  in  the  factory  in  three.  When  I 
was  out  of  sight  of  the  house  I worked  for,  I found  I 
had  all  my  planning  to  do.  I was  general  manager, 
clerk,  solicitor,  roustabout,  and  everything.  Did  any 
of  you  ever  unpack  five  large  trunks  of  samples  and 
pack  them  again.  It  looks  easy;  you  ought  to  try 
it  on. 

In  the  factory  when  the  whistle  blew  I dropped 
everything  and  went  home  without  a care.  . On  the 
road  when  I would  hear  whistles  blow  after  I had 
done  one  day’s  work  I would  begin  another,  and 
thus  my  life  as  a traveling  salesman  has  been  one  of 
extreme  toil,  and  at  times  the  work  has  been  severe. 

Labor.  I am  somewhat  surprised,  Mr.  Maxwell.  I 
had  always  taken  it  for  granted  that  a traveling 
man’s  work  was  cheerful  and  light.  Of  course,  you 
received  better  pay. 

Mr.  Maxzvell.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  the  pay  has  been 
very  much  better,  but  we  cannot  save  as  anyone 


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313 


would  think  we  ought  to.  A good  salesman  will  be 
more  or  less  a cheerful  spender  of  money,  especially 
with  his  customers.  A sponge  or  shirk  in  keeping 
his  end  up  will  fail  to  establish  a close  friendship 
with  his  trade,  and  in  the  absence  of  that  friendship 
he  will  always  be  facing  a resistance  that  will  give 
him  pains  and  backaches. 

Labor,  I supposed,  Mr.  Maxwell,  that  the  firms 
men  travel  for  always  bore  all  the  expenses  of  their 
salesmen. 

Mr,  Maxwell,  You  ask  a member  of  a firm  having 
traveling  salesmen  and  he  will  tell  you  that  his 
house  does  pay  all  expenses,  and  oftentimes  they 
think  they  pay  more  than  that  even,  but  I fail  to 
find  any  of  the  successful  salesmen  who  do  not  show 
that  they  fall  behind  in  their  expenses.  I know  I 
always  have,  and  the  sum  total  for  the  long  term  of 
years  I have  been  on  the  road  would  surprise  you, 
Mr.  Labor,  and  the  firm  I work  for,  and  everybody 
else. 

You  will  pardon  me,  Mr.  Labor,  for  reciting  what 
I have,  but  I want  it  known  to  the  fullest  extent 
with  the  days  workers  themselves  that  most  of  the* 
people  who  they  think  have  an  easy  time  are  hard 
workers  and  their  callings  are  important  and  cannot 
be  dispensed  with.  What  would  we  do  without  the 
doctor? 

Mr,  Sampson.  Without  the  doctor  we  would  un- 
doubtedly all  live  longer,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

Mr,  Maxwell,  That  remark,  Mr.  Sampson,  is  in 
line  with  your  defense  of  free  silver  and  Prof.  Gil- 
lette’s defense  of  free  trade.  Either  one  of  you 
gentlemen  would  have  the  nerve  to  undertake  to 


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amputate  an  arm  or  a leg  and  care  for  it  afterwards, 
or  take  charge  of  a case  of  childbirth. 

I gather  from  your  argument  that  the  man  who 
has  lived  the  longest  in  given  lines  is  the  man  who 
knows  the  least  regarding  subjects  such  lines  cover. 

We  need  the  minister  as  well,  Mr.  Labor.  All 
moral  lessons  are  essential  in  our  development  and 
require  students  and  advocates.  What  kind  of  a 
country  would  we  have,  Mr.  Labor,  in  the  total  ab- 
sence of  all  educational  institutions? 

All  these  are  working  people,  and  have  each  their 
own  manner  of  toil  or  days  works,  for  which  they 
must  be  remunerated.  We  have  to  add  to  the  law- 
yers, judges,  courts,  court  officers  and  clerks,  keepers 
of  records,  city,  state  and  national  officials,  with  all 
their  forces.  All  are  workers  and  must  be  sustained. 
It  is  out  of  the  question  to  cover  the  field.  Think  of 
those  employed  in  fire  and  life  insurance,  printing 
and  publishing,  and  when  the  people  engaged  in  all 
lines  of  business  .are  added  you  have  a list  which 
will  fill  a large  city  directory. 

If,  Mr.  Labor,  we  charge  the  maintenance  of  this 
army  of  people  to  anything,  it  must  be  to  products, 
both  manufactured  and  grown. 

It  would  require  several  volumes  to  analyze  this 
question,  which  has  many  times  been  done,  and  it 
makes  but  little  difference  whether  I am  satisfied 
with  what  has  been  written  on  the  subject  or  not. 

One  thing  I will  admit,  the  question  is  a very  large 
one  and  we  ought  to  be  very  charitable  to  those  un- 
dertaking to  handle  it,  except  when  they  attempt  to 
advise  us  to  buy  products  abroad  because  we  can  get 
them  cheap,  rather  than  to  manufacture  and  produce 
them  ourselves. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


315 


I claim,  Mr.  Labor,  that  the  true  principle  involved 
is, — to  the  wind  with  cheapness  and  other  countries’^ 
prices  and  values,  raise  and  manufacture  our  own 
products  and  regulate  our  own  prices.  And  it  is  in 
this  that  the  great  armies  named  above  are  most  in- 
terested. The  required  non-producer  is  dependent 
upon  the  producer  for  his  shavings,  and  if  he  wants 
plenty  of  them  he  would  better  vote  to  have  the 
shavings  made  at  home. 

I have  diverged  somewhat,  Mr.  Labor,  from  what 
I started  to  say.  These  questions  are  covered  deep 
with  words,  and  have  been  for  years,  without  my  at- 
tempting to  add  any.  What  I started  to  show  was 
that  my  days  works  are  required,  and  that  the  cost 
of  them  to  my  firm  must  be  charged  to  the  cost  of 
the  goods  they  manufacture,  and  so  must  every 
other  expense  they  are  to  in  manipulating  their 
business.  This  is  sp  plain  that  it  seems  childish  to 
refer  to  it,  but  so  many  writers  and  statisticians  con- 
vey the  impression  that  the  cost  of  products  is  found 
when  the  factory  hands  are  through  with  them  that 
I cannot  forego  this  privilege  of  challenging  any  and 
all  such  statements. 

The  cost  to  be  added  to  goods,  Mr.  Labor,  does 
not  cease  until  the  consumer  has  purchased  them 
and  landed  them  in  their  final  resting  place. 

We  must  have  the  retailers.  Consumers  cannot  all 
go  to  the  factories  and  to  farms,  and  these  final  dis- 
tributors of  goods  cut  such  a large  figure  in  making 
up  the  masses  of  our  people,  and  their  presence 
almost  equal  with  the  producer  being  demanded, 
make  the  question  of  adjustment  in  all  our  affairs 
so  complicated  and  so  diverse  that  it  staggers  and 
baffles  all  human  kind, 


3i6 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


There  is  so  much,  Mr.  Labor,  that  cannot  be  fath- 
omed or  understood  that  there  exists  a special  de- 
mand on  those  who  are  seeking  to  enlighten  the 
people  to  urge  to  complete  fullness  of  expression 
when  showing  what  they  have  discovered  and  what 
they  have  learned  up  to  the  limit  of  not  presuming 
but  knowing. 

Statistics  today  are  largely  misleading.  In  one 
report  for  1896  of  labor  and  material  I find  these 
figures:  Labor,  ^2,283,2  [6,529;  material  used,  $5,162,- 
044,076.  I want  to  ask,  Mr.  Labor,  if  these  figures 
as  to  material  are  not  misleading? 

Labor.  The  figures  that  you  name  as  material 
used  have  reference  to  pig  iron,  lumber,  leather,  glass, 
yarn  and  hundreds  of  things  used  in  bringing  forth 
finished  products. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  What  are  all  those  commodities 
you  have  named,  Mr.  Labor,  except  finished  products 
themselves?  Is  not  pig  iron  a finished  product? 
What  is  leather  or  lumber,  or  anything  you  have 
mentioned,  and  the  long  list  of  things  you  could  not 
call  to  mind,  but  finished  products? 

Labor.  They  are  all  finished,  Mr.  Maxwell,  and 
placed  on  the  market  as  products. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Then,  Mr.  Labor,  what  do  they 
represent? 

Labor.  They  represent  days  works  with  a profit 
added  to  them.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  two-thirds  of 
their  value  represents  labor  performed  and  paid  for. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Most  of  such  goods  are  classed  as 
staples,  Mr.  Labor,  and  they  cannot  hold  a net  33^ 
per  cent,  profit,  and  out  of  that  per  cent,  salesmen 
like  myself  and  much  other  labor  is  paid.  However, 
that  has  but  little  to  do  with  the  principles  involved. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


317 


What  we  want  to  call  to  the  mind  of  the  statistician 
is  that  in  the  way  he  writes  his  figures  and  his  words 
he  is  misleading.  I do  not  believe,  Mr.  Labor,  that  one 
man  in  ten  reading  such  quotations  would  stop  to 
think  but  that  the  $5,162,044,076  for  material  meant 
raw  material,  when,  in  fact,  $3,441,362,717,  which  is 
two  thirds  of  the  above  amount,  leaving  off  the  frac- 
tions, represents  days  works  paid  for,  and  that  sum 
added  to  $2,283,216,529  which  had  been  credited  to 
labor  shows  $5,724,579,246,  which  is  the  total  value 
of  the  days  works  in  the  finished  products.  This 
leaves  $1,720,681,358  for  the  raw  material  and  profits, 
which  is  liberal. 

Labor,  I see  the  point  you  are  making  and  it  is  a 
good  one,  Mr.  Maxwell.  Our  people  cannot  judge 
well  in  their  own  true  interests  when  their  impres- 
sions are  wholly  wrong.  You  must  bear  in  mind,  how- 
ever, that  some  of  the  material  may  have  been  made 
in  1896  and  the  labor  in  that  included  in  the  $2,282,- 
216,529;  hence  if  that  labor  is  estimated  again  in  the 
material  it  will  have  been  added  in  twice  for  the  one 
year. 

Mr.  Maxwell,  Then,  Mr.  Labor,  let  them  keep 
their  books  correctly,  and  carry  the  quantities  and 
values  along  from  year  to  year  and  show  us  what 
represents  days  works  and  what  is  something  else. 
Their  whole  plan  of  giving  us  information  is  wrong. 
When  we  want  to  know  today  what  sum  represents 
the  value  of  labor  in  anything  we  have  to  guess  at  it. 

If  a ton  of  steel  rails  cost  $20  to  manufacture  and 
the  pig  iron  to  make  them  cost  $16,  which  is  called 
material,  we  have  left  $4  for  labor.  Anyone  reading 
such  figures  in  the  following  words: 


3i8 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Cost  of  a ton  of  steel  rails. 


Material ^i6.oo 

Labor 4.00 

Total $20.00 


will  gather  that  there  is  only  $4  in  value  due  to  labor 
in  a ton  of  steel  rails  that  cost  $20  to  produce,  while 
in  truth  there  was  in  the  material  (pig  iron)  from 
;^ii  to  $14  worth  of  days  works  to  be  added  to  the 
$4  acknowledged,  which  shows  that  in  a ton  of  steel 
rails  that  it  cost  $20  to  produce,  from  $15  to  $18  of 
that  cost  was  paid  to  men  who  started  the  ore  and 
from  them  to  other  men  all  along  the  line  to  the  ones 
who  finished  the  rails. 

Labor.  Usually  in  estimates,  Mr.  Maxwell,  there 
is  an  allowance  made  for  miscellaneous  costs,  capi- 
tal, etc. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I am,  to  avoid  being  misunderstood, 
only  speaking  of  actual  cost,  leaving  out  capital,  in- 
terest, miscellaneous  costs  and  profits,  and  as  to  the 
actual  cost  I can  only  make  a guess  as  I am  not  fa- 
miliar enough  with  making  steel  rails  to  call  things 
by  their  right  names,  but  I know  enough  to  know 
that  $4  does  not  represent  the  wages  in  a ton  of  steel 
rails  that  it  cost  $20  to  make.  And  words  and  figures 
in  statistics  should  not  be  arranged  so  that  they 
can  possibly  convey  any  such  impression. 

Labor.  Some  of  our  statistics  give  nearly  every- 
thing in  detail,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I cannot  afford  to  take  a vacation, 
Mr.  Labor,  to  hunt  statistics  in  detail.  If  I want 
some  information  on  totals  I do  not  want  to  find  a 
total  there  called  material  when  I know  that  two- 
thirds  of  that  total  is  days  works  that  have  been  paid 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


.319 


for,  and  no  credit  given  to  wages  for  them.  It  is  a 
misrepresentation  on  the  face  of  it  and  cheats  labor 
out  of  its  share  in  making  up  grand  totals,  and  con- 
veys the  impression  that  labor  is  only  one-fourth 
or  one-third  of  a grand  total,  when  in  fact  it  is 
from  seven-tenths  to  nine-tenths  of  that  total. 
Sending  forth  the  impression,  too,  that  the  team- 
ster who  hauls  the  goods  to  the  wholesale  house, 
and  all  the  porters,  clerks,  book-keepers,  messenger 
boys,  traveling  salesmen,  and  further  on  to  the 
clerks  and  help  who  retail  them  in  the  retail  houses, 
and  all  the  called  for  people  between  are  included  in 
the  amount  set  apart  as  so  much  for  wages,  is  unjust 
to  wage  sellers  of  our  country,  which  includes  every 
salaried  attachee. 

I find  the  following  figures  in  one  report,  Mr, 
Labor,  and  will  read  them  to  the  class. 

MANUFACTURING. 

No.  of  establishments  reporting,  - - 355,401 

No.  of  employees,  •-  - - - 4,711,832 

Capital  invested,  - - - - $6,524,475,305 

Expenses,  -----  630,944,058 

Wages  paid,  - - - . 2,282,823,265 

Cost  of  materials,  - - - - 5,158,868,353 

Total  value  of  products,  - - 9,370,107,624 

Any  one,  Mr.  Labor,  is  in  danger  of  accepting  the 
above  figures  for  wages  as  the  sum  total  of  wages 
paid  to  labor  in  the  whole  United  States,  when  in 
truth  it  only  represents  the  sum  paid  to  the  4,711,- 
832  employees  in  the  355,401  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments reporting,  and  may  not  represent  more 
than  one-half  the  amount  of  money  paid  to  all  our 
earners  of  money  yearly.  It  does  not  include  the 
armies  of  people  who  handle  these  goods  after  they 


320 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


leave  the  hands  of  the  people  who  manufacture  them. 

It  does  not  include  the  money  paid  to  railroad 
wage  earners,  or  those  found  in  street  car  service, 
and  when  in  our  minds  we  try  to  add  to  these  all 
the  wage  earners  we  cannot  think  of,  and  then  in- 
clude the  wages  paid  to  farm  hands,  not  forgetting 
the  mass  of  people  selling  their  days  works  in  build- 
ing and  all  other  kinds  of  construction  work,  what 
have  we?  Dare  we  stop  at  four  billion  or  will  it  be 
six  billion  of  dollars  paid  to  money  earners  yearly? 

We  have  yet  to  add  to  the  four  or  six  billion  for 
labor  yearly  the  value  of  the  labor  in  the  ;^5,i58,- 
808,353  of  material,  which  is  over  three  billion  more. 
This  brings  all  wages  and  salaries  paid  in  the  United 
States  yearly  up  to  somewhere  between  seven  and 
ten  billion  dollars. 

Remember,  Mr.  Labor,  our  estimate  covers  every 
living  person  who  works  for  pay,  from  the  President 
of  the  United  States  down  to  the  child  selling  papers 
on  the  streets. 

Labor.  You  have  made  some  very  important  and 
valuable  points,  Mr.  Maxwell,  and  I hope  much  good 
will  result  from  them.  The  vast  sums  you  have 
named  showing  the  earning  ability  of  our  country  is 
in  principle  beyond  the  power  of  contradiction,  and 
makes  manifest  to  us  our  inability  to  fully  appreci- 
ate, and  in  a partial  sense,  even  to  recognize  the 
value  of  our  own  market  and  why  we  are  such  a 
wonderful  people. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I thank  you,  Mr.  Labor,  for  your 
kind  utterance.  I only  wish  I could  paint  this  picture 
so  it  would  be  clearer  and  plainer.  To,  in  the  broad- 
est sense,  appreciate  the  true  worth  of  our  own  mar- 
ket is  of  the  deepest  importance  to  all  our  people. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


321 


and  what  I have  so  feebly  named  shows  what  our 
market  is.  It  is  what  is  earned  and  spent,  and 
nothing  more. 

What  does  it  mean  to  us  when  it  is  damaged  ten 
per  cent.;  what  when  it  is  injured  twenty  per  cent., 
and  what  have  we  when  it  is  hit  as  hard  as  thirty 
per  cent.? 

Is  it  any  wonder,  Mr.  Labor,  that  other  countries 
fight  so  hard  to  get  into  our  market?  Can  we  afford 
to  let  them  in  except  as  we  need  them,  and  no 
further? 

Groversville  told  the  whole  story,  if  our  past  four 
years’  experience  has  not,  and  in  connection  with 
this  I want  to  ask  what  we  are  going  to  do  when 
Japan  gets  to  us?  I give  fair  notice  now  that  that 
country  is  on  her  way  here  and  coming  in  a max- 
imum wage  scale  of  less  than  sixteen  cents  per  day 
in  our  money. 

The  Manufacturers’  Association  of  the  United 
States  sent  one  of  our  first  citizens,  Mr.  Robert  P. 
Porter,  to  Japan  to  study  the  industries  and  com- 
merce of  that  country.  I will  read  a portion  of  what 
Mr.  Porter  reports,  and  in  addition  will  submit  some 
of  the  figures  and  tables  found  in  his  report,  that  I 
hope  you  will  include  in  the  published  proceedings 
of  this  school. 

Mr.  Porter’s  report  is  full  of  important  and -inter- 
esting information,  covering  165  pages  of  printed 
matter,  hence  it  will  be  out  of  the  question  to  do 
more  than  make  a few  selections  from  it. 

After  reading  sufficiently  to  bring  the  questions  of 
the  progress  in  that  country  and  the  wages  paid, 
Mr.  Maxwell  requested  that  what  he  had  read  be 


322 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


cut  out  of  this  portion  of  the  report  and  the  tables 
be  given  verbatim  in  Mr.  Porter’s  words. 

INDUSTRIAL  AMBITIONS  OF  JAPAN. 

In  guagingthe  strength  and  possibilities  of  a mod- 
ern nation,  it  has  always  seemed  to  me  that  the 
characteristics  of  the  population  and  location  of  the 
country  are  of  far  greater  moment  than  its  mere 
numerical  strength  or  the  extent  of  its  superficial 
area.  The  Japanese,  as  we  find  them  today,  are  full 
of  ambition  to  be  the  controlling  industrial,  as  well 
as  the  controlling  political  nation  of  the  far  East. 
They  are  hopeful  of  becoming,  some  day,  a great 
commercial  and  maritime  power — the  Great  Britain 
of  the  Pacific.  The  first  thing  that  strikes  the  traveler 
in  this  part  of  the  world  is  the  process  of  grafting 
the  new  western  life  on  the  old.  It  is  going  on  in 
every  direction.  It  is  like  engrafting  into  the 
gnarled,  dried,  stunted,  blackened  trees  which  form 
the  background  of  Japanese  landscapes,  the  sym- 
metrical branches,  full  of  life  and  sap,  from  the 
stafely  forests  of  our  own  Northwest.  Including  its 
new  possessions,  Japan  starts  in  the  race  with  45,000,- 
000  industrious,  thrifty,  persevering  human  beings. 
And  yet  the  area  of  Japan  is  not  148,000  square 
miles — about  equivalent  to  the  State  of  Montana, 
and  less  than  the  area  of  California.  And  85  per 
cent,  of  this  land  surface  is  occupied  by  rocky  hills, 
volcanic  cones,  pebbly  rivers,  mountain  lakes,  ashy 
fields,  and  large  areas  covered  with  pines,  cherries, 
and  cryptomerias.  The  work  begun  in  these  islands 
twenty- five  years  ago  will  remake  the  Asiatic  world 
with  its  400,000,000  souls,  as  certainly  as  the  civil- 
ization cradled  in  the  British  Isles  spread  over 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


323 


Northern  Europe  and  made  our  great  North  Ameri- 
can continent. 

In  considering  Japan  industrially  and  commercial- 
ly, it  is  difficult  to  keep  out  the  whole  Pacific  pol- 
icy, for  should  this  energetic  little  island  awaken  the 
sleeping  giant  across  the  Japan  Sea,  the  world  would 
be  startled  with  industrial  changes  of  far  greater 
moment  to  humanity  than  those  taking  place  in 
Japan. 

There  never  was  a people  so  completely  absorbed 
in  industrial  and  commercial  questions  as  the  Japan- 
ese at  this  period  of  their  history.  Emperor  and 
Prime  Minister,  the  Cabinet,  Members  of  the  Im- 
perial Diet  and  minor  officials  are  all  imbued  with 
the  progress^and  future  greatness  of  Japan  in  manu- 
factures, in  commerce,  and  as  the  dominating  nation 
of  this  part  of  the  world.  At  public  dinners,  on 
official  occasions  of  all  sorts,  the  drift  of  the  remarks 
is,  what  can  be  done  to  help  the  material  progress 
of  Japan.  The  vernacular  papers  have  taken  this 
up,  and  enterprises  of  all  sorts  are  exploited  with 
the  vim  and  vigor  displayed  in  the  building  of  our 
own  country. 

Commercial  and  industrial  questions  are  now  al- 
most as  popular  subjects  of  treatment,  both  in  the 
press  and  by  public  speakers,  as  the  most  urgent 
political  questions,  whether  foreign  or  domestic. 
Among  them  are  such  matters  as  the  extension  of 
existing  steam  routes,  the  results  of  treaty  revision 
on  trade,  insurance,  establishment  of  technical  and 
commercial  schools,  the  training  of  officers  and  men 
for  the  mercantile  marine,  improvement  of  chambers 
of  commerce  and  of  the  existing  system  of  trade 
guilds,  the  despatch  of  commissioners  to  study 


324 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


commercial  conditions  abroad,  placing  Japanese  in 
commercial  houses  and  factories  in  foreign  countries 
in  order  to  learn  thoroughly  their  system  of  busi- 
ness, the  establishment  of  a floating  exhibition  of 
Japanese  products,  the  effects  on  the  trade  of  Japan 
of  the  opening  of  the  Siberian  Railway  and  Nicara- 
gua Canal,  when  Japan  may  become  one  of  the 
greatest  commercial  centers  of  the  world. 

I was  struck,  while  in  Japan,  with  the  key-note  of 
nearly  all  the  public  speakers  and  especially  the 
public  addresses  of  the  several  members  of  the  Cab- 
inet who  officiated  at  the  several  banquets  and  meet- 
ings during  my  stay  there.  In  these  utterances  al- 
most uniformly  the  industrial  idea  predominated. 
No  matter  what  the  rest  of  the  world  may  think  of 
Japan,  no  matter  whether  the  manufacturers  of  the 
United  States  are  terrified  or  not  at  the  prospects  of 
Japanese  competition  with  our  home  industry  and 
labor,  the  Japanese  themselves  believe  they  are 
cutting  a wide  swath  in  the  commerce  of  the  world. 
Note,  for  instance,  these  extracts  from  the  speech 
delivered  by  Mr.  Kaneko,  Vice-Minister  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Commerce.  I found  him  a man  of  intelli- 
gence and  foresight  and  of  wide  experience  in 
economic  and  statistical  matters.  Educated  in  one 
of  the  great  European  universities,  he  is  up  to  the 
spirit  of  the  age  in  all  that  relates  to  Japan  and  her 
industrial  and  commercial  future.  I am  indebted  to 
Mr.  Kaneko’s  department  for  many  valuable  reports. 
Any  utterances  of  his  should  carry  special  weight. 
During  the  last  two  weeks  of  my  stay  in  Japan  Mr. 
Kaneko  was  engaged  in  a personal  inspection  of  the 
manufactures  and  industries  of  Japan.  He  visited 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  325 

the  same  districts  I visited  during  my  stay  there.  In 
the  course  of  a speech  addressed  to  a meeting  of 
representatives  of  Chambers  of  Commerce  through- 
out the  Empire,  held  in  May  in  Hakata,  Fukuoka, 
Mr.  Kaneko  said: 

‘‘Japan  is  possessed  of  qualifications  admirably 
fitted  for  making  her  a country  of  manufactures. 
Her  population  is  comparatively  large  and  labor  is 
cheap. 

“The  Japanese  are  gifted  with  powerful  eyes, 
hands  and  brains,  and  the  Americans  are  terror- 
stricken  at  this. 

“The  cotton  spinners  of  Manchester  are  known  to 
have  said  that  while  the  Anglo-Saxons  had  passed 
through  three  generations  before  they  became  clever 
and  apt  hands  for  the  spinning  of  cotton,  the  Japan- 
ese have  acquired  the  necessary  skill  in  this  industry 
in  ten  years'  time  and  have  now  advanced  to  a stage 
where  they  surpass  the  Manchester  people  in  skill. 

“The  Japanese  are  unrivaled  in  the  world  for 
cleverness,  and  their  future  is  truly  awe-inspiring  to 
contemplate. 

“Furthermore,  the  position  of  Japan  is  very  con- 
venient for  the  purpose  of  importing  raw  cotton 
from  China  and  India,  and  wool  and  other  raw  mate- 
rials from  Australia.  This  country  is  naturally 
adapted  to  manufactures  and  a wonderful  advance- 
ment has  been  made  in  late  years  in  respect  to  cot- 
ton spinning  and  weaving  and  paper  manufacturing. 
We  have  also  begun  to  make  excellent  blankets. 

“On  account  of  Japan  being  a volcanic  country, 
good  sulphuric  acid  can  be  procured,  the  acid  im- 
ported from  China  and  India  having  been  totally 
supplanted  by  the  home  product  in  the  local  markets, 


326 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


>V0fAl 

?kOVTtt  THKOtNO  W\’V»  0’»H5,q, 


m N0fcT» 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


327 


“Englishmen  have  felt  considerable  uneasiness  on 
seeing  the  prosperous  state  of  business  at  Kawag- 
uchi, Osaka.  This  is  not  my  own  personal  opinion, 
but  I have  actually  heard  so  from  foreigners  who 
visited  Japan  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  trade. 
A commissioner,  recently  sent  out  by  merchants  and 
manufacturers  of  Manchester,  was  astonished  at  the 
development  of  the  industries  of  Japan.  On  one 
occasion  this  gentleman  visited  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  Commerce,  and  remarked  that  he 
did  not  expect  this  country  to  be  so  abundant  in 
raw  materials.  He  was  surprised  at  the  skill  shown 
in  weaving,  and  saw  excellent  blankets  being  made 
at  Omori  from  old  rags. 

“If  the  Japanese  are  so  clever  in  utilizing  useless 
materials  for  manufacturing  useful  articles,  foreign- 
ers will  be  at  a loss  what  to  do  in  competing  with 
the  Japanese,  when  the  Island  is  thrown  open  to 
them.” 

In  reference  to  the  policy  of  Japan  in  aiming  at 
the  development  of  manufactures,  the  Vice-Minister 
of  Agriculture  and  Commerce  contended  that  the 
Japanese  should  sell  their  articles  to  countries  in- 
ferior to  Japan;  that  is,  they  should  sell  calico  and 
the  like  to  China,  India,  etc.,  while  to  civilized  coun- 
tries like  America,  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany, 
etc.,  special  art  works  might  be  sold 

In  looking  over  the  consular  reports  from  the 
Japanese  residents  in  foreign  countries,  we  note  the 
same  tenor.  To  sustain  the  Vice-Minister  of  Agri- 
culture, I quote  from  a recently-published  report  of 
the  Japanese  Consul  at  Montreal,  Mr.  T.  Nosse: 

“Now,  returning  to  the  subject  we  have  started 
with,  viz. — the  articles  we  can  supply  the  foreign 


328 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


markets — I may  repeat  that  ^it  is  a grievous 
mistake  to  suppose  that  Japan  can  offer  nothing  but 
fancy  goods  at  fancy  prices.  Yes,  sir,  it  is  a great 
mistake,  for  we  are  now  out  in  the  world’s  market 
for  staple  goods.  Take,  for  instance,  our  silk  hand- 
kerchiefs. They  used  to  be  bought  and  sold  just  for 
the  sake  of  their  oddity,  or  for  the  fancy  embroid- 
eries on  them;  but  now  they  are  used  and  admired 
for  their  cheapness,  durability  and  comfort  above 
all,  which  cannot  be  approached  by  any  other  ma- 
terial. 

‘‘And  then  our  silk  piece  goods — they  were  at  first 
exported  only  for  fancy  purposes,  but  now  they  bid 
fair  with  European  products  as  staple  dress  goods. 
I have  been  through  some  of  the  great  establish- 
ments in  this  city  and  what  I have  seen  in'  these 
places  is  evidence  to  prove  that  ours  can  compete 
with  the  French  goods  both  in  design,  price  and 
popularity.  Jute  and  rug  carpets  there  on  exhibi- 
tion are  no  fancy  goods  at  fancy  prices,  but  are  just 
the  sort  of  useful  homestead  articles  to  remain  in 
public  favor  always.” 

I was  also  struck  with  the  Japanese  oratory  at  the 
dinner  given  to  Lord  Spencer  at  the  Imperial  Hotel, 
at  Tokyo,  while  I was  in  Japan.  Mr.  Shibusawa 
Eiichi  said,  among  other  things: 

“Since  the  dawning  of  the  Meiji  era,  men’s  eyes 
have  been  opened  to  the  necessity  of  developing 
commerce  and  industry,  but  the  time-honored  preju- 
dice has  been  hard  to  root  out.  The  revolution  of 
Meiji  was  carried  out  by  men  in  power  under  the 
feudal  system;  hence,  men  of  parts  all  looked  to 
official  life  as  the  means  of  gaining  influence,  and 
few  indeed,  and  far  between,  were  those  who  felt 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


329 


anxious  to  develop  our  commerce  and  industry.  But 
what  is  right  and  necessary  in  this  world  will  never 
be  put  down,  and  gradually  advocates  of  the  cause 
of  commerce  and  industry  have  increased  in  number. 
The  sphere  has  been  widened;  it  has  come  to  be 
regarded  with  more  honor,  and  these  professions, 
these  lines  of  life,  once  so  despised,  have  come  to 
be  recruited  from  the  ranks  of  men  of  education. 

‘‘Special  schools,  too,  have  been  established  for 
giving  to  aspiring  young  men  commercial  and  in- 
dustrial education.  When  I look  back  on  the  rapid- 
ity of  advancement  in  this  respect,  I am  filled  with 
astonishment.  Let  me  refer  to  a few  examples.  The 
law  for  the  establishment  of  national  banks  was  pro- 
mulgated in  the  fifth  year  of  Meiji  (1872).  Today 
there  are  950  banks  with  the  aggregate  capital  of 
133,000,000  yen  ($70,756,000  gold).  The  amount  of 
our  exports  in  1895  was  over  265,000,000  yen  ($141,- 
980,000  gold),  being  four  times  greater  than  what  it 
was  ten  years  ago.  The  aggregate  tonnage  of  the  mer- 
cantile marine,  after  the  sudden  increase  last  year, 
was  over  360,000  tons.  The  railways  show  the  total 
mileage  of  over  2,250  miles,  being  six  times  what  it 
was  ten  years  ago.  In  cotton  spinning,  an  industry 
started  sixteen  years  ago,  there  were,  up  to  last  year, 
980,000  spindles,  being  fifteen  times  greater  than  it 
was  ten  years  ago. 

“I  have  mentioned  these  figures  simply  as  an  ex- 
ample of  what  a small  nation  in  the  East  has  achieved 
in  the  short  space  of  ten  years  or  so.  Far  from  feel- 
ing any  pride  in  these  achievements,  we  are  not  by 
any  means  satisfied  with  these  small  results.  As  our 
geographical  position  is  similar  to  that  of  England, 
we  feel  that  a wide  field  awaits  us  in  the  lines  of  com- 


330 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


mercial  activity.  Our  aim  should  be  first  to  cfevelop 
the  carrying  trade  of  the  country,  and  to  promote 
industrial  enterprises.  We  should  not  aim  to  enrich 
ourselves  at  the  expense  of  others.  We  do  not  want 
to  make  a great  beginning  and  a small  ending.  Our 
plan  should  be  to  advance  slowly  but  surely.” 

In  calling  attention  to  these  prevalent  ideas,  it  is 
merely  for  the  purpose  of  inserting  in  this  report 
the  current  thought  of  Japan  in  relation  to  industrial 
matters,  and  to  show  as  far  as  may  be  possible,  the 
hopes  and  aspirations  of  the  Japanese  for  a large 
share  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  Far  East. 

One  of  the  English  papers,  commenting  on  this 
tendency  of  the  Japanese,  said:  “Among  public 
speakers  are  found  not  only  officials  whose  special 
province  is  trade  and  agriculture,  merchants,  and 
bankers,  but  even  a naval  officer  of  high  rank  has 
considered  it  not  beneath  his  dignity  to  tell  his 
countrymen  that  they  can  only  become  a great 
nation  by  development  of  trade,  and  that  trade  is 
as  worthy  of  their  best  efforts  as  war.” 

It  is  indeed  true  that  abundant  evidence  is  given 
almost  daily  that  the  attention  of  the  thinking  classes 
is  being  seriously  devoted  to  the  above  and  kindred 
subjects,  and  when  it  is  remembered  that  a single 
generation  ago  trade  in  any  form  was  considered  the 
most  degrading  of  pursuits,  and  that  all  engaged  in 
it  were,  in  the  social  scale,  the  lowest  of  the  low,  the 
present  spirit  of  the  people  seems  not  to  be  the  least 
of  the  many  great  changes  that  have  come  over 
them.  It  may  also  be  considered  to  afford  a hope 
that  ere  another  generation  passes  the  low  standard 
of  commercial  morality,  which  still  prevails  as  an 
unfortunate  relic  of  the  past  among  the  mass  of 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


331 


traders,  and  which  must,  while  it  lasts,  be  always  an 
obstacle  to  the  existence  of  a widespread  system  of 
commercial  credit,  will  have  as  completely  disap- 
peared as  has  now  the  former  sociardegradation. 

Some  idea  of  the  industrial  progress  of  Japan  may 
be  gathered  from  the  following  table,  which  is  sub- 
mitted here  because  it  is  of  a general  character  and 
indicates  at  a glance  the  wonderful  progress  which 
this  country  is  making.  So  many  people  are  inclined 
to  sneer  at  Japan  as  a competitor  of  the  United 
States.  Further  along  I shall  treat  upon  that  phase 
of  the  question,  but  for  the  moment  I wish  to  empha- 
size by  this  tabfe  the  rapidity  of  her  growth  in  sev- 
eral important  directions: 

COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT  SINCE  LAST 

WAR. 


No.  of 
Companies. 

Railroad  companies  authorized  by  government 80 

Railroad  companies  projected,  not  yet  authorized..  125 

Capital. 

$143,953,000 

202,000,000 

205 

$345,953,000 

Electric  and  horse  cars 

20,249.000 

BANKS. 

239 

$366,202,000 

Increased  funds 

Newly  established 

..  46 

..132 

18.435.000 

89.560.000 

INDUSTRY. 

178 

$107,995,000 

Cotton  mills 

Silk  mills I. . 

W eaving  factories 

Mining  and  metallurgical  companies 

Electric  works 

Other  industrial  works 

..  49 
..  24 
..  19 
..  22 
..  15 
..  58 

29.582.000 

10.295.000 

9.425.000 

8.185.000 

11.620.000 
17,489,000 

COMMERCE. 

187 

$ 86  596,000 

Insurance  works 

Exchanges 

Trades 

N avigation  and  ship-building 

Other  commercial  enterprises 

..  11 
..  28 
. . 47 

22,600,000 

6.240.000 

8.370.000 

14.275.000 

12.156.000 

126  ^ 

$ 63,647,000 

Total.... - 

$624,440,000 

332 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


POPULATION,  OCCUPATIONS  AND  WAGES. 

The  population  of  Japan,  as  returned  January  i, 
1895,  as  follows: 


General  Divisions. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Niphon — 

Central 

8,140,554 

8,065,916 

16,206,470 

Northern 

3,245,463 

3,134,804 

6,380,267 

Western 

4,792,678 

4,649,759 

9,442,437 

Total 

16,178,695 

15,850,479 

32,029,174 

Shikoku 

1,484.969 

1,428,310 

2,913,279 

Kiushiu 

3,238,042 

3,207,407 

6,445,449 

Hokkaido 

219,692 

202,608 

422,300 

Total 

21,121,398 

20,688,804 

41,810,202 

Over  three  quarters  of  the  population  of  Japan 
may  be  found  in  Niphon,  or  the  main  island.  This 
includes  the  two  great  districts  of  Tokyo  and  envi- 
ronments, and  of  Kyoto  and  Osaka.  Practically  all 
the  manufacturing  of  the  empire  is  carried  on  in 
these  two  districts  and  hence  the  population  of  these 
localities  has  a special  value  for  those  interested  in 
this  report. 

An  examination  of  the  detailed  statistics  of  the 
population  of  Japan  discloses  the  same  drifting  from 
the  rural  districts  that  is  so  noticeable  in  Europe  and 
in  the  United  States.  The  growth  of  the  cities  of 
Japan  has  been  more  rapid  in  the  past  ten  years  than 
the  increase  in  population  in  the  country  districts. 
As  in  other  countries,  this  tendency  is  obviously  due 
to  the  development  of  manufacturing  and  commerce, 
both  of  which  tend  to  concentration  of  population 
in  the  centers  of  trade  at  the  expense  of  the  country. 

The  population  consisted  of  607  nobles,  whose 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


333 


families  number  in  all  3,277.  There  were  432,159  of 
the  ancient  warriors,  or  Samurai,  whose  families 
number  1,607,316.  There  were  7,918,474  heads  of 
families  in  Japan  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  people 
and  whose  families  aggregate  31,848,369,  making  the 
grand  total  of  41,810,202,  without  Formosa. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  division 
of  the  population  according  to  castes  at  the  close  of 
1895,  which  is  of  considerable  interest,  as  it  enables 
one  to  judge  in  a measure  of  the  social  character  of 
the  people  of  Japan  according  to  their  own  classifi- 
cation: 


334 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School^ 


her  of  cities  of  10,000  inhabitants  and  upward  in 


Japan  from  1885  to  1895: 


Year. 

100,000 

and 

over. 

50.000 
to 

100.000 

30.000 
to 

50.000 

10,000 

to 

30,000 

Total. 

1885 

5 

6 

17 

99 

127 

1895 

6 

13 

23 

163 

205 

Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


335 


This  shows  an  increase  of  seventy-eight  cities  in 
one  decade.  Tokyo  and  suburbs  have  over  1,800,000 
population;  Osaka,  over  500,000;  Kyoto,  nearly 
400,000;  Nagoya,  250,000;  Yokohama,  nearly  200,000 
and  Kobe  about  the  same.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that 
the  Japanese  will  soon  have  to  confront  some  inter- 
esting municipal  problems.  A study  of  some  inter- 
esting data  in  relation  to  the  municipal  government 
of  Tokyo  shows  how  far  behind  the  centers  of  popu- 
lation in  Japan  are  in  modern  municipal  improve- 
ments, and  convinces  me  that  this  is  a subject  worthy 
of  the  consideration  of  manufacturers  in  this  country 
who  deal  in  machinery  used  in  the  construction  of 
electrical  plants,  bridges,  tramways  and  sewerage. 


The  following  table  shows  the  population  of  the 


cities  in  Japan 

containing  over  30,000  inhabitants: 

Tokyo  

1,242,224 

Otaru 

. . . . 39,644 

Osaka 

....  488,937 

Shizuoka 

. . . . 37,824 

Kyoto 

....  328:411 

Kochi 

...  37,112 

Nagoya 

206,742 

Maebashi 

. . . 36,323 

Yokohama 

— 160,439 

Utswnomiya 

. ..  36,163 

Kobe 

....  158,993 

Akamagaseki 

...  35.384 

Hiroshimo 

....  91,985 

Matsue 

. . . 35,202 

Kanazawa 

....  89,975 

Takamatsu 

. . . 34.672 

Sendai 

Matsuyama 

. . . 34,529 

Kumanotu 

Kofu 

34,2i6 

Nagasaki 

Otsu 

...  33,017 

Nakodate 

....  66,333 

Naba 

...  33,013 

Tokushima 

61,150 

Gifu 

. . . 32,695 

Toyama 

....  58,362 

Nagano 

■ . . . 32,330 

Fukuoka 

....  58,218 

Morioka 

...  32,031 

Wakayama 

. . . . 55.764 

Hemiji 

...  31,^34 

Kagoshima 

....  55.495 

Hirosaki 

• . . . 30,934 

Okayama 

— 52.360 

Tsu 

, . 30,791 

Niigata 

....  50,030 

Takaoka 

....  30,573 

Sakai 

— 46,983 

Takasaki 

. . . . 30,274 

Fukui 

....  43.284 

Mito 

....  30,105 

Unfortunately  the  census  returns  of  Japan  do  not 
give  the  occupations  of  all  the  people.  In  treating 
this  subject  it  is  only  possible  to  give  certain  specific 


33^  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

occupations.  First,  as  we  have  noted  above,  we 
have  the  population  by  castes.  The  census  shows 
that  there  are  nearly  one  million  engaged  in  weaving. 
This  is  probably  the  most  important  industry,  next 
to  agriculture.  According  to  an  estimate  which  I 
made  myself,  there  are  about  1,250,000  persons  en- 
gaged in  transportation;  that  is  to  say,  engaged  in 
the  actual  occupation  of  moving  freight  and  people. 
This  is  based  on  the  number  of  hand-carts  and  jin- 
rikishas;  the  first  class  aggregates  nearly  900,000 
and  the  latter  a little  over  200,000.  I have  added 
150,000  as  the  number  likely  to  be  engaged  as  push- 
ers and  pullers,  for  many  of  these  carts  as  well  as 
jinrikishas  have  two  coolies. 

This  system  of  making  beasts  of  burden  of  men, 
and  of  doing  with  human  labor  all  the  work  which  is 
done  in  most  civilized  countries  by  the  use  of  horses, 
electricity,  steam  and  other  motive  power,  is  one  of 
the  greatest  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  industrial 
progress  of  Japan.  While  some  contend  that  the 
mighty  armies  of  Europe  taken  from  active  work  are 
an  immense  detriment  to  the  population,  we  have  in 
Japan  the  most  muscular  of  its  population  engaged 
as  beasts  of  burden.  So  tremendous  is  this  drain 
upon  the  population  of  the  empire  that  much  of  the 
other  hard  labor,  such  as  loading  coal  on  vessels, 
handling  heavy  freight  on  railroads,  the  driving  and 
loading  of  pack  horses,  heavy  farm  work  and  the 
like,  is  performed  by  women,  who,  dressed  in  tight 
blue  cotton  trousers  and  tunics,  are  compelled  to  do 
for  Japan  what  the  longshoremen,  yardmen  and  farm 
laborers  do  in  the  United  States.  On  the  health  of 
the  individual  the  occupation  of  pulling  jinrikishas 
is  undoubtedly  detrimental.  The  twenty-five  years 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


337 


of  jinrikisha  days  has  left  its  scars  upon  those  en- 
gaged in  and  those  who  have  survived  the  severe 
toil,  while  the  ill-shapen,  stunted,  bent,  worn-out 
creatures  who  strain  every  muscle  in  pulling  and 
pushing  hand-carts,  loaded  without  regard  to  those 
who  propel  them,  tell  a story  of  human  degradation 
that  words  are  powerless  to  depict.  Heart  disease, 
pulmonary  affections,  rheumatism  and  a rapid  break- 
down of  the  constitution  are  the  inevitable  results. 
With  the  exception,  possibly,  of  some  Europeans, 
those  who  ride  have  no  more  mercy  on  these  jinrik- 
isha men  than  the  ordinary  man  or  woman  has  for  a 
horse.  If  the  passenger  is  in  a hurry,  the  man-horse 
is  goaded  on  by  the  offer  of  additional  fare.  Then 
you  hear  the  painful  breathing  and  perhaps  realize 
what  it  means  to  the  sufferer.  If  the  day  is  hot, 
every  vestige  of  clothing,  except  the  breech-cloth, 
is  not  infrequently  removed,  and  the  little  horse- 
puller  goes  swiftly  over  the  road,  with  huge  drops  of 
perspiration  dripping  from  his  brow  and  face,  and 
his  skin  wet  as  though  just  from  a bath. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  occupations  of  the  people 
of  Japan  maybe  described  as  first,  agriculture;  second, 
those  engaged  in  transportation;  third,  those  engaged 
in  the  textile  industries,  weaving,  etc.;  fourth,  those 
engaged  in  personal  service;  and  fifth,  those  engaged 
in  miscellaneous  industries,  mostly  such  industries  as 
those  mentioned  in  the  beginning  of  this  report. 
Owing  to  the  low  wages  in  Japan,  we  find  a much 
larger  number  of  persons  employed  in  proportion  to 
the  Value  of  the  product  than  in  this  country  or  in 
Europe.  The  following  is  a somewhat  compact 
statement  of  wages  paid  in  Japan,  prepared  for  me 
by  the  chief  of  the  Japanese  Bureau  of  Statistics.  I 


338 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


should  think  it  about  as  fair  a statement  as  possibly 
could  be  prepared: 


' CENTS  PER  DAY  IN  UNITED  STATES  MONEY  {Gold.) 


Trades. 

Maximum. 

Average. 

Minimum. 

Carpenters 

15.8 

13.5 

10.7 

Plasterers 

15.8 

13.5 

10.9 

Stonecutters 

18.2 

15.2 

12.1 

Sawyers 

15.5 

12.9 

10.3 

Tliatchers 

12.7 

09.9 

Tilers 

17.0 

14.0 

11.1 

Straw  plaiters 

15.2 

12.6 

10.1 

Sash  and  blindmakers 

15.2 

12.7 

10.1 

Paperhangers 

12.9 

10.2 

Cabinetmakers 

15.0 

12.6 

09.9 

Tailors  (Japanese  garments) 

14.2 

10.9 

08.1 

Tailors  (European  garments) .... 

24.6 

17.5 

11.7 

Dyers 

12.7 

10.1 

07.7 

('otton  ginners 

12.0 

09.8 

07.6 

Blacksmiths 

12.6 

09.6 

Porcelain  workers 

14.9 

11.4 

08.6 

Lacquer  artisans 

14.8 

11.8 

08.9 

Oil  pressers 

12.8 

10.8 

08.5 

Tobacco  cutters 

13.3 

0.99 

08.5 

Printers 

10.4 

07.7 

Ship  carpenters 

11.8 

14.4 

11.3 

Typesetters 

14.5 

11.0 

07.6 

Sake  brewers 

14.8 

11.4 

08.8 

Soymakers 

12.1 

09.5 

07.4 

Farm  hands  (male) 

09.5 

07.8 

06.1 

Farm  hands  (female) 

06.0 

04.7 

03.5 

Silk  growers  (male) 

11.1 

08.5 

06.5 

Silk  growers  (female) 

07.5 

05.9 

04.4 

Silk  spinners 

08.5 

06.7 

04.9 

Tea  curers 

15.7 

12.2 

09.4 

Day  laborers 

11.0 

09.2 

07.3 

DOLLARS  PER  MONTH  IN  UNITED  STATES  MONEY  {Gold.) 


Trades. 

Maximum. 

Average. 

Minimum. 

Weavers  (male) 

1.80 

1.28 

Weavers  (female) 

1.65 

1.26 

.85 

Confectioners 

2.87 

2.12 

1.44 

Farm  hands  (male) 

1.16 

.88 

.64 

Farm  hands  (female) 

64 

.48 

.36 

Men  servants 

06 

.78 

.55 

Maid  servants 

58 

.41 

.28 

NoTE.--The  table  prepared  for  this  report  by  the  Chief  of  the  Imperial 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  and  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  general  average 
fc  r the  Empire,  does  not  agree  with  some  of  the  returns  from  particular 
localities  as  given  elsewhere.  This  is  in  part  due  to  the  difference  in  the 
range  of  wages  paid  in  the  Empire  and  possibly  to  the  fact  that  in  some 
cases  food  is  included.  The  Bureau  of  Statistics  table  is  undoubtedly 
correct  statistically.  The  other  figures  may  be  used  to  gain  some  idea  of 
how  low  wages  are  in  some  parts  of  Japan. 

Those  who  think  Japanese  competition  does  not 
amount  to  anything  are  prone  to  say  that,  as  Japan 
becomes  more  civilized  and  its  people  more  product- 
ive, wages  and  the  cost  of  living  will  increase  to 
such  an  extent  that  it  will  in  a measure  reduce  the 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


339 


difference  of  the  cost  of  production  in  Europe  and 
America  and  Japan.  It  is  only  fair  to  state,  there- 
fore, that  the  wages  herewith  given  are  the  current 
wages  and  that  they  have  increased  materially  since 
1873.  It  may  be  that  these  wages  will  go  still 
higher  than  they  are  at  the  present  day,  and  it  is 
certainly  important  that  this  fact  should  be  under- 
stood in  any  discussion  of  wages  in  Japan.  More- 
over, I am  prepared  to  show  that  the  cost  of  living 
in  Japan  has  not  only  increased  in  proportion  to 
wages,  but  at  a greater  rate.  While  this  fact  may  be 
very  discouraging  to  those  who  point  to  Japan  as  a 
glittering  example  of  prosperity  and  increase  in 
wages  because  it  is  a silver  country,  it  is  nevertheless 
true,  and  no  fair  estimate  of  industrial  conditions  in 
Japan  can  be  made  without  its  knowledge.  The  fol- 
lowing table,  based  on  the  investigations  of  the 
Monetary  System  Investigating  Commission,  shows 
hov/  the  cost  of  living  has  risen  in  Japan.  Ruling 
prices  of  1873  are  taken  as  the  standard.  Rent  refers 
only  to  the  fifteen  urban  sections  of  Tokyo; 


Year. 

Rice  1 

1 

1 

Miso 1 

Table  Salt.. 

Soy 

Firewood.... 

Charcoal.  .. 

Cotton j 

Rent 

Bath 

Charges. 

Average 

Rate. 

18'73 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1874: 

152 

114 

3 05 

99 

98 

93 

100 

107 

111 

109 

1875 

149 

146 

112 

109 

123 

117 

100 

110 

132 

122 

187(5 

IU7 

142 

80 

124 

136 

112 

106 

115 

142 

118 

1877 

111 

138 

'/6 

130 

125 

100 

106 

123 

165 

119 

1878 

133 

150 

14  4 

J37 

105 

124 

112 

125 

174 

134 

1879 

166 

I8l 

192 

152 

153 

137 

118 

133 

184 

157 

1880 

220 

250 

185 

141 

202 

159 

129 

140 

205 

181 

188L 

221 

266 

171 

173 

278 

246 

141 

146 

218 

207 

1^82  

184 

221 

158 

157 

305 

226 

129 

150 

246 

197 

1883  

131 

192 

125 

121 

232 

1 50 

I18 

160 

244 

164 

1881 

1 10 

147 

92 

146 

187 

121 

106 

164 

223 

144 

1885 

138 

174 

113 

139 

178 

U1 

106 

172 

226 

152 

1886 

lv5 

156 

93 

138 

128 

98 

112 

178 

216 

138 

1887 

103 

153 

86 

IS8 

153 

127 

1 12 

192 

216 

142 

1888 

105 

148 

79 

152 

139 

142 

112 

200 

219 

144 

1889  

125 

155 

143 

1 59 

145 

1 27 

1 12 

217 

223 

156 

1890 

186 

2-  3 

124 

138 

149 

165 

1 14 

220 

223 

169 

1891 

146 

198 

113 

141 

145 

167 

114 

224 

226 

161 

1892 

15L 

197 

108 

154 

158 

179 

118 

226 

221 

168 

1893 

154 

192 

95 

156 

162 

165 

124 

225 

221 

166 

1894 

165 

1 189 

91 

1 158 

141 

150 

118 

2 >8 

221 

162 

34*0 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


The  table  explains  itself  and  no  analysis  need  be 
given.  The  rise  in  the  cost  of  living  about  i88i  was 
primarily  due  to  the  circulation  of  an  excessive  amount 
of  inconvertible  notes,  and  the  occurrence  of  domes- 
tic and  foreign  complications  in  succession,  com- 
mencing with  the  serious  ministerial  rupture  caused 
by  the  Korean  expedition,  followed  by  the  civil  dis- 
turbances in  Saga,  Kumamoto,  Yamaguchi  and  Kag- 
oshima. 

With  the  gradual  readjustment  of  the  national 
finance,  a step  completed  in  1886,  prices  of  commod- 
ities entered  the  downward  grade,  a movement,  how- 
ever, that  lasted  for  only  a few  years.  Prices  began 
to  ascend  again  from  1889,  with  only  slight 

fluctuations  the  movement  continues  to  this  day. 
The  rise  in  the  market  prices  of  commodities  is  at- 
tributed mainly  to  the  fall  in  the  gold  price  of  silver. 
Figures  subsequent  to  May,  1894,  are  not  yet  forth- 
coming, but  it  is  estimated  that  they  stand  consider- 
ably higher  than  those  given  above.  It  will  thus  be 
seen  that  a petty  ofificial  who  could  subsist  in  1873 
on  ^10  (silver)  a month,  required  at  the  beginning 
of  1894  $16.20  (silver)  to  live  in  proportionate  style, 
while  a person  who  lived  on  $138  a month  in  1886 
required  $162  eight  years  later.  It  is  therefore  easy 
to  see  that  persons  living  on  petty  fixed  incomes, 
such  as  clerks  in  government  service,  whose  income 
is  practically  stationary,  must  now  be  experiencing 
considerable  difificulty  in  making  ends  meet,  espec- 
ially as  house  rent,  which  constitutes  the  largest  item 
in  the  cost  of  living,  is  steadily  going  upward. 

Wages  of  mechanics  show  a more  or  less  upward 
tendency,  as  the  following  comparative  table,  com- 
piled by  the  same  commission,  will  show: 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  341 


1873 

1884 

134 

1874 

103 

1885 

135 

1875 

• 105 

1886 

I3I 

1876 

107 

1887 

133 

1877 

1 10 

1888 

134 

1878 

II8 

1889 

132 

1879 

124 

1890 

130 

1880. 

1891 

127 

1881 

138 

1892 

130 

1882 

142 

1893 

130 

1883 

139 

1894 

133 

It  will  be  observed  that  while  the  average  cost  of 
living  has  gone  up  in  Japan  since  1873  by  nearly 
two-thirds,  the  wages  of  mechanics  have  increased 
only  one-third;  while  the  wages  of  the  small  officials 
and  other  salaried  persons  have  not  increased  at  all. 
These  figures,  as  I say,  are  official,  and  have  been 
prepared  with  great  care  by  the  Monetary  System 
Investigating  Commission  and  are  well  worth  study- 
ing. 

Another  table  also  prepared  by  the  commission 
shows  the  fluctuations  in  house  rent  in  the  fifteen 
urban  divisions  of  Tokyo,  and  demonstrates  that 
house  rents  in  Akaska  have  risen  most  (100  in  1873 
to  461  in  1894) ; then  Fukugawa  ( 100  to  421 ) ; Nihon- 
bashi  ( 100  to  367) ; Asakusa  (100  to  340);  Koishi- 
kawa,  Shitaya,  Honjo,  Kojimachi,  Ushigome,  Kanda, 
Yotsuya,  Shiba,  Azabu,  Kongo  and  Kyobashi  follow 
in  the  order  given, 

Mr,  Maxwell.  After  such  a report  as  this  of  the 
progress  in  Japan,  and  the  wages  paid,  Mr.  Labor,  I 
beg  to  inquire  of  our  free  trade  friends  what  they 
propose  to  do  about  the  prospective  imports  from 
that  country?  Will  the  tariff  for  revenue  advocates 
have  the  nerve  to  tell  us  from  the  stump  or  through 
the  press  what  low  duties  of  any  kind  can  save  us? 

Note  what  Mr.  Kaneko,  Vice-Minister  of  Agricul- 


342 


Larors’  Habd  Times  School. 


ture  and  Commerce  of  Japan,  said:  He  claimed  that 
the  skill  in  spinning  cotton  that  required  the  spin- 
ners of  Manchester  three  generations  to  accomplish, 
the  Japanese  had  acquired  in  ten  years,  claiming, 
too,  that  the  Japanese  spinners  excel  the  Manchester 
spinners  today. 

How  long  will  it  be  before  Japan  will  be  selling 
her  goods  in  Manchester,  Mr.  Labor,  and  that  city 
become  a second  Groversville?  Will  England  re- 
main a free  trade  country  then? 

Japan’s  wages  in  gold  are  not  one-fourth  what 
England’s  are,  and  her  hours  of  work  are  longer.  It 
looks  to  me  as  though  the  free  trade  songsters  were 
going  to  get  some  black  eyes  in  the  near  future  that 
will  force  them  to  hunt  up  some  new  words,  and  fit 
them  to  some  other  tune. 

Again,  Mr.  Labor,  shying  away  from  Japan  a mo- 
ment, but  not  away  from  the  subject,  what  is  Eng- 
land going  to  do  with  Germany?  The  wages  of  the 
former  are  nearly  double  those  of  the  latter,  as  will 
be  seen  by  the  following  table,  which  I copy  from 
the  Daily  News  Almanac  of  1896,  showing  average 
weekly  wages  on  a gold  and  silver  basis  of  foreign 
countries  as  well  as  our  own: 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  WAGES  PAID  TO  THE  GENERAL  TRADES  IN  COUNTRIES  WITH  CURRENCIES  ON 

GOLD  BASTS.  ' 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


343 


I .0000000  -OO  -O  -lOO 

United 
States. 

I : 


.05  . lO  r- 


•000000  iooooooooooooo 
Ontario  jiO'^tio-^rcDioioiooOrHoco 

(Ottawa).  00 06 06 CO 06 CO 06  : co 06 co 06 r-i co d d d 06 10 o’ 


Switzer-  . ^ 

land,  i 06  lO  lO  CO  to  CO  d CO  10  CO  d lO  CO  10  d d CO  rfH  rh  lO  10  cd  d d 


Spain 

(Malaga). 


toco^ 


Italy. 


00*+l-HCO<HtOr-''^-rr-ICQiHTtlCO^C^COCOlO 


CO  CO  CO  CO 


HoUand.. 


00  -t'CO'^^'^'^'^ 


':^^(^^T^^lO)Ttl•<^COTi^COOCO'=^^Tf^•^-^^ 


Scotland.. 


(X)J>'^I>'^CD-^Oi>lOi>-^CDOCDC)'^CDlOOiOCDOCDCDO^OcO  tO 


Ireland. .. 


OCt>COl>C01>COOOCOI>COCD  J>jO  i>C0I>Oi>O£>l> 


England . . 


60J>'!^^t>iO£>iOi>r-'^I>'^t-I>CDt'tOOC*CC)lOt>£><OCDI>I> 


Germany.. 


•r-lC^l>tOCOTHOGOiHlOC^iHGOOO^^OX  DC^00lOOC0t>OO  CD 
^C^OCDTH'^a>C^O?OOD?J>THOiOOC5(C?C50COCOC<?'^^OQOiO  O 
00  d c<i  CO  (M  N CO  Di  CO  to  CO  d CO  CO  CO  co"  co"  d 


France. . 


.TtHCOCOCO-^C^lOiO-^Oi-tOC-  .iHWtOCOCO  I^T^^lD)lO00CD 
gj>rHC0  WCO  WCOCOCOiHCDC^O  :OOI>t>COT^I  ; lO  rH  00  CD  lO  rH 

00  ^ CO*  to*  co’ d co’  to'  to*  CO*  d CO  d d : td  d to*  to  d : d d d d d to 


^Brazil..., 


Victoria. 


•ooooooo 

^CDiOCOCDCOCDCO 

<05 

00-r05t0i05t00it0 


H CO  CD  0?  05  CO 


t3 

fl  o 


UJ 

^ G 

-M  P»5  ^ 


•3M 

M 


03  ^ C 

o'SIt 

^ 05  K c 


tn  tn  ^ M 
f-J  cd_g  ^ 


u 

. 05  '35 
g 05  fl  2 

rr\  M • Ch 


S 5:1  CO 


CO 


^ cd  d ^ 

sfeslslsl 


S 3^  • 
_ Dh  S ^ 

CO  CO  O ':5450:C'o 

^ Ph  CCP4  Pm  OO  S'E  ? p Srt  0.^0  m 

Wpq  CQffiPQWfflQOQQQQP 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  WAGES  PAID  TO  THE  GENERAL  TRADES  IN  COUNTRIES  WITH  CURRENCIES  ON 

GOLD  BASIS. 


344 


United 

States. 

Labors’  Hard  Time 

. .o  • *0  • • ‘00  ‘O 

: :o  ; : : :oq  :oq 

• • 05  • • CO  • • • 00  • 

• • * ; ^ ! I ! ^ 

S SCH 

N • • 

• • 

CD  ’.  I 
r-H  ; ; 

OOL. 

• O • * • lO 

:o  : : :x 

. rH  . . . Tji 

Ontario 

(Ottawa). 

OOOOOo  -ooooo 
tHOOOOo  -ooooo 
cx)oi>io-:hix 

tH  nH  • rH  rH 

8.25 

9.00 

7.50 

6.00 

Switzer- 

land. 

: rH  lO  CO  CO -tH  lO  lO  CO  rH  O 0?  I>  ^ 
:OOOCQOXGOCDCOCOiOCOOa)TH  • 

: CO o CO  CO CO  CO  lo  CD  w io  tih  : 

CQCD  -’O 
OX 

T^^cD 

Spain 

(Malaga). 

OOOiOOlO  ^OOiOO  • 
t-OCOCOOO  •U0CDI>O  • 

o?cocoi>co-^  :^co(Mco  : 

oooooooooo 

lOOCJiXXOC^OOO 

^^f^XXXX'^rJHC'X 

Italy 

OOOOOOiOOOO  • -ooco  -o 
CDCDOOCOOC^OQO?X  : ;CC?C0C<?X  ;0 

ccjcococDTH^ioioioco  : :co-^'iow  :ci 

oooo 

woo?  CD 
W^'lOCD 

Holland . . 

oooooooooooo 

lOiOCDOOCOO-^CN?XXO 
■ WiMCOX-^CO-^-^CO-^-^CD 

o • o o : 

O ;XO  ; 

CD  ; ; 

OOOO 

OOOCO 

iO  lO  Tin 

Scotland.. 

CDCDXCDCDXXXOCDCOCO 

THrHO'^OOXXOCOCOi> 

ioiocoxt>^i>cDi>:^i>cd 

7.27 

6.62 

6.50 

o 

JO 

6.46 

6.90 

12.00 

6.67 

Ireland . . . 

COCDCDi>COCDOrHOOrHOI>CQXCO 

0?CQX(0?OXCOO?OOi>COXiOCOO 

^ ^ ^ XX 1>  CO  X 1>  £>  00  tJh  X 

o 

lO 

5.45 

6.70 

8.87 

6.04 

England. . 

lO  :xxc^000^c00!>l>01-0(c^ 
;THXiOXrHX£>t-0050rHCQO 

^ ICOOOXlOCOCOOO-^C-COiOlLlOL- 

X 

00 

6.35 

7.40 

11.00 

6.50 

Germany.. 

rHT^^lO(^^OXCDTHrH^HOXC^^  ^ O lO  O O lO  O iH  rH  JO 
(0? iH  C- X CD  W rH  CD  tH  rH  ;CDXOi>XX-^rHiO 

XXXlO'^X'!fXlOXlO'^X  :X(MXiO-^XXiOOO 

France 

Wt-XiOOrHOO-^OC-TtH-^rtHX-^ 

X'^XXOrHlOXCQOrHt'XCDC-O 

-^-^^l>I>lOlOlOCD-ttl>CDTtHCO^CO 

D?x  -c^oia 

i>TH  ^CDOSiO 

colo  :iocoio 

^Brazil.. .. 

CDOSC-  : :OOQ(C?OIOOO 

XXX  : ixxooxoo 
xcojo  : :THoi>c<icoc<iio 

. . 1— 1 tH  tH  tH 

12.00 

3.87 

10.32 

lO 

1> 

6.36 

10.75 

7.02 

Victoria.. 

13.10 

9.60 

13.40 

(0? 

lO 

l> 

tH 

o • o 
0?^ 

OX  :o? 

Trades  and  Occupa- 
tions . 

Drivers — 

Cab  and  carriage... 

Streetcar 

Dyers 

Engineers 

Furriers 

Gardners 

Hatters 

Horseshoers 

Jewelers 

Laborers,  porters, etc. 

Lithographers 

MillwrigliTs 

Printers 

Potters 

Sailmakers 

3 o'? 

? > ? 
3 O C 

Tanners 

Tailors 

Telegraph  operators  . 
Tinsmiths 

*The  gold  standard  prevails  in  Brazil,  but  the  actual  currency  is  paper,  which  is  now  valued  at  about  18  cents  per  milreis, 
while  the  gold  milr  US  is  worth  54.6  cents.  As  the  rates  given  are  based  upon  a gold  standard,  and  as  it  is  now  most  likely 
that  labor  is  paid  in  paper  currency,  it  follows  that  the  purchasing  power  of  the  papQ^f'-currency  wage  is  only  about  one-third 
the  purchasing  power  of  the  rates  given  in  the  table,  aud  that  labor  has  suffered  to  that  extent,  unless  wages  have  been 
trebled  in  the  meantime . 


AVERAGE  WEEKLY  WAGES  PAID  TO  THE  GENERAL  TRADES  IN  COUNTRIES  WITH  CURRENCIES  ON  SILVER  BASIS. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


345 


Venezuela 


. O 00  r-l  o CO  O O CO 
-^OCOt^OO-^CDCOIXX) 

S 05  Tji'  05  00  Oi  CO  00 


05  05  00  0?  CO  O 05 


Russia . 


00  CO  CD  CO CO  ^ 00  CO  Thi  CO  CO  00  CO  CO  00  CO CO  »0  CO  lO  CO  00  'CO 


Peru  (Callao) 


Persia  . 


Mexico. 


00  O CO  O 00  tJH  00  , 


I>OOlOCDCDIOOOlOr^^I> 


Japan., 


Guayaquil 


00  i>  TfH  J> 


1>-^OCD000005I>I> 


050005  000 


Quito. 


T— I tH  rH  iH  jH  tH 


Colombia 
(Barran- 
quilla . ) 


OOt-CO^•C01>CO^>I>COT^^^•^^•r^^^05T^^T^^ 


Ningpo.. .. 


Amoy . . 


Austria . . . 


00  00(^^CO^-I^THTf^■^(MT^^!MlOCDrt^00^C0lOC0T^^C0C0C0C0C0C0  (0? 


Bohemiaf, 


2” 

1§ 


^ 


T3  52  ® 

a fl'i  3: 


A it  ^ 


^iS  C3  03  S o ^ o 


S-6  S3 

’rtt  0.2  ^ O 

CO  cu^  'w'-g  ( 

•^cq  s p,  020^  O'i 

fQ 


S S c/i 

<u  fH 


, o'S  S C3  X 0.-0  C 

cq  pq  PQ  PQ  cq  pq  ffi  Q o O fi  fl 


AVERAGE  VVLEKLY  WAGES  PAID  TO  THE  GENERAT.  TRADES  IN  COUNTRIES  WITH  CURRENCIES  ON  SILVER  BASIS, 


346 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Venezuela 

$8.59 

10.00 

13.00 

. 6.50 

•10 

:x 

:«>* 

12.00 

14.00 

10.00 

12.00 

12.50 

11.38 

14.00 

Russia 

oiocDdJOOOiOioxoocoa) 

CO  03  tH  CO  CD  C3  r-H  C-  tH  00  00  t-;  C-  lO 

CO*  CQ  CO*  X CO*  lo  CO*  oi  CO  lo  10  ci 

X 

X 

4.90 

3.42 

5.25 

3.96 

Peru  (Callao) 

$3.50 

7.40 

19.75 

00 

qq 

»O03 

13.90 

3.50 

:c^ 

:^. 

:x 

4.92 

4.92 

4.92 

12.10 

7.50 

Persia 

$1.75 

00 

cico 

X'sjHX  0 W 

X q q q 
rH  X iH  CD  rH 

3.00 

1.92 

rH 

X 

CO 

rH  X •« 
XX  :q 
X*  oi  : P 

Mexico 

OOCDCDCOOOKOiOOOCOCDO 

CD  q r-H  CD  CD  03  tH  l>  rH  03  CO  1>  i>  q 

CO*  X*  CO  tJh  CO  CO*  10  CO  tJh  <?i  CO*  10  iro  (oi 

ce- 

0 

q 

03 

0 rH  00 
0 th  qio 
X*  P Pi>* 

Japan  

$1.50 

01 

lO 

tH 

• rH 

Oi-O 

xq 

rH  tH 

X -oip  : ; 

— • ^ ^ : 

ci  Pd  • • 

; 4-KNy5  • , 

1^ 

0 

S3 

Cj 

d 

c? 

Guayaquil 

$9.00 

9.00 

1 00*6 

OOOOOiOO 

q q q q q q 
(xcioicodcio 

T— 1 tH  C?  T-H 

00*6 

00‘6 

8.00 

10. 1 

27.00 

10.00 

Quito 

$1.44 

1.44 

r^^TH  -a 

r—i  tH  • 

TjH  rJH 

r-H  iH 

rH  rj4  : rH 

rH  rH  ; 

iH  iH  tH  ; tH 

Colombia 

(Barran- 

quilla. 

$3.84 

4.84 

tH-^CDCDtH 

X X q q X 

X*  X*  X*  03  X* 

rJH  ^ 
XX 

5.92  1 

5.92 

4.84 

12.00 

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Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


347 


A Scotchman,  many  years  an  adopted  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  a prominent  business  man  in 
his  line,  was  scolding  to  me  a few  days  ago  because 
he  could  never  find  in  print  any  mention  of  the 
hours  that  constitute  a legal  week’s  work  in  Germany 
as  compared  to  other  countries,  and  cited  that  by 
law  fifty-four  hours  were  made  a legal  week’s  work 
in  England,  while  in  Germany  it  was  a week  of 
seventy-two  hours. 

I do  not  remember  that  my  Scotch  friend  charged 
that  he  never  saw  it  in  print,  but  he  did  charge  that 
too  little  notice  was  taken  of  it  in  connection  with 
tariff  duties,  etc.,  and  called  special  attention  to  the 
point  of  how  much  more  a machine  would  turn  out 
running  a full  extra  day  during  each  week  in  Ger- 
many, amounting  to  52  days  in  a year  than  could 
be  the  case  with  the  Nations  Germany  specially 
competes  with. 

This  is  a per  centage  in  Germany’s  favor  that  our 
country  cannot  afford  to  lose  sight  of,  and  one,  Mr. 
Labor,  that  I do  not  believe  England  can  ignore  for 
very  many  years. 

England  has  already  nearly  starved  her  farmers 
to  death  by  her  non-protective  methods  and  lessened 
her  own  markets  to  a limit  that  cannot  be  estimated 
by  thus  destroying  the  farmer’s  purchasing  ability, 
and  now  is  she  going  to  let  Germany  come  in  and 
swallow  up  the  market  her  sellers  of  days  works 
make?  In  my  opinion,  if  Germany  fails  to  force 
England  to  protective  measures,  Mr.  Labor,  Japan 
eventually  will,  except  our  people  are  soups  enough 
to  let  Japan  into  our  markets  to  the  limit  of  taking 
all  the  products  she  can  manufacture. 

If  Japan  continues  to  progress  as  she  has  in  the 


348 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


past  ten  years,  and  comes  anywhere  near  continuing 
her  present  scale  of  wages,  the  writer  on  political 
economy  will  have  to  admit  that  theory  is  one  thing 
and  practice  is  another. 

We  must  not  forget  that  theory  once  proved  by 
figures  that  a steamship  could  not  carry  fuel  enough 
to  sail  her  across  the  ocean,  let  alone  the  thought  of 
her  having  room  for  freight.  We  all  know  how  that 
came  out. 

The  President  of  the  Manufacturers’  Association, 
Mr.  Theodore  C.  Search,  cites,  “Japan  buys  abroad 
a great  quantity  of  wood  and  metal  working  machin- 
ery and  tools,  and  a large  share  of  this  trade  falls 
into  the  hands  of  American  manufacturers.”  He 
adds,  “The  remarkable  imitative  genius  of  the  Jap- 
anese is  cited  as  threatening  to  ruin  this  trade,  and 
it  is  shown  that  they  buy  only  a single  tool  or  ma- 
chine of  each  kind  and  make  for  themselves  what- 
ever duplicates  they  may  require,”  and  continues, 
“In  the  absence  of  protection  for  American  patents 
or  trade  marks  this  can  be  done  with  impunity,  and 
greatly  to  the  hindrance  of  the  business  which 
Americans  seek  to  extend  in  Japan.”  He  further 
says,  “This  condition  of  unrestricted  piracy  of  pat- 
ents and  trade  marks  in  Japan  is  passing  away  with 
other  relics  of  former  crude  civilization,  and  treaties 
have  been  negotiated  with  the  leading  Nations 
which  will  accord  full  protection  to  foreign  patent 
and  trade  mark  rights.  Most  of  these  treaties  will 
become  operative  in  1899.” 

It  is  important  to  include  this  in  order  to  show 
what  an  ingenious  people  the  Japanese  are.  They 
will  undertake  anything  that  any  people  dare  and 
succeed  with  it,  too. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


349 


Insomuch,  Mr.  Labor,  as  you  have  shown  here 
that  the  chief  value  of  any  product  is  the  days  works 
it  contains,  Japan  is  a country  to  be  dreaded  and 
feared  so  long  as  her  labor  works  for  one-tenth  the 
pay  our  labor  receives.  A tariff  duty  that  will  pro- 
tect us  against  other  competing  countries  will  do  us 
no  good  against  Japan  and  China. 

By  reading  the  whole  of  Mr.  Porter's  report,  it 
will  be  found  that  Japan  now  is  paying  strict  atten- 
tion to  the  improvement  of  the  quality  of  her  goods, 
and  there  is  no  good  reason  to  presume  that  it  will 
lack  progress  in  that  direction  any  more  than  she 
has  in  any  other. 

I will,  Mr.  Labor,  submit  Mr.  Porter’s  report  of 
the  cotton  spinning  and  weaving  industry  in  Japan 
and  ask  you  to  print  it  with  your  proceedings  after 
reading  portions  whereby  the  class  can  grasp  the 
essential  features  of  progress  in  this  one  line,  which 
is  fairly  illustrative  of  all  the  industries  that  Mr. 
Porter  has  included  in  his  report. 

COTTON-SPINNING  AND  WEAVING  IN  JAPAN. 

The  increase  in  the  exports  of  textiles,  which  was 
nearly  forty-fold  in  ten  years,  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
Japan  is  a nation  of  weavers.  The  returns  of  1895 
show  over  one  million  weavers.  Women  weave  in 
Japan  as  women  sew  with  us.  It  is  no  exaggeration 
to  say  that  in  nearly  every  house  in  rural  Japan  the 
spinning-wheel  and  loom  are  kept  going  from  morn- 
ing till  night.  It  is  impossible  to  gauge  the  capacity 
of  these  people  in  this  industry  by  the  present  pro- 
duction. In  some  of  the  silk  districts  I found  mod- 
♦ern  machinery  and  even  regularly-equipped  mills, 
employing  from  500  to  1,000  hands.  As  a rule,  the 
factories  range  from  forty  to  120  hands,  with  the 


350 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


products  of  thousands  of  houses  with  single  looms 
to  draw  from  the  demand.  In  Fukui,  the  most  im- 
portant exporting  district,  the  greater  part  of  the 
weaving  is  done  in  the  homes,  though  the  establish- 
ment of  finishing  houses  makes  it  possible  for  the 
weaver  to  secure  a uniformity  of  finish  that  the  old 
method  precluded.  The  exports  of  all  grades  of 
silk  goods  from  Japan  will  be  largely  increased  in 
the  next  decade,  and  this  fact  has  been  recognized 
by  the  French,  who  propose  to  put  a duty  on  Japan- 
ese habutai.  Nor  will  the  conflict  be  confined  to 
habutai  alone,  for  the  Japanese  are  awake  to  the  fact 
that  France  leads  the  world  in  the  originality  and 
beauty  of  textile  designs.  They  have  in  the  Kyoto 
district  reproduced  her  moire  antique  with  success. 
The  splendid  silk  stuff  they  are  making  for  furniture 
coverings  may  be  seen  in  the  brilliant  effects  of  the 
French  Renaissance.  The  Japanese  are  making 
every  preparation,  by  the  formation  of  guilds  and 
associations,  to  improve  the  quality  and  increase  the 
uniformity  of  the  goods.  It  is  well  to  note,  in  this 
connection,  that  while  Japan  has  stimulated  its  ex- 
ports of  the  manufactured  article,  it  has  enormously 
increased  the  production  and  export  of  raw  silk. 
This  has  been  done  by  the  introduction  of  new 
methods  and  a more  scientific  treatment  of  the  silk- 
worm and  the  filature.  I visited  in  Japan  filature 
establishments  equal  to  any  I saw  in  France  ten 
years  ago,  when  investigating  the  silk  industry  of 
that  country. 

In  the  Fukui  district  the  first  habutai  was  manu- 
factured in  1888,  a total  of  about  ^50,000  (silver)  in 
value.  Last  year  this  district  produced  $6,0^6,220 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


351 


worth,  and  I was  told  that  the  output  will  be  still 
larger  the  present  year. 

In  the  spinning  of  cotton  and  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  cloth,  a still  more  phenomenal  progress  is 
noted,  though  not  shown  above.  The  exports  of 
cotton  cloth  from  Japan  probably  do  not  exceed 
$5,000,000  (silver),  but  a large  and  increasing  home 
demand  is  supplied.  Last  year  the  value  of  the  silk 
and  cotton  cloth  produced  in  Japan,  including  such 
important  articles  as  kimono  stuff  and  obi  fabric, 
was  $71,350,747.  Cotton-spinning  in  1889  gave  em- 
ployment to  only  5,394  women  and  2,539  men.  In 
1895,  over  30,000  women  and  10,000  men  were  em- 
ployed in  mills,  which,  for  equipment  and  output, 
are  equal  to  those  of  any  country.  The  future  situs 
of  the  cotton  industry — at  least  to  supply  the  Asiatic 
trade — is  bound  to  be  in  China  and  Japan.  England 
is  doomed,  so  far  as  this  trade  is  concerned,  and 
nothing  can  save  her, — not  even  bimetallism,  as 
some  imagine.  Cotton  mills  are  going  up  rapidly 
both  in  Osaka  and  Shanghai,  and  only  actual  experi- 
ence for  a period  of  years  will  demonstrate  which  of 
these  locations  is  the  better.  My  own  judgment, 
after  a close  examination  of  every  item  in  the  cost 
of  production,  points  to  Japan.  In  this  contest  for 
the  cotton  trade  of  Asia,  the  United  States  must 
supply  more  and  more  of  the  raw  cotton.  The  im- 
provement in  the  numbers  of  the  yarn  spun  and  in 
the  quality  of  the  cloth  woven  simply  means  a larger 
proportion  of  American  cotton.  Two  new  lines  of 
Japanese  steamships  have  been  projected  this  year, 
and  these  ships  are  to  run  between  the  United  States 
and  Japan.  While  Osaka  is  the  center  of  the  cotton 
yarn  industry,  the  flourishing  city  of  Nagoya  is  the 


352 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


centre  of  cotton  cloth  manufacture.  Here  I found 
several  mills  turning  out  a great  variety  of  goods, 
mostly  for  home  consumption.  The  export  of 
$50,000,000  of  cotton  cloth  for  China  and  Korea  will 
be  no  great  achievement  for  Japan  before  the  close 
of  the  century. 

While  this  is  my  own  prediction,  I find  that  in  an 
address  delivered  July  28,  1896,  before  the  Oriental 
Society,  the  Vice-Minister  of  Agriculture  of  Japan, 
declared  that  60  per  cent,  of  the  whole  consumption 
of  cotton  yarn  in  Korea  in  1894  was  supplied  from 
Japan.  For  the  same  period  China  imported  cotton 
yarn  valued  at  $31,522,583  (silver),  of  which  Japan 
shipped  nearly  a million  dollars  worth,  or  less  than 
3 per  cent.  Of  course,  this  is  a small  proportion  of 
the  whole  consumption,  but  it  is  a start,  and  as  I 
shall  show  in  several  lines  of  industry,  when  Japan 
once  starts  in  a given  branch  of  trade,  progress  is 
very  rapid.  A large  proportion  of  the  cotton  yarn 
imported  into  Hong  Kong,  say  at  least  90  per  cent., 
comes  from  India.  Japan  has  practically  sent  nothing 
to  Hong  Kong  at  present.  But  she  will.  Mr.  Kaneko 
is  very  hopeful  and  evidently  thinks  that  in  the  near 
future  Japan  would  be  able  to  wrest  the  bulk  of  the 
yarn  trade  of  China  from  India  and  England.  In  the 
address  referred  to,  he  says,  after  calling  attention 
to  the  actual  figures: 

“We  have  then  the  chance  of  supplying  37  per 
cent,  more  to  Korea,  97  per  cent,  more  to  China, 
and  even  far  greater  quantities  to  Hong  Kong.  It 
will  be  seen  that  there  are  immense  opportunities 
left  open  to  us  in  supplying  cotton  yarn  in  competi- 
tion with  India  and  England.  Turning  to  the  market 
in  Australia,  we  have  much  to  do  still.  During  1894, 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


353 


Australia  imported  cotton  yarn  to  a total  value  of 
1^22,837,020  (silver).  Should  the  demand  for  our 
cotton  yarn  extend  to  that  country  the  spinning  in- 
dustry of  Japan  would  advance  by  leaps  and  bounds, 
even  if  the  demand  from  Korea,  China  and  Hong 
Kong  were  lost.  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 

“Now  let  us  see  what  advantage  or  disadvantage 
we  may  have  in  this  commercial  competition  to  be 
undertaken  in  China  and  Hong  Kong.  We  hardly 
need  say  that  the  freight  from  England  to  China  is 
far  greater  than  the  freight  we  shall  have  to  pay  to 
ship  our  cotton  yarn  to  China  or  Korea.  India,  too, 
has  to  pay  a higher  freight  than  we  pay.  The 
freight  on  one  bale  of  cotton  yarn  from  Bombay  to 
Shanghai  is  about  ^1.90*  (silver)  while  the  freight 
from  Japan  to  Shanghai  is  about  $0.70.  The  rate  of 
freight  we  are  paying  is  only  one-third  that  paid  by 
Indian  shippers.  As  to  the  quality  of  cotton  yarn, 
we  may  add  that  whereas  the  Indian  yarn  is  of  a 
yellowish-brown  color,  our  cotton  yarn  is  pure  white 
and  bright,  and  Chinese  consumers  prefer  ours  to 
the  Indian  yarn.  In  the  matter  of  freight  we  have 
already  a great  advantage,  and  in  addition  to  this 
our  manufactured  yarn  excels  in  quality  that  pro- 
duced by  our  Indian  rival  and  is  liked  more  by  the 
larger  consumers.  But  the  Indian  spinners  have  the 
advantage  of  being  in  a position  to  buy  the  raw  ma- 
terial much  cheaper  than  we  can,  as  a large  quantity 
of  raw  cotton  is  produced  in  India,  and  they  have 
also  the  advantage  of  being  able  to  command  much 

*Mr.  Kaneko’s  estimate  of  the  rate  of  freight  between  Bom- 
bay and  Shanghai  does  not  correspond  with  the  estimate  else- 
where, which  is  official.  It  is  possible  Mr.  Kaneko  may  be 
mistaken,  but  as  it  is  impossible  to  verify  it,  it  has  been  deemed 
best  to  leave  the  statement  of  the  Vice-Minister  as  reported. 


354 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


capital  at  a cheaper  interest  than  we  are  able  to. 
On  our  part,  however,  we  have  some  other  advant- 
ages. Labor  is  cheaperhere,  and  we  have  an  abundant 
supply  of  cheap  coal.  Besides,  our  people  are  al- 
ways ready  to  replace  old  machinery  by  modern  and 
more  improved  types,  whenever  they  find  it  bene- 
ficial to  do  so.  I should  think,  therefore,  there  is 
some  prospect  of  being  able  to  compete  with  India 
and  England  in  the  Eastern  market.” 

I he  Japanese  are  perhaps  prouder  of  the  cotton- 
spinning industry  than  any  other,  and  this  is  because 
it  is  an  absolutely  European  industry,  transplanted 
to  that  country  and  conducted  wholly  by  Japanese 
labor.  In  his  address,  the  Vice-Minister  of  Agricul- 
ture refers  to  this  matter  in  the  following  language: 

‘‘Strictly  speaking,  the  cotton-spinning  machinery 
is  European  machinery  introduced  into  this  country, 
and  the  cotton-spinning  industry  is  a European  in- 
dustry started  in  Japan.  Cotton  yarn  is  the  first 
merchandise  manufactured  in  this  country  by  ma- 
chinery after  European  style  to  be  exported  abroad. 
I should  think  that  no  other  industry  offers  such 
promising  results  as  the  cotton-spinning  industry. 
As  the  people  are  now  earnest  to  a degree  concern- 
ing the  export  trade,  the  Government  authorities 
should  give  an  impetus  to  the  development  of  such 
a well-paying  industry,  and  the  people  on  their  side 
should  work  zealously  to  maintain  its  growth.  I 
hope  that  cotton  yarn  will  become  one  of  our  im- 
portant products  in  the  markets  of  the  East  in  the 
future.” 

Cotton-spinning  and  cotton-weaving  in  Japan  by 
steam-power  are  comparatively  new  industries.  The 
cotton-spinning  industry  of  Japan  was  first  started 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


355 


at  Kagoshima  by  Prince  Shimazu,  at  that  time 
Daimyo  of  the  province,  during  the  Keiwo  era 
(1865-7).  The  spinning  machinery  then  introduced 
from  England  consisted  of  6,000  spindles,  and  the 
object  was  to  give  employment  to  the  shizoku,  re- 
tainers of  the  clan.  Some  years  afterwards  another 
factory  was  opened  by  Prince  Shimazu  in  Sakai, 
Izumi  province.  During  1880  (third  year  Meiji)  Mr. 
Kajima  Manbei  started  a similar  factory  in  the 
vicinity  of  Tokyo.  The  latter  venture  is  now  known 
as  the  Takinogawa  Cotton  Mill.  But  at  that  period 
the  object  of  these  mill  owners  was  to  replace  hand 
labor  by  machinery.  Their  object  has  been  almost 
accomplished,  for  there  is  very  little  or  almost  no 
hand-spun  yarn  on  the  Japanese  market  now.  The 
time  has  come  for  the  country  to  compete  with  the 
imported  yarn.  Between  1867  and  1877  the  value  of 
various  foreign  goods  imported  to  Japan  aggregated 
$246,000,000  (silver),  of  which  $89,000,000  (silver) 
was  for  cotton  yarn,  this  staple  representing  35  per 
cent,  of  the  total  import.  The  Japanese  Government 
then  purchased  various  spinning  machinery  from 
England,  which  the  authorities  disposed  of  to  differ- 
ent people  who  were  given  special  facilities  for  re- 
payment. Thus  an  impetus  was  given  by  the  Gov- 
ernment to  the  cotton-spinning  industry,  and  the  re- 
sult was  so  far  successful.  During  1887  the  quantity 
of  cotton  yarn  imported  into  Japan  was  63,252,924 
pounds,  but  the  imports  were  reduced  to  about 
19,300,000  pounds  in  1895  year  will  be  about 

16,660,000.  The  low-count  yarn  manufactured  in 
Japan  (under  20’s)  has  prevented  the  import  of 
Indian  cotton  yarn.  The  quantity  of  Indian  yarn 
received  during  1890  amounted  to  18,626,666  pounds. 


35<5  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

but  was  greatly  reduced  in  1895,  l^he  total  quantity 
received  during  that  year  being  but  1,788,900  pounds. 
These  figures  show  that  Japan  has  already  attained 
the  desired  result  in  the  matter  of  competition,  and 
that  she  has  succeeded  to  a large  extent  in  compet- 
ing with  the  imported  article;  but  there  still  remains 
the  work  of  stopping  the  importation  of  considerable 
Indian  cotton  yarn.  This  can  be  done  by  increasing 
the  manufacture  of  low-count  yarn  on  one  side  and 
on  the  other  in  competing  with  the  English  yarn  by 
manufacturing  fine  counts.  The  imports  of  English 
yarn  of  finer  counts,  from  30’s  upwards,  does  not 
show  any  remarkable  change,  though  in  the  low 
counts — in  which  a much  larger  business  is  done — 
Indian  yarn  has  been  beaten  by  the  Japanese  yarn. 
During  1890,  upwards  of  23,566,666  pounds  of  Eng- 
lish yarn  were  imported,  while  in  1894,  imports  of 
the  same  yarn  amounted  to  18,133,333  pounds. 

The  tendency  in  Japan  for  the  next  ten  years  will 
be  from  coarse  yarns  to  fine.  This  will  help  Ameri- 
can cotton.  Note  what  Mr.  Kaneko,  already  quoted 
from,  says  on  this  point: 

It  is  natural  that  things  should  develop  from 
coarse  to  fine.  Formerly  the  people  were  accustomed 
to  wear  cotton  cloth  made  with  very  coarse  yarn, 
but  of  late  cotton  cloth  of  very  fine  thread  has  be- 
come popular.  This  explains  why  so  large  a quan- 
tity of  fine  yarn  is  being  imported  from  England. 
In  making  fine  counts,  like  the  English  yarn,  the  raw 
cotton  produced  in  the  United  States  is  required, 
China  and  India  cottons  not  being  fit  for  the  pur- 
pose, owing  to  coarseness  of  fibre.  Accordingly,  we 
feel  the  necessity  of  providing  ourselves  with  ready 
means  to  import  American  cotton,  in  connection 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


357 


with  which  special  banking  facilities  will  be  required. 
In  order  to  accomplish  these  things,  the  co-operation 
of  government  and  people  is  very  important.  It  is 
also  a very  important  question  to  decide  how  many 
spindles  are  required  in  this  country  to  insure  a full 
supply  of  cotton  yarn.” 

The  report  of  the  Cotton  Spinners’  Union  for  the 
month  of  May,  1896,  showed  that  there  were  in  the 
kingdom  sixty-seven  mills,  with  607,505  straight 
spindles,  86,404  slanting  spindles  and  an  additional 
453,136  spindles  soon  to  be  put  in  operation,  making 
an  aggregate  of  1,147,045  spindles.  The  rapid 
growth  of  the  industry  is  well  illustrated  by  the  fact 
that  the  report  issued  by  the  Cotton  Spinners’  Union 
at  the  close  of  the  year  1894  showed  only  fifty-nine 
mills  in  operation,  with  523,696  spindles. 

In  these  factories  the  maximum  hours  of  labor  are 
24,  minimum  12,  with  an  average  of  22  hours.  The 
straight  spindles  produce  an  average  of  106  momme 
(about  14  ounces,  avoirdupois)  of  yarn  per  spindle 
per  day,  while  the  slanting  spindles  average  73 
momme  (about  9^  ounces,  avoirdupois)  per  spindle 
per  day.  The  number  of  male  operatives  in  the 
factories  range  from  13  to  1,087,  the  total  being 
10)531*  The  female  operatives  range  in  number 
from  31  in  the  smallest  factory  to  3,732  in  the  larg- 
est, the  total  number  being  33,452. 

The  horse-power  of  the  machinery  in  operation 
aggregates  15,595,  the  average  consumption  of  coal 
per  horse-power  being  3,498  pounds  per  hour.  Very 
few  American  machines  are  to  be  found  in  the  cotton 
mills  of  Japan.  Nearly  all  of  those  now  in  use  are 
of  English  manufacture,  a considerable  portion  hav- 
ing been  supplied  by  the  firm  of  Platt  Brothers  & 


358 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Oldham.  The  almost  exclusive  use  of 
the  English  machines  is  generally  attributed  to  the 
fact  that  the  Japanese  regard  England’s  textile  in- 
dustries as  the  most  flourishing,  and  to  the  further 
circumstance  that  the  English  originally  introduced 
the  industry  in  Japan.  The  operatives  have  also 
gotten  accustomed  to  these  machines  and  the  mill 
owners  hesitate  to  make  a change. 

That  the  cotton-spinning  industry  has  proven 
profitable  may  readily  be  imagined  when  it  is  stated 
that  so  far  this  year  six  new  companies  have  been 
formed  whose  projects  contemplate  the  operation  of 
101,083  spindles.  Those  who  are  in  a position  to 
know  declare  that  before  the  close  of  the  year  1897 
there  will  be  fully  1,500,000  spindles  in  operation  in 
Japan.  The  average  net  profit  per  spindle  during 
the  first  six.  months  of  last  year  was  $2.gy  (silver) 
but  it  had  increased  to  ^3.79  (silver)  during  the  lat- 
ter half  of  the  year.  The  greatest  profit  per  spindle 
was  $6.76  (silver)  while  the  least  was  70  cents.  The 
spindles  in  operation  last  year  consumed  15,016,633 
pounds  of  raw  cotton  and  turned  out  12,718,750 
pounds  of  yarn.  The  average  price  of  the  yarn  was 
sbout  $93.45  (silver)  per  bale  of  400  pounds. 

The  following  table  shows  the  profit  per  spindle 
realized  at  the  various  mills  during  the  year  1895: 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


359 


Name 

Profit 

per 

Name 

Profit  per 

of 

Spindle  first 

of 

Spindle  second 

Mill. 

half  of 

1895. 

Mill. 

half  of  1895. 

Koriyama 

Koriyama  . . . 

$6,761 

Kishiwada  . . , 

. . 4-627 

Himeji. 

5.388 

Owari 

. 3.860 

Kishiwada.. . 

5.255 

Sakai 

Owari 

4 808 

Settsu 

• • 3-760 

Sakai 

4.751 

Hirano 

- 3-741 

Wakayama. . 

4.629 

Kurume 

- - 3-630 

Uwakima 

4.453 

Wakayama. . 

. . 3.602 

Settsu 

4.395 

F ukuyama. . . 

..  3.521 

Hirano 

4.388 

Kurashiki  . . . 

. . 3.440 

lyo 

4.257 

Osaka 

■ . 3-130 

Miye 

3-984 

Kanegafuchi. 

, . 3.220 

Fukuyama. . . 

3-936 

Meiji 

..  3.170 

Amagusaki . . 

3-746 

Miike 

. . 3.121 

Meiji 

3.555 

Uwajima  . . . . 

-•  3*093 

Kanegafuchi. 

3.432 

Amagusaki . . 

. . 2.852 

Osaka 

3.403 

Matsuyama. . 

Tokyo 

3.393 

Miye 

. . 2.684 

Kurashiki  . . . 

3.233 

Senshiu 

■.  2.537 

Fukushima. . 

3.032 

Asahi 

..  1.826 

Senshiu 

2.985 

Tamashima. . 

. 1.725 

Miike 

2.691 

Himeji 

- 1.725 

Okayama.. . . 

2.507 

Fukushima. . 

. 1.484 

Tamashima.. 

Tokyo 

• 1.433 

Asani 

2.052 

lyo 

Noda 

■ 1.453 

Average  profit  first  half 

Average  profit  second 

of  1895 

half  of  1895 

$3-787 

The  wages  of  cotton  spinners  in  the  mills  through- 
out the  empire  are  of  course  low.  Probably  the  high- 
est are  received  by  the  operatives  in  the  Tokyo  mills, 
where  the  average  for  men  is  as  high  as  23  sen*  per 
day  or,  at  the  present  rate  of  exchange,  say  13  cents 
per  day;  for  women,  11.8  sen,  or  about  6}^  cents 
American  money  per  day.  There  are  mills,  however, 
even  in  this  district,  where  the  pay  is  as  low  as  8 
cents  for  men  and  less  than  5 cents  for  women, 
American  money. 


*The  sen  is  substantially  the  equivalent  of  one  cent  in 
silver.  The  yen  consists  of  100  sen,  practically  $i  in  silver^ 


360 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


The  women  operatives  outnumber  the  men  many 
times  and  consequently  their  wages  should  be  con- 
sidered first.  The  factory  girls  differ  in  age,  ranging 
from  twelve  to  thirty  years,  the  younger  girls  being 
employed  in  the  fine  spinning  rooms.  A correspond- 
ing difference  is  found  in  their  wages,  the  rates 
ranging  from  5 cents  (silver)  per  day  for  day  girls 
and  8 cents  for  girls  living  at  the  boarding  house 
within  the  mill,  to  $10  a month.  Many  of  the  em- 
ployes are  also  paid  by  a system  similar  to  the  piece 
work  method  of  this  country.  For  rough  spinning 
about  three  cents  per  hank  is  allowed,  and  skilled 
girls  can  turn  out  from  seven  to  nine  hanks  per  day. 
For  reeling,  the  pay  per  spool  is  five  to  six  cents, 
and  the  girls,  when  they  have  become  expert  at  the 
work,  can  reel  as  high  as  fifty  spools  per  day.  The 
maximum  wage  for  girls  in  the  fine  spinning  depart- 
ment is  about  15  or  16  cents,  but  this  is  considered 
very  fair  compensation,  considering  the  fact  that 
most  of  the  employes  are  only  fourteen  or  fifteen 
years  of  age.  In  some  of  the  mills  there  is  a system 
of  prizes  for  faithful  service;  in  others  an  increase  is 
given  three  or  four  times  each  year;  while  in  other 
manufactories  what  is  known  as  an  '‘extra,”  amount- 
ing to  about  20  cents,  is  given  to  the  most  indus- 
trious workers  semi-annually.  In  still  other  mills 
there  are  prizes  for  uninterrupted  work — 20  cents 
for  one  month,  40  cents  for  three  months,  ^1.20  for 
six  months.  For  those  who  renew  their  contract  of 
service  after  the  articled  time  of  three  years  prizes 
are  almost  doubled.  Moreover,  girls  who  are  not 
absent  from  their  work  during  a period  of  three 
years  receive  a special  prize  of  ;^I5;  those  who  make 
a similar  record  during  five  years  receive  ;^25,  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


361 


those  who  are  correspondingly  faithful  for  seven 
years  receive  ;^35.  All  these  emoluments  are,  of 
course,  over  and  above  the  regular  rate  of  wages 
given  above.  The  girls  are  encouraged  to  thrift  as 
well  as  to  industry,  and  in  many  of  the  mills  both 
voluntary  and  compulsory  systems  of  savings  are  in 
force.  On  these  deposits,  of  whichever  character, 
ten  per  cent,  interest  is  paid,  although  if  a girl  leaves 
the  factory  before  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  three 
years,  for  which  she  enters,  her  compulsory  savings 
are  forfeited  by  the  firm. 

Some  idea  of  the  thrift  of  the  girls  may  be  gained 
from  the  fact  that  many  of  those  who  receive  ^10 
(silver)  transmit  as  much  as  $7  or  $8  per  month  to 
their  parents  at  home.  Often  girls  upon  the  expira- 
tion of  their  three  years  service  have  accumulated 
^70  or  $80  in  addition  to  considerable  clothing  pur- 
chased while  they  were  employed  at  the  factory. 

The  girls  employed  at  the  mills  almost  invariably 
live  in  the  boarding  houses  connected  therewith, 
where  they  are  charged  at  the  rate  of  two  cents  per 
meal  or  six  cents  per  day.  The  youngest  employes 
who  have  just  entered  upon  a three  years’  term  of 
service  when  they  live  at  home  receive  only  five 
cents  per  day,  but  if  they  agree  to  lodge  and  board 
at  the  factory  they  are  allowed  eight  cents,  and  as 
the  meals  provided  there  for  six  sen  are  much 
superior  to  those  afforded  in  most  of  the  homes  of 
the  poorer  classes,  the  latter  plan  is  almost  always 
adopted  by  the  employes.  The  meals  served 
in  the  factory  boarding  houses  are  by  them  consid- 
ered substantial.  Breakfast  consists  of  boiled  rice 
and  a few  slices  of  pickled  radish,  or  sometimes  rice 
and  bean  soup;  the  menu  at  dinner  includes  rice  and 


362 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


vegetables,  and  supper,  which  is  the  substantial  meal 
of  the  day,  consists  of  rice  and  fish.  On  holidays 
special  lunches  are  provided. 

The  employes  in  each  factory  have  a distinctive 
uniform,  which  is  purchased  by  each  employe  for 
about  (silver),  which  is  usually  paid  in  four  or 
five  monthly  installments.  Everything  else  required, 
such  as  shoes,  umbrellas  and  bed  clothing,  is  fur- 
nished by  the  mill,  and  thus  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
a girl’s  total  monthly  expenses  need  not  exceed  $2 
(silver),  the  amount  of  their  savings  does  not  seem 
strange. 

The  proprietors  of  the  mills  in  Tokyo  have  re- 
cently undertaken  the  work  of  making  some  provis- 
ion for  the  education  of  their  employes,  and  at  the 
conclusion  of  their  regular  work  the  girls  devote  two 
or  three  hours  daily  to  the  study  of  reading  and 
writing  and  instruction  in  sewing.  The  studies 
usually  include  a smattering  of  the  English  lan- 
guage, and  almost  all  the  older  girls  can  spell  the 
different  technical  terms  used  in  connection  with  the 
machinery  at  the  mills. 

The  girls  are  divided  into  night  workers  and  day 
workers,  and  twelve  is  the  usual  number  of  working 
hours,  although  when  the  time  for  lunch  is  deducted 
the  actual  working  hours  rarely  exceed  eleven. 
However,  when  the  mill  is  crowded  with  orders,  the 
girls  are  always  perfectly  willing  to  work  about  six 
hours  extra  each  day,  and  instead  of  complaining 
seem  glad  of  the  opportunity.  For  this  additional 
work  they  are  paid  eight  cents  extra.  The  girls  are 
allowed  five  or  six  holidays  at  various  seasons  of  the 
year  and  also  a week  at  the  beginning  of  the  new 
year.  They  also  secure  several  hours  rest  each  week 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  363 

during  the  time  regularly  apportioned  for  the  repair 
of  the  machinery. 

The  character  of  the  work  does  not  appear  to 
prove  the  excessive  strain  on  the  employes  that 
might  be  expected,  and  the  girls  who  work  uninter- 
ruptedly for  one,  two  or  even  three  years  are,  to  all 
appearances,  not  impaired  in  health  in  the  slightest 
degree.  The  sick  rate  is  very  low,  there  being  for 
instance  in  the  Kanegafuchi  mill,  where  1,700  girls 
are  employed,  a daily  average  of  only  four  or  five 
cases  of  sickness.  A regular  physician  is  on  duty  at 
each  manufactory,  and  girls  who  are  sick  are  allowed 
one-half  of  the  lowest  wage  rate  obtaining  in  the 
factory,  usually  nine  cents  per  day;  while  in  case  of 
suffering  from  an  injury  received  while  in  the  dis- 
charge of  duty,  such  as  might  result  from  the  break- 
ing of  machinery,  the  full  amount  of  wages  is  al- 
lowed until  recovery,  and  usually  a certain  amount 
as  a ^‘consolation  gift”  upon  resumption  of  work. 
The  maximum  charge  for  medicine  is  three  cents 
per  day,  and  when  in  case  of  protracted  illness  a 
large  bill  accrues,  the  girl  is  allowed  to  pay  it  on  the 
installment  plan.  In  case  a factory  physician  de- 
clares a case  incurable,  the  mill  defrays  all  expenses 
the  girl  may  have  fncurred  for  medical  attendance, 
and  also  pays  her  traveling  expenses  to  her  home. 
In  some  cases  this  has  necessitated  an  expenditure 
of  amounts  as  high  as  $20  (silver).  In  many  mills 
the  operatives  have  relief  societies,  to  which,  in  the 
case  of  the  larger  mills,  the  officers  and  employes 
will  contribute  as  much  as  ^250  (silver)  every  six 
months.  The  majority  of  cases  of  sickness  consist 
of  some  form  of  lung  trouble. 

In  engaging  operatives  the  firm  owning  the  factory, 


3^4 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


as  a rule,  advances  to  each  a sum  sufficient  for  travel- 
ing expenses,  the  amount  to  be  refunded  within  two 
years.  When  a girl  has  completed  a term  of  service 
of  three  years  her  employer  usually  presents  her  as 
a parting  present  with  a sum  sufficient  to  meet  one- 
half  the  expense  of  returning  to  her  home.  The 
great  majority  of  the  girls  are  engaged  through  the 
medium  of  agents  through  whom  each  girl  makes  a 
cash  payment  of  20  cents,  followed  by  installment 
payments  of  two  cents  per  mon^h  during  the  entire 
term  of  her  employment.  The  latter  charge  is  made 
for  the  agent’s  services  as  guarantor  for  the  girls. 
The  employers  are  highly  pleased  to  have  some  one 
of  responsibility  as  security  and  they  naturally  pre- 
fer to  secure  employes  through  the  agents. 

The  great  activity  of  the  various  industries  in  the 
interior  has  recently  resulted  in  a very  perceptible 
scarcity  of  employes.  This  possibly  accounts  for 
the  presence  of  so  many  older  employes  in  the  mills. 
There  are  in  the  Tokyo  mills  several  employes  who 
have  been  in  the  service  of  their  present  employers 
for  twenty  years,  and  who  maintain  a household  and 
even  support  a husband  upon  their  salary  of  $10  00 
(silver)  per  month. 

The  men  employed  in  the  cotton  mills  are  decid- 
edly in  the  minority,  and  receive  from  15  to  30  cents 
(silver)  per  day.  The  great  fault  to  be  found  with 
the  system  of  operation  of  the  cotton  mills  is  in  the 
seven  days  of  work  each  week  and  the  prolonged 
hours  of  labor.  Some  idea  of  this  is  given  by  a t ib- 
ulation  of  the  daily  hours  of  labor  in  some  of  the 
factories  of  Osaka,  in  which  city  upwards  of  23,000 
operatives  are  engaged  in  the  industry.  The  table 
is  as  follows: 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


365 


Age. 

Number  of 
operatives. 

Average  number  of  hours 
per  day. 

Above  60 

56 

II 

hours,  7 minutes. 

“ 20 

7,385 

II 

“ 15  “ 

“ 15 

5,743 

II 

it 

“ 12 

2,518 

1 1 

it 

“ 10 

573 

II 

“ 10  minutes. 

Below  10 

171 

II 

“ 15  “ 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  in- 
dustry is  to  be  found  in  connection  with  the  exporta- 
tion of  the  product.  Among  the  cotton  fabrics  ex- 
ported are  white  cotton  piece  goods,  ribbed  or 
corded  goods,  black-dyed  goods,  cotton  flannel 
towels,  shirtings,  etc.  Of  the  above,  white  piece 
goods,  black  piece  goods,  and  cotton  cloths  called 
futako  fabrics,  are  chiefly  manufactured  in  the  Yama 
and  Owari  provinces  and  in  the  city  of  Himeji;  rib- 
bed or  corded  goods  come  principally  from  Ashik- 
ago  and  Seno  counties,  Awa  province,  Tokyo  and 
Yamaguchi  districts;  towels  from  Kobe  and  Osaka; 
cotton  flannels  from  the  Izumi,  Kawachi,  Kyoto,  lyo 
and  Awa  districts;  chjora  cloths  from  Tokyo,  Osaka, 
and  Yamashiro,  and  cotton  shirtings  from  Osaka, 
Tokyo,  and  Wakayama.  The  corded  goods  and 
cotton  flannels  are  exported  in  much  larger  quanti- 
ties than  the  remainder,  there  having  so  far  in  1896 
been  $1,067,573  (silver)  worth  of  the  former  ex- 
ported, as  against  $586,970  (silver)  worth  of  the  lat- 
ter. The  majority  of  all  exports  went  to  China. 

Up  to  June,  1896,  Kyoto  has  exported  to  the 
United  States  $130,000  (silver)  worth  of  cotton 
goods,. principally  white  cotton  piece  goods  stamped 
with  figures  and  intended  for  use  in  the  manufacture 
of  screens. 


366  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

Yamato  was-  formerly  famous  for  its  white  cotton 
piece  goods,  but  the  importation  of  white  shirtings 
considerably  affected  the  industry,  but  since  ma- 
chine yarns  were  introduced,  it  has  revived  very  con- 
siderably. All  kinds  of  dyed  fabrics  are  also  pro- 
duced in  this  province.  The  total  output  in  1894  was 
3,105,976  pieces,  valued  at  $1,093,773  (silver). 

Ehime,  noted  for  its  cheap  ribbed  or  corded  goods, 
had  in  1894  a total  production  of  4,242,078  pieces, 
valued  at  $847,805  (silver).  Last  year  Japan  pro- 
duced 1,520,738  pieces  of  cotton  cloth,  valued  at 
$4,935,435  (silver),  the  production  of  the  principal 
districts  being  as  follows: 


Districts. 

Number  of  Pieces. 

Value  in  Silver. 

Wakayama 

966,916 

$2,715,431 

Kyoto 

259.341 

1,518,320 

Osaka 

126,027 

290,391 

Ehime 

56,496 

225,479 

The  production  of  ribbed  or  corded  cotton  piece 
goods  in  1891  aggregated  1,401,120  pieces,  valued 
at  $854,031  (silver),  and  divided  among  the  principal 
districts  as  follows: 


Districts. 

Number  of  Pieces. 

Value  in  Silver. 

Tochigi 

494.225 

$239,814 

Yamaguchi 

■ 323.398 

156,857 

Toyama 

194,860 

95,616 

Shiga 

148,246 

63,512 

The  annual  production  of  white  cotton  piece 
goods  aggregated  23,874,575  pieces,  worth  ^6,161,004 
(silver).  The  production  in  the  principal  districts 
was  as  follows: 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


367 


Districts. 

Number  of  Pieces. 

Value  in  Silver. 

Aichi 

8,739,069 

$2,226,7gs 

Osaka 

3.082,659 

656,643 

Saitama 

1,828,729 

515,396 

Ehime 

4,242,078 

847,805 

Nara 

2,069,078 

573.II2 

Wakayama 

391.925 

143,104 

The  total  product  of  futako  cotton  fabrics  aggre- 
gated 1,928,159  pieces,  worth  $1,288,105  (silver). 
The  production  in  the  principal  districts  was  as  fol- 
lows: 


Districts. 

Number  of  Pieces. 

Value  in  Silver. 

Saitama 

703,293 

$465,821 

Tokyo 

234,218 

194,286 

Toyama 

204,654 

155,540 

In  connection  with  the  production  and  exportation 
of  manufactured  cotton  goods,  interest  attaches  to 
the  exports  from  Japan  of  cotton  yarn,  as  shown  in 
the  following  table: 


Exports  to 

1893. 

1894. 

1895. 

Quantity, 

Pounds. 

Value, 

Silver. 

Quantity, 

Pounds. 

Value, 

Silver. 

Quantity, 

Pounds. 

Value, 

Silver. 

China,  . . . 
Korea.  . . . 
Hong  Kong.  . 
Other  Countries. 

317,303 

35,322 

31,327 

$48,491 

6,302 

4,382 

4,284.434 
303  57Q 
46,767 
1,146 

$876,808 

68,693 

9.811 

220 

3,169,886 

1,417.344 

39,958 

$683  0>7 
343.578 
7,620 
193 

Total.  . . 

413,952 

f 59, 175 

4,635,917 

1955.532 

4,627,188 

$1,034,478 

Here  we  have  another  illustration  of  the  rapid  in- 
crease in  the  exportation  of  a Japanese  commodity. 
These  figures  should  be  taken  in  connection  with 
what  the  Vice-Minister  of  Agriculture  said  about  the 
possibilities  of  Japan  furnishing  cotton  yarn  not  only 
for  China  and  Korea,  but  for  India. 


368  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  If  our  citizens,  Mr.  Labor,  can  look 
upon  a condition  so  threatening  as  I have  just  read 
you  without  concern,  then  they  will  not  be  entitled 
to  sympathy  when  it  is  too  late.  I can  tell  you,  my 
laboring  friends,  we  are  all  deeply  interested.  It  is 
a vital  question  with  us,  and  we  do  not  want  the 
United  States  to  be  a dumping  ground  for  Japanese 
cheap  labor.  We  have  had  enough  of  other  countries’ 
labor  in  the  past  four  years. 

Labor.  You  could  travel  and  sell  goods  of  Japan 
make  as  well  as  our  own,  could  you  not,  Mr.  Max- 
well? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  If  Japan  and  China  could  supply  our 
market  and  throw  our  labor  out,  as  has  been  the 
case  the  last  four  years,  Mr.  Labor,  our  market 
would  be  ruined  again,  and  how  can  I sell  goods  'for 
any  house  in  a market  that  is  comparatively  dead, 
or  in  a constant  state  of  decline? 

I have  had  enough  of  that  for  one  lifetime.  What 
could  I say  to  a man  in  the  sense  of  urging  him  to 
buy  goods  when  he  would  point  to  his  loaded 
shelves  and  say  he  would  be  glad  to  sell  back  to  me 
former  orders  at  lo  and  20  per  cent,  discount  and 
pay  freight  to  the  factory  at  that? 

When  on  the  road  of  late  I was  ashamed  to  write 
the  house  for  fear  they  would  think  I was  going  into 
a decline,  becoming  lazy,  lost  the  art  of  selling,  or 
indirectly  working  for  some  other  house,  and  all  the 
salesmen  I met  were  under  the  same  strain. 

I asked  voluntarily  that  my  wages  be  cut  twenty- 
five  per  cent.,  and  I was  ashamed  to  take  my  salary 
after  that  even. 

Labor.  How  did  sellers  of  imported  goods  suc- 
ceed, Mr.  Maxwell? 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  369 

Mr,  Maxwell.  What  did  merchants  want  of  im- 
ported goods,  Mr.  Labor,  when  there  was  no  one  to 
buy  the  goods  already  on  their  shelves?  Our  labor 
was  idle;  they  were  not  putting  their  weekly  wages 
in  circulation.  They  were  not  buying  the  fruit- 
farmer’s  grapes,  peaches,  apples,  currants,  berries, 
pears,  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  hence  the  farmers 
were  not  trading. 

Several  traveling  men  I knew  who  carried  som.e 
lines  of  foreign  goods  expressed  great  surprise  to 
me  on  many  occasions.  They  admitted  that  they 
had  looked  for  foreign  goods  to  faifly  fly  around 
our  markets  under  the  Wilson  bill,  and  they  were 
not  reserved  in  their  declarations  that  they  had  seen 
enough  of  free  trade  and  a ruined  market. 

Importers  looked  for  a heavy  trade  in  foreign 
goods,  Mr.  Labor,  and  they  had  expected  great 
things  of  their  salesmen,  and  this  was  especially 
embarrassing  to  the  latter.  Of  course,  everything 
went  down  very  gradually  and  the  importers,  while 
the  Wilson  bill  was  so  delayed  in  Congress,  had  a 
chance  to  feel  of  the  market  for  advance  orders,  the 
result  of  which  was  to  admonish  them  to  move 
cautiously,  for  the  orders  were  not  to  be  had,  either 
on  conditions  in  advance  or  any  other  form  because 
there  was  no  demand  for  goods. 

The  whole  question,  Mr.  Labor,  was  thoroughly 
shown  up  by  what  transpired  in  Groversville.  After 
reading  the  situation  there  there  is  really  no  further 
room  for  discussion.  What  happened  to  that  city 
happened  to  the  whole  United  States. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I desire,  Mr.  Labor,  to  read  from  the 
Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed’s  speech  in  Congress  when 
discussing  the  Wilson  tariff  bill,  a few  quotations. 


37<3  Larors’  Hard  Times  School. 

Mr.  Maxwell  reads,  after  which  he  calls  the  atten- 
tion of  the  class  to  the  figures  and  estimates  show- 
ing the  consuming  ability  of  our  country  as  com- 
pared to  all  other  nations  combined. 

“I  hope,  Mr.  Labor,  you  will  include  this  portion 
of  Mr.  Reed’s  speech,  whether  you  do  the  whole  of 
it  or  not.” 

Labor.  I am  pleased,  Mr.  Maxwell,  that  you  have 
brought  these  features  of  comparison  before  the 
school;  they  aid  us  in  a very  broad  and  substantial 
way  in  establishing  the  value  of  our  own  market  in 
comparison  with  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  You  have  shown  already  that  the 
only  market  we  can  control  is  our  own,  Mr.  Labor, 
and  you  have  tried  to  show  the  full  importance  of 
our  own  market.  Mr.  Reed’s  figures  confirm  your 
claims  that  the  markets  of  the  United  States  are 
nearly  equal  in  dollars  and  cents  to  the  total  value 
of  the  markets  of  the  rest  of  the  world.  I under- 
stand this  claim  to  apply  when  our  market  is  in  a 
normal  condition,  such  as  ruled  prior  to  1893. 

Labor.  You  have  anticipated  correctly.  We  hard- 
ly know  yet  what  to  claim  that  we  might  have  con- 
sumed during  the  last  four  years  of  depression,  Mr. 
Maxwell.  Our  consuming  ability  has  been  so  crip- 
pled, at  least,  our  progress  so  retarded,  that  we  shall 
have  to  wait  for  future  figures,  which  we  hope  to 
see  some  day  showing  under  a normal  progress  what 
we  should  have  consumed  as  compared  to  what  we 
have  consumed  since  1892. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  The  importance  of  such  information 
can  hardly  be  estimated,  and,  with  you,  I hope  we 
shall  be  able  yet  to  gathersome  kind  of  an  idea  of  the 
amount  our  country  is  out,  learning  a lesson  that 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


37  i 


should  have  been  easy  and  plain  enough  in  the  ab- 
sence of  any  test. 

I herewith  submit  Mr.  Reed’s  speech,  the  logic 
and  good  sense  of  which  events  have  proven,  and 
since  what  he  said  would  happen  has  happened,  it 
may,  if  you  decide  to  print  it  all,  be  read  with  more 
interest  than  when  it  was  first  delivered.  At  least, 
it  will  show  that  we  have  some  public  men  who  do 
not  talk  through  their  hats  when  looking  into  the 
future. 

Speech  of  Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  of  Maine,  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  Thursday,  February  i, 
1894. 

The  House  having  under  consideration  the  bill 
(H.  R.  4864)  to  reduce  taxation,  to  provide  revenue 
for  the  government,  and  for  other  purposes — 

The  SPEAKER.  Under  the  order  of  the  House, 
the  bill  is  now  open  for  debate  for  three  hours,  and 
the  chair  recognizes  the  gentleman  from  Maine  [Mr. 
Reed].  [Prolonged  applause  on  the  floor  and  in  the 
galleries  ] 

Mr.  REED  said:  Mr.  Speaker:  In  this  debate, 
which  has  extended  over  many  weeks,  one  remark- 
able result  has  already  been  reached,  a result  of  the 
deepest  importance  to  this  country.  That  result  is 
that  the  bill  before  us  is  odious  to  both  sides  of  the 
House.  It  meets  with  favor  nowhere,  and  comruands 
the  respect  of  neither  party.  On  this  side  we  believe 
that  while  it  pretends  to  be  for  protection  it  does  not 
afford  it,  and  on  the  other  side  the  y believe  that 
while  it  looks  towards  free  trade  it  does  nut  accom- 
plish it. 

Those  who  will  vote  against  this  bill  1 do  so  be- 
cause it  opens  our  marke  s to  the  destnictrve  compe- 


372  Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  . 

tition  of  foreigners,  and  those  who  vote  for  it  do  it 
with  the  reservation  that  they  will  instantly  devote 
themselves  to  a new  crusade  against  whatever  bar- 
riers are  left. 

Whatever  speeches  have  been  made  in  defense  of 
the  bill  on  the  other  side,  whether  by  gentlemen  who 
are  responsible  only  to  their  own  constituencies  or 
by  the  gentleman  from  West  Virginia,  who  ought  to 
have  been  steadied  by  his  sense  of  responsibility  to 
the  whole  country,  have  one  and  all,  with  but  rare 
exceptions,  placed  their  authors  uncompromisingly, 
except  for  temporary  parposes,  on  the  side  of  unre- 
stricted free  trade. 

It  is  evident  that  there  is  no  ground  for  that  hope 
entertained  by. so  many  moderate  men,  that  this  bill, 
bad  as  it  is,  could  be  a resting  place  where  our  man- 
ufacturing and  productive  industries,  such  as  may 
survive,  can  re-establish  themselves  and  have  a sure 
foundation  for  the  future,  free  from  party  bickering 
and  party  strife.  Hence,  also,  there  can  be  no  foun- 
dation for  that  cry,  so  insidiously  raised,  that  this 
bill  should  be  passed  at  once,  because  uncertainty  is 
worse  than  any  bill  can  possibly  be.  Were  that  bill 
to  pass  both  branches  today,  uncertainty  would  reign 
just  the  sam.e. 

This  result  was  inevitable.  Although  this  bill  pro- 
fessed to  open  to  the  manufacturers  a new  era  of 
prosperity  and  professed  to  be  made  in  the  interest 
of  some  of  them,  the  moment  it  came  to  be  defended 
on  this  floor  the  bulk  of  it  could  not  be  defended  on 
any  other  ground  than  the  principles  of  free  trade. 
Hence,  in  this  discussion,  the  precise  terms  of  this 
proposed  act  count  for  nothing,  and  we  are  left  to 
the  discussion  of  the  principles  which  underlie  the 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


373 


whole  question.  That  question  may  not  be  decided 
here  and  now  upon  these  principles,  but  the  ultimate 
decision  by  the  people  can  have  no  other  foundation. 

After  this  statement  it  would  be  entirely  natural 
that  a feeling  of  weariness  should  come  over  this 
audience,  for  if  anything  seems  to  have  been  dis- 
cussed until  human  nature  can  bear  it  no  more  it  is 
the  tariff.  Nevertheless  the  fact  that  the  subject  is 
still  before  the  people  shov/s  that  the  last  word  has 
not  yet  been  said,  and  that  the  subject  has  not  yet 
been  exhausted  or  understood. 

The  history  of  protection  has  been  most  remark- 
able. Fifty  years  ago  the  question  seemed  to  be 
closed.  Great  Britain  had  adopted  free  trade,  the 
United  States  had  started  in  the  same  direction,  and 
the  whole  world  seemed  about  to  follow.  Today  the 
entire  situation  seems  to  be  reversed.  The  whole 
civilized  world  except  Great  Britain  has  become 
protectionist,  and  the  very  year  last  passed  has  wit- 
nessed the  desertion  of  English  principles  by  the 
last  English  colony  which  held  out.  This  has  been 
Cone  in  defiance  of  the  opinions  of  every  political 
economist  in  England  who  wrote  prior  to  1850,  and 
of  most  of  those  who  have  written  since. 

When  you  add  to  this  that  the  arguments  against 
it  have  seemed  so  clear  and  simple  that  every  school 
boy  can  comprehend  them  and  every  patriot  with 
suitable  lungs  could  fill  the  atmosphere  with  the 
catchwords  [laughter],  the  wonder  increases  that  in 
every  country  it  should  still  flourish  and  maintain  its 
vigor.  Ten  years  ago  it  was  equally  true  at  one  and 
the  same  time  that  every  boy  who  graduated  from 
college  graduated  a free  trader,  and  that  every  bne 


374 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


of  them  who  afterwards  became  a producer  or  dis- 
tributor of  our  goods  became  also  a protectionist. 

The  arguments  of  the  political  economist,  clqar  as 
crystal,  do  not  seem  to  have  convinced  the  world, 
nor,  what  is  much  worse,  do  they  seem  to  have  made 
any  substantial  progress.  On  the  contrary  these 
economists  have  taken  up  the  task  of  tearing  each 
other  to  pieces,  so  that  today  there  is  hardly  a name- 
able  important  proposition  on  which  they  agree,  and 
the  more  the  facts  of  the  universe  are  developed  the 
more  confusion  seems  to  reign  among  them.  Mean- 
while the  world  has  proceeded  in  its  own  way  with- 
out much  regard  for  their  theories  and  their  wisdom. 
I do  not  mean  that  studious  men  have  not  discov- 
ered great  truths  and  had  glimpses  of  still  greater, 
but  in  the  main  they  have  only  passed  from  one  in- 
accuracy to  another,  because  they  have  forgotten 
that  the  whole  race  is  wiser  than  any  man.  [Ap- 
plause.] 

You  and  I,  Mr.  Speaker,  cannot  hope  to  do  much 
better  than  these  famous  men,  except  so  far  as  we 
view  with  tolerance  what  great  masses  of  our  fellow- 
men  are  doing  and  assume  that  they  are  probably 
right  instead  of  assuming  that  they  are  probably 
wrong  in  matters  which  so  deeply  concern  them. 

It  is  often  said  that  the  truth  is  the  simplest.  That 
is  so,  after  you  understand  the  truth,  but  when  you 
do  not  a lie  is  far  simpler.  [Laughter.]  When 
Copernicus  discovered  the  theory  of  the  universe  it 
took  centuries  for  men  to  believe  it.  The  Ptolemaic 
system  was  so  simple  that  anybody  by  using  his  eyes 
could  see  that  the  sun  rose  in  the  east  and  set  in  the 
west,  just  like  the  moon,  and  both  in  the  same  way 
revolved  around  the  earth,  and  today  most  men  ac- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School, 


375 


cept  the  Copernican  theory,  not  on  their  own  under- 
standing, but  on  the  general  belief  of  mankind. 

I shall  not,  therefore,  in  what  I have  to  say,  be 
able — being,  as  I hope,  on  the  side  of  truth — to 
rival  the  charming  simplicity  of  the  gentlemen  oppo- 
site, or  like  them,  to  compress  the  universe  into  the 
nutshell  of  a speech.  I regret  this  the  less  because  I 
know  that  many  a philosopher  has  put  the  world  into 
a nutshell  only  to  find  that  the  nutshell  contained  a 
world  in  which  nobody  ever  lived,  or  moved,  or  had 
his  being,  and  consequently  a world  which  was  of  no 
human  account. 

I shall  not  attempt  to  deal  much  with  the  meta- 
physics of  this  discussion  or  to  cite  statistics  which 
have  no  meaning  except  to  the  student,  and  so  often 
mislead  even  him.  I shall  for  the  most  part  confine 
myself  to  large  facts  which  are  known  of  all,  or  can 
be  ascertained  in  the  simplest  possible  way. 

Whether  the  universal  sentiment  in  favor  of  pro- 
tection as  applied  to  every  country  is  sound  or  not, 
I do  not  stop  to  discuss.  Whether  it  is  best  for  the 
United  States  of  America  alone  concerns  me  now, 
and  the  first  thing  I have  to  say  is  that  after  thirty 
years  of  protection, -undisturbed  by  any  serious  men- 
ace of  free  trade,  up  to  the  very  year  now  last  past, 
this  country  was  the  greatest  and  most  flourishing 
nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  [Loud  applause  on 
the  Republican  side.]  Moreover,  with  the  shadow 
of  this  unjustifiable  bill  resting  cold  upon  it,  with 
mills  closed,  with  hundreds  of  thousands  of  men  un- 
employed, industry  at  a standstill,  and  prospects 
before  it  more  gloomy  than  ever  marked  its  history 
— except  one — this  country  is  still  the  greatest  and 


376 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


the  richest  that  the  sun  shines  on,  or  ever  did  shine 
on.  [Renewed  applause.] 

During  that  period  of  growth  which  lifted  us 
from  a position  so  low  that  we  actually  had  human 
slavery  within' our  borders  to  our  present  condition 
of  freedom  and  prosperity,  we  struggled  through  a 
dreadful  war  which  desolated  one-half  of  the  country 
and  so  strained  the  resources  of  the  other  half,  both 
in  money  and  in  men,  that  its  impress  today  is  visible 
every  year  on  our  tremendous  pension  roll,  although 
almost  obliterated  from  our  public  debt.  Afjer  the 
war  ceased  our  prosperity  was  clouded  with  a six 
years’  struggle  with  a disordered  currency  and  the 
reconstruction  of  labor  and  industry  in  the  South. 
No  nation  in  the  world’s  history  ever  passed  through 
in  so  short  a time  two  ordeals  so  trying  and  so 
severe. 

In  spite  of  both  these  misfortunes  not  only  have 
we  studded  the  country  east  of  the  Mississippi  all 
over  with  mills  and  workshops,  factories  and  furnaces, 
covered  it  with  railroads,  exploited  the  oil  and  gas 
fields  of  Pennsylvania,  Indiana  and  Ohio,  and  turned 
into  light,  heat  and  production  the  fierce,  imprisoned 
energy  of  a thousand  mines  of  coal,  but  beyond  the 
Mississippi,  that  mighty  country,  which  some  day 
will  astonish  the  world  with  its  exceeding  riches,  we 
have  built  four  great  trans-continental  lines  across 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  have  driven  the  great 
American  desert  off  the  maps  and  off  the  face  of  the 
earth.  [Applause.] 

Nor  have  we  in  any  way  exhausted  the  future. 
This  country  is  ten  times  more  capable  today  of  fur- 
ther development  than  it  was  in  i860.  Let  me  state 
one  little  item — sample  of  a thousand.  Only  last 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


377 


year,  at  Rumford,  in  my  own  State,  was  brought 
under  harness  waterfalls,  which  will  give  to  the  pro- 
ductive energies  of  this  country  40,000  horse  power 
for  every  day  in  the  year.  Three  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  just  such  horse  power  runs  to  waste  every 
day  in  New  England  alone.  Whenever  our  citizens 
are  rich  enough  to  employ  these  great  resources  my 
hope  is  that  they  will  be  rich  enough  to  consume 
their  products  themselves. 

So  utterly  undisputed  and  so  distinctly  visible  to 
every  human  being  in  this  audience  has  been  our 
growth  and  progress  that  this  hasty  outline  is  all  that 
is  needed  to  remind  you  of  one  great  fact,  that  what- 
ever the  future  industrial  system  of  this  country  may 
be,  the  past  system  is  a splendid  monument  to  that 
series  of  successful  statesmen  who  found  the  country 
bankrupt  and  distracted,  and  left  it  first  on  the  list  of 
nations. 

But  we  must  not  leave  this  matter  to  our  own 
praises.  Let  others  speak,  and  above  all  the  citizens 
of  that  land  which  is  our  great  rival,  at  whose  feet 
American  statesmanship  in  this  House  now  sits. 

^ I have  here  an  article  in  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
wherein  Mr.  J.  Stephen  Jeans,  a British  free  trade 
writer,  in  December,  1892,  declares  that — 

“America  has  for  many  years  enjoyed  an  amazing 
degree  of  prosperity,  so  much  so  indeed  that  to  use 
the  eloquent  words  of  Edmund  Burke,  'generalities 
which  in  all  other  cases  are  apt  to  heighten  and  raise 
the  subject  have  here  a tendency  to  sink  it.  Fiction 
lags  after  truth,  invention  is  unfruitful,  and  imagina- 
tion cold  and  barren’.” 

When  I read  these  words  I recalled  a scene  in  this 


378 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


House,  and  said  how  differently  men  look  at  the 
same  things! 

Here  is  a cold-blooded  Englishman  who,  in  talk- 
ing of  the  “not  unreasonable  hopes’’ — I use  his  very 
words — which  his  countrymen  entertain  “that  the 
greatest  market  in  the  world  and  probably  in  the 
world’s  history  is  once  again  found  to  be  lying  at  the 
feet  of  British  industry  and  commerce,  declares 
that  “America  has  for  years  enjoyed  an  amazing  de- 
gree of  prosperity,  so  much  so,  indeed,”  that  he  has 
to  use  the  words  of  Burke  to  say  that  he  cannot  even 
describe  it.  And  yet,  in  this  very  hall,  a member  of 
the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  himself  a coun- 
tryman of  Edmund  Burke,  and  whose  wonderful 
eloquence  moved  this  assembly  as  I never  saw  it 
moved  before,  allowed  himself,  amid  “laughter  and 
applause  on  the  Democratic  side,”  to  compare  this 
amazing  prosperity  to  a “prolonged  debauch”  from 
which  the  country  could  rescue  itself  only  by  the 
free  use  of  the  committee’s  dilution  of  the  original 
beverage.  [Laughter.]  It  seems,  somehow,  almost 
a desecration  to  put  the  facts  over  against  the  figure 
^ speech. 

Here  is  a little  book  of  letters  of  an  editor,  Mr. 
Carr,  of  the  Cardiff  Mail,  to  his  wife.  It  is  full  of  ex- 
pressions of  surprise  over  this  “wonderful  country,” 
“phenomenal  prosperity,”  “extent  and  strength  of 
the  enormous  interests  created  by  the  American  pol- 
icy of  protection,” 

Only  last  November  Mr.  W.  H.  Mitchell,  an  Eng- 
lish lecturer,  fresh  from  a three  months  visit  to  our 
country,  addressed  the  Textile  Society  of  Bradford, 
England.  He  was  here  in  the  interest  of  trade 
Hence  what  he  had  to  say  smacks  of  trade. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


379 


“The  importance,”  says  he,  “of  America  as  a trade 
outlet  was  very  obvious.  It  had  65,000,000  people 
who  spent  more  money  on  dress  than  any  other  peo- 
ple on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Again,  in  spite  of  the 
wonderful  development  which  has  taken  place,  the 
possibilities,  he  might  say  the  certainties,  of  future 
progress  were  marvelously  illimitable.” 

“Marvelously  illimitable.”  These  were  his  very 
words.  How  the  mouths  of  the  Textile  Society  of 
Bradford  must  have  watered  as  he  detailed  to  them 
the  hopes  he  had  that  such  fruitage  would  be  lifted 
to  their  very  lips.  [Laughter.]  But  of  that,  by 
and  by. 

Without  further  quotation,  unnecessary  for  this 
audience,  for  whom  all  that  a foreigner  can  say  is 
but  a reminder,  it  only  remains  to  ask  if  all  this  pros- 
perity has  been  at  the  expense  of  the  laboring  man, 
of  those  who  furnish  service  whether  of  brain  or 
muscle.  If  it  has  been  at  their  expense,  for  one  I 
say  down  with  it.  The  lowest  depths  of  the  Wilson 
bill  are  not  half  low  enough  for  such  a civilization. 

That,  however,  can  hardly  be  so,  from  the  testi- 
mony itself.  “Sixty-five  millions  of  people,  who  spend 
more  money  on  dress  than  any  other  people  on 
earth,”  and  whose  “certainties”  of  progress  in  that 
direction  are  “marvelously  illimitable,”  have  evi- 
dently not  been  sacrificed  to  the  Moloch  of  accumu- 
lated wealth. 

Editor  Carr,  already  quoted,  says  this  country  “is 
the  paradise  of  the  workingman.”  All  the  bigotry  of 
free  trade  cannot  wipe  that  out. 

“The  further  my  inquiries  extend,”  says  he,  “the 
more  convinced  I become  that  the  real  truth  of  the 
matter  is  that  in  this  country  a workman  earns  twice 


38o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


as  much  as  he  would  in  England,  and  the  cost  of  his 
living,  except  in  the  matter  of  rent  and  clothing,  is 
about  the  same.  Even  in  the  matter  of  clothing  the 
difference  is  not  great,  except  as  it  is  brought  about 
by  the  general  use  of  much  better  clothing. 

Says  Mr.  Erancis  Walker  in  substance,  for  I quote 
only  from  memory,  and  from  a newspaper  at  that, 
“If  the  workman  of  America  could  be  content  with 
the  meager  life  beyond  seas  he  could  save  two-thirds 
of  his  entire  wages.” 

These  quotations,  also,  are  only  reminders  for  you, 
Mr.  Speaker,  and  all  who  hear  me  know  that  the 
American  who  has  been  long  enough  here  to  know 
his  opportunities  has  found  the  best  place  for  wages 
in  the  world. 

Lest  anyone  might  doubt  the  condition  of  our 
laborer,  and  knowing  that  to  many  men  the  declara- 
tion of  a tariff  reformer  imports  absolute  verity,  I 
cite  my  eloquent  associate  on  the  committee,  the 
gentleman  from  New  York.  It  is  not  from  his 
speech  on  the  tariff,  but  from  the  speech  madewhile 
the  Democracy  were  assuring  the  country  that  the 
repeal  of  the  silver  act  was  all  that  stood  between 
them  and  prosperity.  [Laughter.] 

I hold  here  in  my  hand  the  Aldrich  report,  which 
comes  to  me  with  the  approval  of  the  distinguished 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  which  emanates  from 
a Democratic  Bureau  of  Statistics.  The  accuracy  of 
its  figures  has  never  been  impugned;  and  it  shows  that 
never  in  the  history  of  human  civilization  have  wages 
been  so  high,  measured  by  gold.  [Applause,] 

Lest  there  should  be  any  doubt  as  to  the  applica- 
tion of  all  this  to  our  own  workingmen,  I cite  again: 

“Through  long  strikes  and  suffering  and  woe  labor 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  381 

has  improved  its  condition  in  this  country  until  by 
the  figures  of  this  Aldrich  committee  we  find  that  it 
enjoys  today  the  largest  proportion  of  that  which  it 
produces  that  it  has  ever  enjoyed  in  the  history  of 
the  world.” 

We  may  safely  assume,  then,  Mr.  Speaker,  that  a 
country  which  has  become  in  the  last  thirty  years 
the  “richest  country  in  the  world,”  to  quote  Mr. 
Jeans  again,  a country  which  during  all  that  period 
was  a “paradise  for  laboring  men,”  does  not  need  to 
try  any  dubious  experiments.  A good  thing  in  this 
world  of  disappointments  is  not  to  be  lightly  left.  A 
better  thing  we  should  desert  with  still  more  reluct- 
ance, and  nobody  but  a misguided  man  would  leave 
the  best  thing  ever  known  in  the  history  of  the  uni- 
verse unless  he  had  such  a glimpse  of  the  future  as 
would  place  him  securely  among  the  prophets  and 
not  land  him  among  those  unhappy  martyrs  whose 
blood  is  the  seed  of  no  church.  [Laughter.] 

What  are  the  reasons  why  any  change  of  principle 
should  be  had? 

Of  course,  we  are  not  to  change  the  history  of  the 
last  thirty  years  and  the  principles  of  a hundred 
years  because  some  gentlemen  specially  gifted  with 
sonorous  voices  have  distributed  epithets.  [Laugh- 
ter.] We  are  not  going  to  risk  our  all  upon  frag- 
ments of  ancient  platform  speeches,  upon  loud  out- 
cries and  abusive  language. 

There  must  be  addressed  to  us  some  solid  argu- 
ments, or  at  least  the  opinions  of  wise  men  who  have 
proved  their  wisdom  by  the  actual  test  of  human 
life.  Surely  we  are  not  going  to  venture  into  the 
unknown  because  political  economists  bid  us  do  so 
while  they  still  leave  unproved  every  principle  upon 


382 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


which  they  found  their  advice.  So  long  as  they 
cannot  agree  among  themselves  on  any  of  their 
propositions,  they  cannot  be  cited  as  a body  to  force 
our  conclusions.  On  no  trackless  future  will  we 
venture  unless  the  prospect  of  increased  happiness 
is  large  enough  to  justify  risk  and  exposure. 

Is  there  any  example  in  the  history  of  the  world 
of  any  nation  situated  like  ours  who  has  taken  the 
step  to  which  we  are  invited? 

Some  gentlemen,  perhaps,  are  hastening  to  say 
that  England  affords  us  the  needed  example;  that 
we  have  but  to  turn  to  her  history  and  find  all  that 
we  need  by  way  of  examples,  just  as  in  the  state- 
ments of  her  political  economists  we  shall  find  all 
that  is  necessary  for  advice,  for  guidance  and  in- 
struction. Mr.  Speaker,  I have  looked  there,  and  I 
am  amazed  to  find  how  little  the  example  of  Eng- 
land can  teach. 

According  to  the  usual  story  that  is  told,  England 
had  been  engaged  in  a long  and  vain  struggle  with 
the  demon  of  protection,  and  had  been  year  after  year 
sinking  further  into  the  depths  until  at  a moment 
when  she  was  in  her  deepest  distress  and  saddest 
plight,  her  manufacturing  system  broken  down, 
“protection  having  destroyed  home  trade  by  reduc- 
ing,” as  Mr.  Atkinson  says,  “the  entire  population 
to  beggary,  destitution,  and  want,”  Mr.  Cobden  and 
his  friends  providentially  appeared,  and  after  a hard 
struggle,  established  a principle  for  all  times  and 
for  all  the  world,  and  straight- way  England  enjoyed 
the  sum  of  human  happiness.  Hence  all  good  na- 
tions should  do  as  England  has  done  and  be  happy 
ever  after.  [Laughter.] 

This  fairy  tale  has  not  the  slightest  resemblance 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


383 


to  history.  England,  after  three  centuries  of  station- 
ary life,  during  which  the  wages  of  its  laborers  re- 
mained without  change,  at  the  beginning  of  this 
century  began  to  feel  the  pulses  of  a new  life. 
Wages  then  commenced  to  rise,  and  in  1840  were 
80  per  cent,  higher  in  money  than  in  1800,  and, 
measured  by  purchasing  power,  were  90  per  cent, 
higher  than  ever  before.  Coming  as  this  did,  right 
after  three  centuries  of  stagnation,  it  showed  the 
great  power  of  two  things,  protection  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  factory  system.  For  England  was 
enormously  protected,  not  only  by  duties  such  as  we 
have,  but  by  the  laws  which  forbade  the  exportation 
of  machinery,  whereby  she  obtained  or  sought  to 
obtain  a monopoly  of  steam-driven  methods. 

It  had  so  happened  that  England’s  development, 
owing  to  her  insular  position  and  her  early  efforts 
to  obtain  the  results  of  skill  which  caused  her  to 
import  Flemish  weavers,  to  receive  the  Huguenots 
driven  out  of  France,  to  welcome  workers  from 
everywhere,  and  in  every  way  to  encourage  manu- 
factures, had  reached  such  a point  that  the  invention 
of  the  steam  engine  was  in  her  grasp  and  possible 
to  her  alone.  Whoever  has  examined,  even  in  the 
most  cursory  way,  the  history  of  the  long  line  of 
inventions  which  culminated  in  the  steam  engine  of 
James  Watt  cannot  fail  to  be  satisfied  that  the  con- 
dition of  England  at  that  period  led  to  that  line  of 
invention,  and  that  nothing  else  could.  With  the 
steam  engine  and  the  factory  system  England  could 
so  utilize  human  labor  that  no  nation  in  the  world 
could  compete  with  her,  no  matter  what  the  wages 
were,  until  the  invention  passed  her  borders. 

Unfortunately,  England  at  that  time  and  for  years 


3^4 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


afterwards  had  no  conception  of  its  duty  to  its  work- 
ingmen. The  only  limit  of  work  was  human  strength. 
It  took  the  fiercest  struggle  to  get  slight  remission 
of  labor  even  for  children.  . Shorter  hours  of  labor 
were  scorned  not  only  by  Cobden  and  Bright,  but 
by  every  political  economist  of  England,  even  down 
to  1883,  when  Bonamy  Price  denounced  shorter 
hours  of  labor  as  a “repudiation  of  the  great  doc- 
trine of  free  trade.’'  The  sole  idea  of  the  political 
economist  of  that  class  has  always  been  as  low 
wages  as  possible,  as  long  hours  as  could  be,  and  a 
product  of  as  cheap  a price  as  possible. 

England  also  was  a country  where  in  the  main  the 
raw  materials  were  scanty  and  few  in  number.  Even 
the  raw  material  of  labor,  wheat  and  other  bread- 
stuffs,  could  not  be  produced  within  her  borders  in 
sufficient  amount  for  the  consumption  of  her  work- 
ers. Naturally  enough  her  theory  of  low  prices  for 
labor  prevented  a reasonable  division  of  the  tre- 
mendous increase  of  production  caused  by  the  steam 
engine,  and  restricted  her  own  market,  and  in  1840 
she  found  herself  in  manufactures  entirely  ahead  of 
her  consumption.  Her  manufactures  had  grown  out 
of  proportion  and  could  no  longer  subsist  on  English 
patronage  alone.  The  workmen  were  pressing  them 
for  that  regular  increase  of  wages  which  I shall  by 
and  by  show  to  be  the  natural  progress  of  civilization, 
and  therefore  manufacturers  commenced  their  agi- 
tation against  the  corn  laws  which  resulted  in  their 
repeal. 

Was  that  crusade  the  same  as  is  waged  here  to- 
day? Are  the  gentlemen  of  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  legitimate  successors  of  Bright  and  Cob- 
den and  the  Anti-corn  Law  League?  Not  the  least 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  385 

in  the  world.  That  was  a fight  by  the  manufactur- 
ers. This  is  a fight  against  the  manufacturers.  The 
manufacturers  then  desired  no  protection  what- 
ever. Turn  over  this  big  volume  of  Cobden’s 
Speeches  until  you  come  to  the  twentieth  speech, 
seven  years  after  he  began;  you  will  find  hardly  one 
allusion  to  protective  duties  to  manufacturers,  and 
even  in  the  twentieth  speech  they  are  only  alluded 
to  to  reiterate  the  declaration  made  in  1838,  when  the 
Corn  Law  League  began,  that  all  duties  were  to  be 
abolished  so  as  to  make  food  cheaper.  [Applause 
on  the  Democratic  side.]  I am  glad  to  see  that  my 
Democratic  friends  recognize  a bit  of  truth,  but  I am 
afraid  it  is  by  mistake.  It  so  happens,  Mr.  Speaker, 
the  corn  laws  were  not,  as  these  Democrats  in  their 
ignorance  imagine,  for  the  protection  of  the  farmer. 
[Laughter.]  What  Cobden  was  fighting  was  an 
odious  law  enacted  to  enhance  the  price  of  bread, 
not  for  the  benefit  of  the  farmer,  but  of  the  aristo- 
cratic owner  of  land.  Workingmen  were  clamoring 
for  increase  of  pay.  The  manufacturers  knew  that 
decrease  of  the  price  of  wheat  was  the- equivalent  of 
higher  pay.  Men  do  not  work  for  money;  they  work 
for  money’s  worth. 

I have  said  the  corn  law  was  an  odious  law.  It 
was  more  than  that.  In  its  workings  it  deprived  the 
poor  of  food  and  put  the  enhanced  price  into  the 
pockets  of  those  who  toiled  not  nor  spun.  Had  that 
enhanced  price  gone  to  the  farmers  and  farm  labor- 
ers, it  might  have  been  defended  today  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  a fair  means  of  distribution 
among  the  farmers  of  their  share  of  the  wonderful 
gains  of  the  earlier  manufacturing.  But  as  it  was, 
no  more  unjust  law  was  ever  attacked.  Meantime 


386 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


what  was  the  attitude  of  the  manufacturers  as  to 
their  own  protective  duties?  Why,  by  the  aid  of 
these  protective  duties  and  the  inventions  they  led 
to,  they  had  grown  so  powerful,  had  machinery  so 
superior,  and  the  factory  system  so  firmly  established 
they  could  hold  their  own  market,  beyond  clamor  or 
dispute,  with  duties  or  without.  No  nation  with 
capital  as  great  and  machinery  as  useful  and  pro- 
ductive, and  wages  of  skilled  workmen  lower  by 
more  than  one-third,  hung  threatening  over  her  bor- 
der. Her  machinery  was  so  superior  that  even  the 
low  wages  of  other  countries  could  not  affect  her. 

Not  only  were  these  manufacturers  in  condition 
to  permit  the  duties  to  be  taken  off,  but  they  knew 
it  themselves.  Not  only  did  they  know  it  but  they 
avowed  it;  not  in  a corner,  but  to  Parliament  itself. 

I have  here  Hansard  for  February  8,  1842  (volume 
60,  page  133),  where  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne 
presents  the  petition  of  the  woolen  manufacturers  of 
England,  asking  that  all  duties  be  abolished,  includ- 
ing their  own,  but  especially  the  corn  laws.  On  page 
137,  of  the  same  volume.  Lord  Brougham  declared 
that  prior  to  that  time  he  had  “laid  upon  the  table  a 
petition  from  persons  authorized  by  all  the  great 
manufacturing  bodies  of  the  Kingdom.  They  prayed 
for  the  repeal  of  every  duty  levied  under  the  pre- 
tense of  protection.’'  I am  using  the  very  language 
of  Lord  Brougham.  This,  then,  was  a fight  made  by 
the  manufactures  for  the  manufacturers  against  the 
aristocratic  land-owners  over  the  question  of  cheap 
food  in  an  island  that  could  not  produce  a supply 
for  its  workingmen. 

The  men  who  made  the  fight  were  not  philanthro- 
pists or  saints.  They  were  good,  honest,  selfish  men. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


387 


struggling  for  their  own  interests  and  never  lost 
sight  of  them.  Down  to  their  latest  day  they  re- 
sisted lesser  hours  of  labor,  and  were  deaf  to  all  im- 
provements which  led  to  the  elevation  of  the  work- 
ing classes.  They  held  firmly  to  the  doctrine  that 
“as  wages  fall  profits  rise.” 

To  sum  this  all  up,  England  when  she  became 
free  trade  was  a workshop  wherein  was  manufactured 
the  raw  material  of  the  rest  of  the  world.  Of  raw 
material  she  herself  had  none.  Her  coal  and  iron 
and  the  invention  of  the  steam  engine  had  developed 
her  manufactures  so  out  of  proportion  to  the  wages 
of  the  workmen  that  she  must  have  a larger  market. 
At  that  time  the  only  idea  of  a larger  market  was 
one  that  had  more  consumers.  The  notion  that  the 
market  could  be  enlarged  by  those  who  were  al- 
ready consumers  had  not  entered  into  the  popular 
thought,  yet  her  workmen  were  clamoring  for  more 
pay.  Tariff  had  really  ceased  to  be  a protection 
except  on  corn,  and  not  on  that  in  any  true  protective 
sense.  It  was  only  a tax  like  that  on  sugar.  It  made 
food  dear.  Repeal  of  the  corn  laws  meant  an  in- 
crease of  real  wages.  Repeal  of  tariff  on  manu- 
factures meant  nothing.  The  whole  crusade  of  1840 
was  for  free  food,  and  Cobden  nowhere  says  any- 
thing else.  Protection  in  our  modern  sense,  is  never 
mentioned  in  any  one  of  his  free  trade  speeches. 

After  this  review  of  the  story  of  England’s  change, 
will  any  man  dare  to  say  that  he  finds  therein  any 
justification  for  the  present  deed  of  violence  which 
is  called  the  Wilson  bill? 

Suppose  England,  instead  of  being  a little  island 
in  the  sea,  had  been  the  half  of  a great  continent  full 
of  raw  material,  capable  of  an  internal  commerce 


388  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

which  would  rival  the  commerce  of  all  the  rest  of 
the  world. 

Suppose  every  year  new  millions  were  flocking  to 
her  shores  and  every  one  of  those  new  millions  in  a 
few  years,  as  soon  as  they  tasted  the  delights  of  a 
broader  life,  would  become  as  great  a consumer  as 
any  one  of  her  own  people. 

Suppose  that  these  millions  and  the  70,000,000  al- 
ready gathered  under  the  folds  of  her  flag  were  every 
year  demanding  and  reciving  a higher  wage  and 
therefore  broadening  her  market  as  fast  as  her  ma- 
chinery could  furnish  production.  Suppose  she  had 
produced  cheap  food  beyond  all  her  wants,  and  that 
her  laborers  had  spent  so  much  money  that  whether 
wheat  was  ninety  cents  a bushel  or  twice  that  sum 
hardly  entered  the  thoughts  of  one  of  them  except 
when  some  Democratic  tariff  bill  was  paralyzing  his 
business. 

Suppose  that  she  was  not  only  but  a cannon’s  shot 
from  France,  but  that  every  country  in  Europe  had 
been  brought  as  near  to  her  as  Baltimore  is  to  Wash- 
ington, for  that  is  what  cheap  ocean  freights  mean 
between  us  and  the  European  producers.  Suppose 
all  those  countries  had  her  machinery,  her  skilled 
workmen,  her  industrial  system,  and  labor  forty  per 
cent,  cheaper.  Suppose  under  that  state  of  facts, 
with  all  her  manufacturers  proclaiming  against  it, 
frantic  in  their  disapproval,  England  had  been  called 
upon  by  Cobden  to  make  the  plunge  into  free  trade, 
would  she  have  done  it?  Not  if  Cobden  had  been 
backed  by  the  Angelic  Host.  History  gives  England 
credit  for  great  sense.  [Laughter  and  applause.] 

While  our  wiseacres  are  reading  British  books  of 
forty  years  ago  with  the  emotions  of  great  discover- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


389 


ers,  what  do  the  English  themselves  say  about  the 
actual  facts?  They  come  here  in  shoals.  Naturally 
they  do  not  like  our  system;  but  for  it  they  could 
do  our  manufacturing  for  us.  Nevertheless,  preju- 
diced and  prepossessed  as  they  are,  they  are  startled 
into  some  incautious  truths.  Says  Mr.  Jeans,  whom 
I have  already  quoted  about  the  “amazing  prosper- 
ity’' of  the  United  States: 

“It  requires,  I think,  unusual  temerity  to  allege 
that  the  tariff  system  of  the  United  States  has  been 
a failure  for  that  country.” 

What  a prejudiced  English  free  trader  regards  as 
“unusual  temerity,”  and  which  he  might  have  called 
unexampled  rashness,  is  not  only  exhibited  by  our 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  but  by  every  gentle- 
man who  can  recite  Sidney  Smith’s  discourse  on  the 
taxed  Englishman  under  the  impression  that  he  is 
delivering  an  original  speech.  Mr.  Carr,  too,  remarks 
the  strange  phenomena: 

“I  am,”  says  he,  “a  convinced  free  trader.  ProteC' 
tion  is  to  me  an  economical  heresy,  the  fraud  and 
folly  of  which” — How  like  one  of  our  own  dear 
Southern  statesmen  he  sounds — [Laughter.]  “the 
fraud  and  folly  of  which  are  capable  of  mathe- 
matical demonstration.  * ^ ^ And  yet  through- 

out the  length  and  breadth  of  this  vast  continent  one 
is  almost  daily  brought  face  to  face  with  solid,  indis- 
putable facts  that  seem  to  give  the  lie  to  the  sound- 
est and  most  universally  accepted  axioms  of  political 
economy.” 

Yes,  not  only  do  “solid,  indisputable  facts  seem  to 
give  the  lie  to  the  soundest  and  most  universally  ac- 
cepted axioms  of  political  economy,”  but  they  do 
give  it,  and  so  does  the  whole  history  of  this  country- 


390 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


If  what  he  calls  “the  soundest  and  most  universally 
accepted  axioms”  had  been  axioms  at  all,  this  coun- 
try ought  to  have  been  permanently  for  thirty  years 
in  the  situation  which  it  is  now  in  temporarily,  after 
eleven  months  of  this  free  trade  nightmare.  We 
ought  to  have  been  halting  in  every  branch  of  man- 
ufactures; we  ought  to  have  stopped  progress  and 
faltered  to  the  rear,  for  we  were  wasting  both  capital 
and  labor  in  unprofitable  employment. 

Our  workmen,  penned  up  in  our  little  country, 
while  Englishmen  reveled  in  the  markets  of  the 
world,  ought  to  be  impoverished  beyond  all  the  ex- 
perience of  history.  Instead  of  that  the  Aldrich  re- 
port, which  deserves  the  high  encomium  of  the 
gentleman  from  New  York  [Mr.  Cockran],  “with 
the  approval  of  the  distinguished  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,”  even  if  it  does  “emanate  from  a Demo- 
cratic Bureau  of  Statistics,”  shows  that  since  i860 
money  wages  have  risen  68  per  cent.  Or  if  you  say, 
and  you  would  be  right  in  so  saying,  that  wages 
should  be  measured  by  what  they  will  buy,  the  result 
is  still  more  striking. 

The  same  report  shows  that,  measured  by  prices  of 
things  bought,  wages  have  risen,  real  wages,  79 
per  cent.  By  which  I mean  to  say,  that  where  our 
people  in  i860  received  a dollar,  our  people  have 
now  one  dollar  and  sixty-eight  cents  and  six  mills  in 
money,  and  a dollar  and  seventy-nine  cents  and  one 
mill  in  consumable  wealth.  During  the  same  period 
the  hours  of  labor,  by  average  in  all  the  occupations 
calculated,  have  fallen  from  eleven  to  ten.  If  you 
count  that  and  reckon  the  man’s  hour  saved  to  be 
worth  as  much  to  him  as  it  used  to  be  to  his  employer 
^and  it  is — you  have  real  wages  raised  97  per  cent. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


391 


and  you  find  the  wage-earner  today,  after  thirty-three 
years  of  protection,  with  ^1.97,  where  in  i860  he  had 
but  a single  dollar.  The  history  of  the  world  shows 
nothing  like  it.  The  Aldrich  report  declares  that 
there  exists  no  thorough  digest  of  facts  relating  to 
European  wages,  but  if  you  will  show  me  any  fig- 
ures of  increase  at  all  approximating  what  I have 
just  described  in  free-trade  England,  you  will  dis- 
cover what  my  search  has  not  been  able  to  find. 

With  wages  rising,  prices  of  manufactured  goods 
falling,  with  lessening  hours  of  labor,  what  more  do 
you  want  except  more  of  the  same  sort?  [Applause 
on  Republican  side.] 

The  truth  is  that  this  very  question  of  rising 
wages  is  what  makes  a good  many  men  free  traders. 
People  with  fixed  incomes  think  that  anything  which 
rises  wages  is  inimical  to  them.  Manufacturers  who 
have  foreign  markets  are  naturally  anxious  to  have 
wages  on  the  foreign  standard,  and  when  a great 
cocoa  manufacturer  in  Boston  and  a great  agricultu- 
ral tool-maker  in  Philadelphia  proclaim  themselves 
on  the  side  of  free  trade,  we  find  in  both  cases  a large 
foreign  trade  and  along  with  it  a desire  for  foreign 
wages  for  their  workingmen. 

I confess  to  you  that  this  question  of  wages  is  to 
me  the  vital  question.  To  insure  our  growth  in  civil- 
ization and  wealth  we  must  not  only  have  wages  as 
high  as  they  are  now  but  constantly  and  steadily  in- 
creasing. [Loud  applause  on  the  Republican  side.] 
This  desire  of  mine  for  constantly  increasing  wages 
does  not  have  its  origin  in  tove  for  the  individual, 
but  in  love  for  the  whole  nation  in  that  enlightened 
selfishness  which  recognizes  the  great  truth  that  your 
fate  and  mine,  Mr.  Speaker,  and  the  fate  of  your  de- 


392 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


scendants  and  mine  are  so  wrapped  up  in  the  fate  of 
all  others  that  whatever  contributes  to  their  progress 
gives  to  us  all  a nobler  future  and  a higher  hope. 
[Applause  on  the  Republican  side.] 

I do  not  mean  to  use  the  word ‘‘contribute’'  as  ade- 
quate to  describe  the  influence  of  wages  on  human 
progress.  That  would  be  to  belittle  the  subject.  In 
my  judgment  upon  wages  and  the  consequent  distri- 
bution of  consumable  wealth  is  based  all  our  hopes 
of  the  future  and  all  the  possible  increase  of  our  civ- 
ilization. The  progress  of  this  nation  is  dependent 
upon  the  progress  of  all.  This  is  no  new  thought 
with  me.  Our  civilization  is  not  the  civilization  of 
Rome,  a civilization  of  nobles  and  slaves,  but  a civil- 
ization which  tends  to  destroy  distinction  of  classes 
and  to  lift  all  to  a common  and  higher  level.  [Cheers 
on  the  Republican  side.] 

There  are  some  men  in  this  world  and  in  this 
nation  who  do  not  like  that.  When  I talk  about 
wages  I use  the  word  in  its  broadest  sense  as  the 
price  and  value  of  service  whether  of  brain  or  muscle. 
When  I speak  of  constant  and  continuous. increase 
of  wages  I do  not  mean  the  caprices  of  benevolence 
or  of  charity,  or  the  fantasy  of  a mind  longing  for  the 
impossible. 

The  increase  of  wages  which  the  service  seller 
ought  to  have  and  the  only  useful  increase  he  can 
ever  get  will  be  by  the  operation  of  natural  laws 
working  upon  the  opportunities  which  legislation 
may  aid  in  furnishing.  The  increase  will  never  come 
from  the  outside,  will  never  be  the  gift  of  any  em- 
ployer. It  must  come  from  the  improvement  in  the 
man  himself.  Can  you  get  a carpenter  or  bricklayer 
to  work  for  twenty-five  cents  a day?  He  did  it  in 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


393 


England  in  1725.  Today  in  the  United  States  it  is  a 
poor  place  where  he  cannot  get  ten  times  that  sum. 
Why  does  he  have  to  have  ten  times  as  much?  Be- 
cause the  carpenter  of  today  could  no  more  live  as 
did  the  carpenter  of  1725  than  he  could  live  in  a cave 
and  hunt  snakes  for  food.  The  difference  in  wages 
means  the  difference  in  living,  and  the  ^2.50  is  as 
much  a necessity  today  as  the  25  cents  was  150  years 
ago. 

Man  is  not  a mere  muscular  engine  to  be  fed  with 
meat  and  give  forth  effort.  Man  is  a social  being. 
He  must  have  whatever  his  neighbor  has.  He  can- 
not grow  unless  he  does.  Every  growth  implies  a 
larger  consumption  of  consumable  wealth,  and  by 
consumable  wealth  I mean  whatever  is  made  by  man 
and*  contributes  to  his  enjoyment,  whether  it  be  a 
loaf  of  bread,  a novel  or  a concert.  The  more  a man 
wants  of  consumable  wealth  the  more  his  wages  are 
likely  to  be.  But  by  wants  I do  not  mean  any  wild 
longing  for  what  is  beyond  reach,  but  such  wants  as 
are  in  sight  and  to  supply  which  he  has  such  longing 
as  will  make  him  work. 

What  is  the  rule  and  measure  of  wages?  There 
has  never  been  a subject  on  which  so  much  ingenuity 
has  been  wasted  and  where  the  political  economist 
has  so  befogged  the  world.  He  had  a fund  set  apart 
in  his  mind  which  he  called  the  wage  fund.  Divide 
the  wage  fund  by  the  number  of  service  sellers,  having 
due  regard  to  difference  of  service,  and  there  it  was 
plain  as  mathematics.  True,  nobody  could  calculate 
the  wage  fund,  nobody  had  ever  seen  it.  It  was  in 
nobody’s  bookkeeping,  but  it  was  a comprehensive 
answer,  and  that  was  what  he  was  after.  Others  of 
his  disciples  today  dispose  of  it  by  the  catchwords 


394 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


“supply”  and  “demand,”  and  though  the  listener  had 
acquired  some  words  he  had  acquired  very  little 
knowledge. 

In  thus  speaking  slightingly  of  “supply  and  de- 
mand,” I do  not  mean  to  say  that  the  relation  be- 
tween the  worker  and  the  work  has  no  influence  on 
wages.  What  I say  is  that  it  in  no  sense  solvers  the 
problem.  Only  last  week,  in  this  very  city,  the 
builders,  and  material  men,  and  the  workers  met  to- 
gether to  see  if  in  response  to  oversupply  compared 
with  demand  concessions  could  be  made.  The  ma- 
terial men  were  ready  to  yield,  but  the  workmen, 
whose  labor  was  the  only  perishable  article  involved, 
utterly  refused.  According  to  supply  and  demand 
they  ought  to  have  been  hustling  each  other  to  see 
who  could  get  into  the  job.  Instead  of  that  they  are 
ready  to  struggle  and  to  endure  privations  rather  than 
give  up  what  have  become  to  them  necessaries  of 
life.  Of  course  in  time  they  will  have  to  submit 
unless  this  bill  is  beaten,  but  there  are  limitations 
beyond  which  you  cannot  go.  No  nation  can  endure 
in  peace  any  cut  which  goes  into  the  quick.  Neces- 
sities born  of  social  life  and  advancing  civilization 
are  the  real  measure  of  wages. 

This  question  of  wages  is  all  important  as  bearing 
upon  the  question  of  consumption.  All  production 
depends  upon  consumption.  Who  are  the  consum- 
ers? In  the  old  days  when  the  products  of  manu- 
facturers were  luxuries,  the  lord  and  his  retainers, 
the  lady  and  her  maids  were  the  consumers,  a class 
apart  by  themselves,  but  today  the  consumers  are 
the  producers.  Long  ago  the  laborer  consumed 
only  what  would  keep  him  alive.  Today  he  and  his 
wife  and  their  children  are  so  immeasurably  the  most 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


395 


0 

valuable  customers  that  if  the  shop  had  to  give  up 
the  wealthy  or  those  whom  it  is  the  custom  to  call 
poor,  there  would  not  be  a moment’s  hesitation  or  a 
moment’s  doubt. 

Unfortunately  the  gentlemen  on  the  other  side 
have  persistently  retained  the  old  idea  that  the  pro- 
ducers are  one  class  and  the  consumers  are  another, 
and  hence  we  hear  on  all  hands  such  stupidities  of 
speech  as  those  which  sum  up  the  workers  in  each 
branch  and  compare  them  with  the  whole,  people. 
One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  workers  in  woolens 
— you  ask  what  are  they  compared  with  70,000,000  of 
consumers;  200,000  workers  in  steel,  what  are  they 
compared  with  70,000,000  of  consumers ; 200,000  work- 
ers in  cotton,  what  are  they  compared  with  70,000,000 
of  consumers,  and  so  on  all  through  the  long  list, 
forgetting  that  all  these  people  added  together  make 
the  whole  70,000,000  themselves. 

It  so  happens  that  America  is  filled  with  workers. 
There  are  idle  people,  but  they  are  fewer  here  than 
elsewhere  except  now,  when  we  are  living  under  the 
shadow  of  the  Wilson  bill.  If  those  workers  are  all 
getting  good  wages  they  are  themselves  the  market, 
and  if  the  wages  are  increasing  the  market  is  also 
increasing.  The  fact  that  in  this  country  all  the 
workers  have  been  getting  better  wages  than  else- 
where is  the  very  reason  why  our  market  is  the 
best  in  the  world  and  why  all  the  nations  of  the 
world  are  trying  to  break  into  it.  We  do  not  appre- 
ciate the  nature  of  our  market  ourselves. 

I have  given  you  already  the  glowing  testimony 
of  Englishmen  who  have  seen  us  with  their  own 
eyes.  ‘‘Amazing  prosperity,”  “Greatest  market  in 
the  world,”  “Paradise  of  the  workingman.”  These 


396 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


are  strong  words;  but  let  us  see  if  cold  mathematics 
do  not  put  to  shame  the  fervor  of  adjectives. 

We  are  nominally  70,000,000  people.  That  is  what 
we  are  in  mere  numbers.  But  as  a market  for  man- 
ufactures and  choice  foods  we  are  {Potentially  175,- 
000,000  as  compared  with  the  next  best  nation  on 
the  globe.  Nor  is  this  difficult  to  prove.  When- 
ever an  Englishman  earns  one  dollar  an  American 
earns  a dollar  and  sixty  cents.  I speak  within 
bounds.  “ Both  can  get  the  food  that  keeps  body 
and  soul  together  and  the  shelter  which  the  body 
must  have  for  60  cents.  Take  60  cents  from  a dollar 
and  you  have  40  cents  left.  Take  that  same  60  cents 
from  the  dollar  and  sixty  and  you  have  a dollar  left, 
just  two  and  a halftimes  as  much.  That  surplus  can 
be  spent  in  choice  foods,  in  house  furnishings,  in 
fine  clothes  and  all  the  comforts  of  life — in  a word, 
in  the  products  of  our  manufacturers.  That  makes 
our  population  as  consumers  of  products,  as  com- 
pared with  the  English  population,  175,000,000. 
Their  population  is  37,000,000  as  consumers  of  pro- 
ducts which  one  century  ago  were  pure  luxuries, 
while  our  population  is  equivalent  to  175,000,000. 
[Applause  on  the  Republican  side.] 

If  this  is  our  comparison  with  England  what  is  the 
comparison  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  whose  mar- 
kets our  committee  are  so  eager  to  have  in  exchange 
for  our  own.  Mulhall  gives  certain  statistics  which 
will  serve  to  make  the  comparison  clear.  On  page 
365  of  his  Dictionary  of  Statistics  he  says  the  total 
yearly  products  of  the  manufacturers  of  the  world 
are  ;£‘4,474,ooo,oro,  of  which  the  United  States  pro- 
duces ^1.443,000,000. 

I do  not  vouch,  nor  can  anybody  vouch  for  these 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


397 


figures,  but  the  proportion  of  one-third  to  tv/o-thirds 
nobody  can  fairly  dispute.  We  produce  one-third, 
and  the  rest  of  the  world,  England  included,  two- 
thirds. 

The  population  of  the  world  is  1,500,000,000,  of 
which  we  have  70,000,000,  which  leaves  1,430,000.000 
for  the  rest  of  mankind.  We  use  all  our  manufac- 
tures, or  the  equivalent  of  them.  Hence  we  are 
equal  to  one-half  the  whole  globe  outside  of  our- 
selves, England  included,  and  compared  as  a market 
with  the  rest  of  the  world  our  population  is  equal  to 
about  700,000,000.  [Applause  on  the  Republican 
side.] 

I repeat,  as  compared  with  England  herself  as  a 
market,  our  people  are  equivalent  to  175,000,000. 
As  compared  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  England 
included,  we  are  equal  as  a market  to  700,000,000. 
These  figures  more  than  justify  the  adjectives  of  the 
Englishman,  and  the  cold  facts  of  mathematics  sur- 
pass the  spasms  of  rhetoric. 

Instead  of  increasing  this  market  by  leaving  it  to 
the  steady  increase  of  wages  which  the  figures  of  the 
Aldrich  report  so  conclusively  show,  and  which  have 
not  only  received  the  sanction  of  the  member  from 
New  York,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  the 
Democratic  Bureau  of  Statistics,  but  the  sanction  of 
everybody  who  hears  me,  our  committee  propose 
to  lower  wages  and  so  lessen  the  market  and  then 
divide  that  market  with  somebody  else,  and  all  on 
the  chance  of  getting  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Who  have  these  markets  of  the  world  now?  There 
is  hardly  a spot  on  the  globe  where  three  generations 
of  Englishmen,  Frenchmen  or  Germans  have  not 
been  camped  in  possession  of  every  avenue  of  trade. 


39^  Labors'  Hard  Times  School. 

Do  you  suppose  that  with  machinery  nearly  as  good 
as  ours  and  wages  at  one-half  these  men  are  going  to 
surrender  to  us  the  markets  of  the  world?  Why,  the 
very  duties  you  keep  on  show  that  you  do  not  believe 
it.  If  we  cannot  without  duties  hold  our  own  mar- 
kets how  shall  we  pay  freight,  the  expense  of  intro- 
ducing goods,  and  meet  the  foreigner  where  he  lives? 

To  add  to  the  interesting  impossibilities  of  this 
contention,  the  orators  on  the  other  side  say  they 
are  going  to  maintain  wages.  How  can  that  be  pos- 
sible? All  things  sell  at  the  cost  of  production.  If 
the  difference  between  cost  of  production  here  and 
cost  of  production  in  England  be  not  equalized  by 
the  duty,  then  our  cost  of  production  must  go  down 
or  we  must  go  out.  Therefore,  our  labor,  the  great 
component  part  of  cost  of  production,  must  go  down 
also.  If  you  say  this  will  come  out  of  profits,  then 
profits  will  be  lessened  in  every  occupation,  for 
your  own  political  economists  teach  you  that  the 
profits  in  protected  industries  can  never  be  greater 
than  in  other  occupations,  and  will  not  long  consent 
to  be  less.  Let  it  be  noised  abroad  that  any  occu- 
pation is  making  big  profits  and  straightway  it  will 
be  swamped  with  competitors,  so  that  over-profit  is 
the  sure  precursor  of  no  profits  at  all. 

But  all  these  questions  of  wages  are  to  be  met, 
says  the  gentleman  from  New  York  [Mr.  Cockran], 
by  our  superior  civilization,  and  accuses  me  of  “con- 
fessing that  civilization  at  the  highest  level  is  incap- 
able of  meeting  the  competition  of  civilization  at  its 
lowest  level.”  [Laughter  on  the  Democratic  side.] 

Now,  it  is  a great  truth  that  civilization  can  suc- 
cessfully meet  barbarism,  but  it  must  do  it  with 
brains  and  not  with  rhetoric.  How  often  have  I heard 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


399 


this  and  similar  eloquent  outbursts  about  our  superi- 
ority, and  therefore  inevitable  conquest  of  the  in- 
terior. Survival  of  the  superior!  That  is  not  the 
way  the  great  naturalist  put  it.  “Survival  of  the  fit- 
test,” was  his  expression;  survival  of  the  fittest  to 
survive;  not  the  superior,  not  the  loveliest,  not  the 
most  intellectual,  but  the  one  who  fitted  best  into  the 
surroundings.  Compare  the  strong  bull  of  Basham 
with  a salt  water  smelt.  Who  doubts  the  superiority 
of  the  bull?  Yet,  if  you  drop  them  both  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  I will  take  my  chances  with  the 
smelt.  [Laughter.]  A little  tomtit,  insignificant  as 
a bit  of  dust  in  the  balance,  cannot  compare  with 
the  domestic  swan  either  in  grace,  beauty,  or  power. 
Yet,  if  both  were  dropped  from  a baloon  hung  high 
in  air,  I would  rather  be  the  insignificant  tomtit  than 
the  graceful  swan.  If  I had  a job  to  dig  on  the  rail- 
way, the  competitor  for  that  job  whom  I should  fear 
would  not  be  my  friend  from  New  York  [Mr.  Cock- 
ran]  [laughter],  but  some  child  from  sunny  Italy,  so 
newly  imported  that  he  had  not  grown  up  to  the 
wages  of  his  adopted  country. 

But  let  us  make  these  illustrations  a little  broader 
and  take  in  a bit  of  history.  Shortly  after  I entered 
Congress  one  Dennis  Kearney  began  on  the  sand 
lots  to  address  the  world  on  the  Chinese.  He  said 
these  people  were  of  a lower  civilization;  in  fact  to 
use  the  very  expression  of  the  gentleman  from  New 
York  [Mr.  Cockran],  he  said  it  was  “civilization  at 
its  lowest  level.”  Indeed,  to  be  strictly  accurate,  he 
used  stronger  expression.  [Laughter.]  He  de- 
nounced the  Chinese,  and  instead  of  relying  on  su- 
perior civilization,  on  the  flag  of  freedom  in  the  air 
above  us,  the  emblem  of  freedom  on  the  earth  be- 


400 


Lai^ors’  Hard  Times  School. 


neath  us,  he  actually  wanted  protection  by  law,  and 
in  spite  of  the  jeers  and  flouts  of  us  in  the  East  he 
has  got  it  at  last  and  with  our  consent. 

I know  that  when  the  gentleman  learns  these  facts 
he  will  be  so  sorry  that  he  was  not  here  to  tell  these 
misguided  men  that  having  seized  the  lightnings  and 
beat  the  miracles  of  Moses  without  being  guilty  of 
his  mistakes  [laughter],  we  must  be  able  to  beat  the 
Chinese  without  law  because  of  their  lower  level  of 
civilization.  What  Mr.  Kearney  would  have  said  to 
the  gentleman  from  New  York  I do  not  dare  to 
record. 

Why  did  the  working  people  of  California  object 
to  the  Chinese?  Because  they  knew  that  if  they 
swarmed  here  in  sufficient  numbers  the  law  of  wages 
would  make  our  own  wages  impossible.  Had  the 
Chinese  had  the  samewants,and  been  therefore  forced 
to  demand  the  same  wages,  they  could  have  wor- 
shiped their  ancestors  here  without  let  or  hindrance. 
It  was  just  because  the  higher  civilization  could  not 
contend  on  a free  field  with  the  lower  that  its  higher 
civilization  had  to  put  brains  into  the  scale  and  pro- 
tect itself.  If  then  we  protect  ourselves  against 
Chinese  labor  here,  why  should  we  not  protect  our- 
selves from  a lower  level  of  labor  as  represented  by 
imported  goods?  Lower-priced  labor  can  compete 
with  our  labor  whether  it  take  the  form  of  goods  or 
imported  Chinamen. 

But  says  some  gentleman,  having  heard  some 
other  gentleman  say  it,  and  having  been  struck  by 
its  epigrammatic  point,  but  “labor  is  on  the  free 
list.”  Well,  that  sounds  conclusive,  does  it  not? 
Yet  what  utter  nonsense  it  really  is  when  you  come 
to  look  at  it.  Does  the  Englishman,  when  he  comes 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School.  40! 

here,  bring  his  rate  of  wages  with  him?  I should 
like  to  see  any  immigrant  who  has  been  here  long 
enough  to  know  his  bearings  who  does  not  demand 
as  good  wages  as  the  rest.  That  is  what  they  come 
here  for.  [Applause  on  the  Republican  side.] 

Only  last  week  the  Hungarians  and  Poles  and 
Slavs  in  Pennsylvania  were  trying  to  break  up  all 
work  in  the  coal  mines  because  our  native  citizens, 
under  the  stress  of  the  Wilson  bill,  were  consenting 
to  take  less  wages.  Obviously  these  gentlemen  did 
not  bring  their  rate  of  wages  with  them.  Why  did 
we  forbid  the  importation  of  contract  labor?  Because 
the  price  of  it  was  tainted  by  the  wage  scales  of  a 
land  on  a lower  level  of  wages. 

Let  me  restate  this:  Men  in  America  demand  high 
and  higher  wages  because  their  surroundings  erect 
what  used  to  be  luxuries  into  necessities.  Men  who 
come  here  are  soon  affected  by  these  same  surround- 
ings and  are  soon  under  the  same  necessities.  But 
Chinamen,  because  they  sequester  themselves  from 
these  surroundings,  and  bales  of  goods,  because  they 
cannot  have  the  labor  in  them  subjected  to  our  in- 
fluences, ought  to  be  under  the  restriction  of  law.  I 
do  not  mean  to  make  the  comparison  go  on  all  fours 
and  have  the  goods  prohibited  like  the  Chinese.  I 
only  meant  to  convey  an  idea. 

But  is  it  not  a dreadful  business  to  tax  people? 
Not  necessarily., , Taxes  raised  for  a good. purpose — 
like  a schoolhouse,  a road,  an  army,  for  payment  of 
pensions,  for  the  public  debt,  and  indeed  for  all  the 
purposes  of  a free  people — are  not  only  not  bad  but 
very  good.  Taxes  to  build  a palace  for  the  king’s 
mistress  or  to  place  a barbarian  queen  on  a deserted 
throne  [prolonged  laughter  and  cheers  on  the  Re- 


’ Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 

publican  side]  would  be  dreadful;  but  we  are  not 
likely,  owing  to  a series  of  fortunate  accidents,  to  be 
called  upon  to  do  even  the  last. 

But  can  you  accomplish  anything  but  oppression 
by  taxes?  Oh,  yes;  the  gentleman  from  Missouri 
[Mr.  Hatch]  will  tell  you  that  taxation  has  regu- 
lated oleomargarine  and  can  regulate  stock  sales. 
At  least  so  he  thinks.  It  has  destroyed  wild  cat 
banks. 

On  the  question  of  the  constitutionality  of  tariff 
taxation,!  shall  spend  no  time.  I have  not  been  here 
as  long  as  I have  without  learning  that  “constitution- 
ality” and  “unconstitytionality”  on  the  other  side  of 
the  chamber  are  merephrases,  andthat whenagentle- 
man  of  the  other  side  with  swelling  voice  denounces 
the  tariff  as  unconstitutional  he  merely  means  that 
he  does  not  like  it.  [Laughter  and  applause.] 

Inasmuch  as  nobody  in  a hundred  years  has  even 
asked  the  Supreme  Court  to  pass  on  that  question, 
it  seems  hardly  worth  while  to  discuss  it.  If  the 
Father  of  his  Country,  fresh  from  the  convention, 
in  signing  the  first  tariff-tax  bill,  signed  an  unconsti- 
tutional act,  the  gentleman  from  Georgia  [Mr.  Tur- 
ner] and  the  whole  Democratic  party  are  better  than 
George  Washington — a thing  not  hitherto  charged 
upon  them.  [Laughter.] 

But  do  not  the  people  pay  the  tariff  taxes,  and  do 
they  not  go  into  the  pockets  of  monopolists?  Do 
you  believe  the  consumer  pays  the  tax,  or  the  for- 
eigner? Well,  I am  going  to  be  perfectly  frank  about 
that,  and  answer,  sometimes  one  and  sometimes  the 
other,  and  sometimes  both.  The  first  thing  a for- 
eigner does  when  a tariff  tax  is  laid  is  to  see  if  he 
can  get  into  our  market  without  paying  anything.  If 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


403 


so,  then  he  will  not  reduce  his  prices.  If  he  cannot 
he  looks  over  his  margin  of  profit  and  sees  if  he  can^ 
by  abating  some  part  of  these  profits,  get  his  goods 
in.  So  far  as  he  does  abate  them  he  pays  the  tax. 
So  far  as  he  does  not,  the  rest  of  the  tax  is  paid  by 
the  consumer. 

If  the  foreigner  pays  all  the  tax,  then  within  the 
limit  where  his  goods  can  circulate  there  may  be 
protection  or  there  may  not.  If  after  paying  the 
whole  tax  he  still  has  a margin  of  profit  to  sacrifice 
in  the  industrial  war,  there  will  be  no  protection,  or 
very  limited  protection.  But  if  there  be  only  a slight 
margin,  which  he  cannot  sacrifice  without  rendering 
the  market  worthless,  then  there  will  be  competition 
the  same  as  if  he  manufactured  here.  In  the  latter 
case  he  at  least  cannot  shut  up  our  factories. 

In  these  cases  the  prices  will  not  be  raised.  But 
where  the  consumer  pays  any  part  of  the  tax,  by  so 
much  is  the  price  raised.  This  is  the  general  rule, 
but  often  it  does  not  work  so.  After  the  act  of  1890 
large  importations  in  anticipation  of  large  profits, 
anticipations  frustrated  by  the  Baring  failure  panic, 
made  great  changes  in  the  case.  Many  prices  did 
not  rise  at  all,  and  yet  manufacturers,  knowing  that 
there  would  be  a certainty  at  least  that  they  could 
not  be  badly  undersold,  began  work. 

It  often  happens  that  men  will  begin  manufactur- 
ing under  a tariff  that  does  not  raise  prices  because 
they  know  that  such  a tariff  will  prevent  them  from 
going  down. 

It  is  not  enough  to  have  goods  in  the  natural  mar- 
ket at  a price  which  will  bring  a profit.  The  manu- 
facturer must  know  that  the  industrial  enemy  cannot 
force  the  price  below  the  range  of  profit.  Then 


404 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


without  any  increase  he  may  put  up  a plant.  This 
operation'  of  a tariff  which  does  not  raise  the  price  is 
because  industrial  warfare  sometimes  assumes  this 
shape.  A rival  maker  may  sacrifice  his  goods  in 
order  to  sacrifice  another  man’s  factory,  or  to  pre- 
vent the  establishment  of  a competitor.  If  there  be 
a tariff,  then,  which  will  not  raise  prices,  but  which  will 
maintain  them,  then  the  native  manufacturer’s  risk 
in  building  a factory  is  limited.  He  may  be  put  to 
hard  struggle,  but  he  cannot  be  beaten  out  of  hand. 
He  will  have  a fighting  chance. 

There  are,  however,  so  many  instances  where  the 
foreigner  pays  the  tax  that  there  is  no  wonder  that 
the  assertion  has  been  made  broadcast.  The  Ber- 
muda vegetable  men  appeared  before  this  very  com- 
mittee to  urge  this  very  fact.  Canada,  both  under 
the  present  law  and  just  after  the  repeal  of  the  reci- 
procity act,  is  a multitudinous  witness  all  along  our 
borders  that  the  foreigner  pays  the  tax.  I venture  to 
say  that  the  lumber  tax,  lowered  by  the  act  of  1890, 
has  all  of  it  gone  out  of  our  treasury  into  Canadian 
pockets. 

It  would  be  an  interesting  chapter  in  economic 
history  if  we  could  have  in  figures  the  abatement  of 
foreign  prices  which  have  followed  every  increase  of 
the  tariff,  for  it  would  show  what  enormous  profits 
have  been  made  out  of  us  by  these  people  when  no 
protection  existed. 

Having  thus  shown  that  even  where  tariff  taxes 
are  paid  by  the  foreigner  and  the  price  not  raised 
there  may  be  some  protection,  let  us  face  the  ques- 
tion whether,  where  the  price  is  raised  and  the  con- 
sumer pays  the  whole  tax  or,a  part  of  it,  there  is  any 
benefit  to  our  country  thereby.  Does  not  the  public 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


405 


suffer  for  the  benefit  of  the  few?  Not  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  capitalists,  for  in  the  long  run  your  own 
political  economy  will  show  you  that  protected  in- 
dustries will  not  obtain  any  greater  remuneration 
than  the  unprotected.  The  same  is  all  they  ask  for 
and  more  than  they  often  get. 

But  we  need  not  depend  upon  political  econo- 
mists, for  they  are  always  unsafe.  The  gentleman 
from  Massachusetts  [Mr.  Draper]  in  his  admirable 
speech  has  demonstrated  the  fact  of  equalization  of 
profits. 

In  Massachusetts  they  have  statistics  so  well  col- 
lected that  they  mean  something,  and  those  statis- 
tics show  that  Massachusetts’  manufacturing  stocks 
pay  3.87  per  cent.,  Boston  bank  stocks  4.53  per  cent, 
and  in  New  England  Railroad  stocks  4.29  per  cent. 

Let  me  put  the  assertion  in  another  form.  If  you 
will  give  me  all  that  capital  has  made  on  railroads, 
an  unprotected  industry,  I will  give  you  all  that 
capital  has  made  on  factories,  and  agree  to  feed  the 
hungry  crowds  caused  by  the  Wilson  bill  and  not 
claim  any  virtue  for  my  charity. 

The  public  again  do  not  suffer  for  the  sake  of  the 
employes  of  the  protected  industries,  for  they  get  no 
higher  wages  than  the  unprotected.  In  fact,  the  in- 
crease goes  to  one  as  much  as  the  other.  Who  built 
the  mills  at  Fall  River?  Who  made  the  machinery? 
Who  furnished  the  provisions  and  other  consumable 
wealth  which  Fall  River  and  its  mills  demand?  The 
answer  must  be  the  whole  United  States.  “But,” 
says  my  questioner,  “if  you  only  distribute  among 
all  of  us  who  paid  it,  this  money  which  was  taken 
from  us  for  the  extia  price,  what  is  the  good?”  If 
that  were  all  theie  was  to  it  I could  still  answer  that 


4o6 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


at  least  there  was  no  loss.  But  beyond  a question 
, this  system  establishes  diversified  industries.  No- 
body can  doubt  that.  Diversified  industries  call  out 
all  the  working  powers  of  the  world.  Some  men  are 
fitted  for  one  thing,  some  for  another. 

The  only  way  to  utilize  all  the  powers  of  body  and 
mind  in  a nation  is  to  have  something  which  suits 
all.  By  this  means  the  great  army  of  the  unem- 
ployed can  be  diminished.  A nation  which  keeps 
its  people  employed  is  in  the  end  sure  to  show  the 
largest  gains  even  of  wealth.  Diversified  industries 
educate  the  people  and  give  them  a broader  edu- 
cation than  books  can  give,  and  so  helps  them  on 
the  road  to  greater  civilization.  We  have  already 
seen  that  greater  civilization  leads  to  higher  wages, 
to  greater  production.  In  a country  of  high  wages 
there  are  greater  inducements  for  inventors,  for  they 
can  save  more  by  their  inventions,  which  are  there- 
fore more  readily  adopted. 

We  were  talking  awhile  ago  about  higher  wages. 
The  question  naturally  comes  up,  how  can  these 
higher  wages  be  got?  There  must  be  something  for 
them  to  come  from.  Just  think  a moment  what 
wages  are.  They  are  the  devourers  of  consumable 
wealth.  In  order  to  have  more  consumable  wealth 
you  must  have  an  incentive  for  its  creation.  Wealth 
will  never  be  made  unless  a consumer  stands  ready. 
More  consumable  wealth,  therefore,  depends  upon  a 
broadening  market.  This  I have  already  shown 
does  not  mean  more  purchasers,  but  purchasers  with 
better  purses,  though  for  that  matter  in  this  country 
we  have  both. 

But  how  can  you  make  more  wealth  with  the  same 
number  of  workers?  By  using  the  forces  of  nature 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


407 


and  by  utilizing  human  brains.  How  can  you  do 
that?  By  incentives.  The  brain  no  more  works 
without  incentive  than  the  body  does. 

To  hear  the  discussion  in  Congress  you*  v^ould 
suppose  that  invention  dropped  from  Heaven  like 
manna  to  the  Jews.  [Laughter.]  You  would  suppose 
that  James  Watt  reached  out  into  the  darkness  and 
pulled  back  a steam  engine.  It  was  not  so.  All  in- 
vention is  the  product  of  necessities  and  of  pressure 
When  the  boy  who  wanted  to  go  off  to  play,  and  so 
rigged  the  stopcocks  that  the  engine  went  itself,  he 
was  not  only  a true  inventor,  but  he  had  the  same 
motive — his  personal  advantage — that  all  inventors 
have,  and  like  them  was  urged  on  by  business  neces- 
sities. 

What  originated  Bessemer  steel?  Sir  Henry  Bes- 
semer? No;  but  the  necessities  of  railroads,  under 
public  pressure  for  lower  rates  of  traffic,  which  would, 
every  one  of  them,  been  bankrupt  without  steel 
rails.  If  Sir  Henry  had  not  invented  the  process, 
somebody  else  would.  It  detracts  not  one  iota  from 
the  fame  of  Alexander  Bell  that  a dozen  men  were 
close  on  his  track.  It  has  been  so  in  every  great  in- 
vention. I say,  therefore,  that  it  was  the  diversifi- 
cation of  our  industries  that  has  stimulated  inven- 
tions. Otherwise  all  the  inventive  power  of  America 
would  have  run  to  waste;  and  when  a man  calculates 
the  wonders  of  American  inventive  genius  he  knows 
where  some  of  our  wealth  comes  from.  [Laughter 
and  applause.] 

As  a further  proof  that  invention  is  born  of  neces- 
sity, tell  me  why  great  inventions  never  come  until 
the  world  is  in  such  shape  as  to  enjoy  them?  What 
would  the  Crusaders  have  done  with  railroads? 
There  was  not  money  enough  in  the  world,  travel  or 


4o8 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


merchandise  to  keep  them  goin^  a week.  [Laughter.] 

And  this  brings  me  to  another  fact.  No  invention 
is  worth  its  salt  which  does  not  have  increased  con- 
sumption  behind  it.  Take  the  very  case  of  railroads; 
are  railroads  economical?  ‘‘Certainly,”  you  reply. 
“They  can  carry  passengers  for  half  a cent  a mile, 
for  a quarter  of  a cent,  and  a New  York  hack  will 
cost  you  $2,  and  even  a lumbering  coach  may  cost 
you  10  cents.  Of  course  it  is  economical.”  But 
suppose  you  had  only  a stage  load  to  carry  every 
day,  would  it  pay  to  build  a railroad  and  would  that 
conveyance  be  cheap?  Hardly.  You  can  make  an 
ax  handle  with  a machine  in  two  seconds;  without, 
in  three  hours.  It  would  pay  to  build  a machine  to 
make  a million  of  ax  handles,  but  not  to  make  one. 

Therefore  I say  that  the  great  forces  of  nature  and 
the  wisest  inventions  are  alike  unprofitable  except 
for  a large  consumption.  Hence  large  consumption 
is  at  the  basis  of  saving  in  manufacture,  and  hence 
high  wages  contribute  their  share  to  progress.  If 
you  once  accept  the  idea  that  necessity  is  the  mother 
of  invention,  instead  of  regarding  invention  as  com- 
ing from  heaven  knows  where,  you  can  see  how  high 
wages  stimulate  it. 

I sa^w  at  a machine-shop  not  long  ago  a great 
machine  which  could  work  only  in  one  direction,  and 
naturally  consumed,  in  going  back  to  place,  as  much 
time  as  in  coming  forward.  It  took  three  men  at  ^3 
a day  to  run  it.  Half  their  time  was  lost.  Could 
the  speed  of  the  return  have  been  doubled,  more 
than  $2  a day  would  have  been  saved.  That  inven- 
tion was  made  because,  being  applicable  to  many 
machines,  it  meant  much  money.  Had  it  been 
worked  by  men  who  were  paid  50  cents  a day,  it  is 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


409 


doubtful  if  it  would  have  been  demanded.  Where 
wages  are  low  invention  is  rare.  It  does  not  pay. 

It  has  always  seemed  to  me,  until  I heard  the  gen- 
tleman from  New  York  the  other  day  say  to  the 
contrary,  that  the  establishment  of  new  industries 
and  not  the  destruction  of  old  ones  was  the  way  to 
make  two  jobs  hunt  one  man,  to  use  the  words  I have 
ordinarily  employed  in  putting  it;  but  he  says  no, 
that  is  wasteful  production  because  you  are  employ- 
ing capital  in  comparatively  unprofitable  occupation. 
That  used  long  ago  to  puzzle  me,  and  I used  to  put 
it  this  way:  Suppose  the  nation  to  have  a million 
dollars  and  no  m*ore,  all  employed  at  6 per  cent,  in 
that  interesting  dream  of  fancy  “the  most  profitable 
employment,”  and  a man  should  come  along  and 
say,  “If  you  people  will  let  me  put  a hundred  thous- 
and of  this  capital,  my  share,  into  a less  profitable,  a 
5 per  cent,  employment,  I will  do  it  on  condition 
that  you  pay  me  and  all  people  who  come  here  and 
do  the  same  enough  to  equalize  my  profits  with  the 
rest  of  you.”  At  first  sight  that  looks  like  mathe- 
matics. 

It  would  seem  incontestable  that  the  nation  would 
lose  I per  cent,  on  a hundred  thousand  dollars,  or  a 
thousand  dollars  every  year.  Yet  I said  if  free  trad- 
ers are  correct,  this,  to  a greater  or  less  degree,  is 
what  the  United  States  did  even  under  the  Walker 
tariff.  Why  is  it  that  we  have  not  gone  to  pieces 
long  ago?  Well,  one  of  the  fallacies  of  this  demon- 
stration is  this:  It  proceeds  on  the  assumption  not 
only  that  one  million  is  all  the  capital  of  the  United 
States,  but  all  the  capital  of  the  world. 

Suppose  that  law  which  taxed  the  profitable  em- 
ployment coaxed  in  the  ^100,000  from  the  rest  of  the 


410 


.Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


globe,  our  nation  would  have  gained  $5, oooevery  year, 
instead  of  losing  ^i,ooo,  for  we  should  have  hacl  the 
whole  $1,100,000  earning  6 per  cent,  less  the  tax  laid 
on  the  whole  to  raise /$  1,000.  But  you  say,  why 
should  not  the  new  $100,000  come  in  and  go  into  the 
6 per  cent,  most  profitable  employment;  why  should 
it  select  the  5 per  cent,  employment?  Just  simply 
because  that  money  does  not  come  here  by  attrac- 
tion of  gravitation,  but  by  the  mind  of  a man,  and 
men’s  minds  are  what  play  havoc  with  cut  and  dried 
political  economy. 

Suppose  you  go  to  a manufacturer  of  cotton  in 
England  and  tell  him  that  by  putting  his  surplus 
capital  into  a Dakota  farm  he  can  make  10  per  cent. 
The  chances  are  he  will  not  even  look  at  it.  Then 
you  try  him  with  a proposal  to  build  a cotton  factory 
in  Georgia;  show  him  he  can  make  6 per  cent,  while 
he  is  making  only  4 at  home.  The  chances  are  that 
the  cotton  mill  will  tempt  him  and  not  the  farm.  He 
knows  the  cotton  business,  but  he  is  not  a farmer. 

This,  in  fact,  is  the  history  of  the  United  States.  • 
Our  laws  have  invited  money  and  men  and  we  have 
grown  great  and  rich  thereby.  The  gentleman  from 
Illinois  [Mr.  Black]  has  noticed  that  men  come  here, 
and  he  does  not  want  them  to  come;  hence  he  is 
willing  that  our  wages  shall  be  lowered  to  keep  peo- 
ple away.  Well,  this  is  not  the  time  to  discuss  im- 
migration;but  while  peopleare  coming  lam  glad  they 
have  not  yet  imbibed  the  gentleman’s  ideas  and  have 
not  yet  begun  to  clamor  for  lower  wages.  I really 
cannot  help  adding  that  when  the  gentleman  from 
Illinois  [Mr.  Black]  starts  his  reformed  immigration 
of  men  who  come  here  “unawed  by  influence  and 
unbribed  by  gain”  I hope  to  be  there,  for  it  would 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School,  41  i 

be  a sight  hitherto  unknown  on  earth  of  men  who 
forsook  their  home  without  either  being  pushed  or 
pulled.  [ Laughter.  ] 

To  sum  it  up,  if  this  protection  gives  us  money 
and  men  and  our  vast  country  needs  both,  it  may 
show  why  we  have  so  wonderfully  prospered.  If  it 
does,  I am  inclined  to  think  that  the  way  to  have 
two  jobs  hunting  one  man  is  to  keep  on  making  new 
mills  and  try  and  prevent  the  Committee  on  Ways 
and  Means  from  pulling  down  old  ones. 

^‘But,’^  says  some  gentleman  fuller  of  political 
economy  than  of  sense,  “why  do  you  not  transfer 
your  capital  from  these  protected  industries  to  the 
more  profitable?”  Yes,  that  would  be  a good  idea. 
We  will  commence  in  West  Virginia  and  take  up  the 
coal  mine  holes  and  stick  them  down  somewhere 
else,  unless  we  can  utilize  them  as  places  of  refuge 
for  the  committee  after  the  election.  There  is  what 
used  to  be  $8,000,000  worth  of  stuff  belonging  to 
the  people  that  make  screws.  Let  us  take  that  up. 
But  it  is  not  worth  $800,000,  let  alone  $8,000,000. 
The  bill  has  dropped  $7,200,000 — that  can  not  be 
transferred  anywhere. 

But  what  do  you  say  about  the  farmer?  Well,  on 
that  subject  I do  not  profess  any  spegial  learning, 
but  there  is  one  simple  statement  I wish  to  make 
and  leave  the  question  there. 

If  with  cities  growing  up  like  magic,  manufactur- 
ing villages  dotting  every  eligible  site,  each  and  all 
swarming  with  mouths  to  be  filled,  the  producers  of 
food  are  worse  off  than  when  half  this  country  was 
a desert,  I abandon  sense  in  favor  of  political  econ- 
omy. 

One  other  thing  I have  noticed  in  this  debate. 


412 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


When  the  gentleman  from  Kansas  [Mr.  Simpson] 
gets  a little  money  ahead  he  does  not  put  it  into  the 
stocks  in  these  immensely  profitable  manufactures. 
He  has  too  much  sense.  He  adds  to  his  farm,  and 
he  has  told  us  so.  Example  is  richer  than  precept. 

If  the  hope  of  agriculturists  is  in  English  free 
trade,  they  had  better  ponder  on  the  fact  that  while 
the  wages  of  artisans  have  increased  in  England 
^2.43  per  week  since  1850,  the  wages  of  agricultural 
laborers  have  only  increased  72  cents,  and  while  the 
Lancashire  operatives  in  the  factories  live  as  well  as 
anybody  except  Americans,  the  agricultural  laborers 
are  hardly  better  off  than  the  continental  peasantry. 
England’s  example  will  not  do  for  agriculture. 

Here  let  me  meet  one  other  question,  and  let  me 
meet  it  fairly.  We  are  charged  with  having  claimed 
that  the  tariff  alone  will  raise  wages,  and  we  are 
pointed  triumphantly  to  the  fact  that  the  wages  of 
France  and  Germany,  protected  by  a tariff,  are  lower 
than  England,  free  of  all  tariff,  and  to  America  with 
a tariff  and  still  higher  wages.  We  have  never  made 
such  a claim  in  any  such  form.  Free  traders  have 
set  up  that  claim  for  us  in  order  to  triumphantly 
knock  it  over.  What  we  do  say  is  that  where  two 
nations  have  equal  skill  and  equal  appliances  and  a 
market  of  nearly  equal  size,  and  one  of  them  can 
hire  labor  at  one-half  less,  nothing  but  a tariff  can 
maintain  the  higher  wages,  and  that  we  can  prove. 

If  there  be  two  bales  of  goods  side  by  side  made 
by  the  same  kind  of  machinery  and  with  the  labor  of 
the  human  being  in  both  the  same  degree  of  skill, 
and  if  the  labor  of  one  bale  cost  one-half,  for  ex- 
ample, as  much  as  the  other,  that  other  bale  can 
never  be  sold  until  the  extra  cost  of  the  costlier 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  413 

labor  is  squeezed  out  of  it,  provided  there  is  an 
abundant  supply  of  the  product  of  the  cheaper  labor. 
If  the  bale  with  the  cheaper  labor  of  England  in  it 
meets  the  bale  with  the  dearer  labor  of  America  in 
it,  which  will  be  bought  at  the  cost  of  production? 
I leave  that  problem  just  there.  The  sale  of  the 
English  bale  will  be  only  limited  by  England’s  pro- 
duction. 

Now  as  to  France  and  Germany.  The  gentleman 
from  Ohio  [Mr.  Harter]  makes  the  same  blunder 
which  he  charges  on  us.  He  says  the  tariff  makes 
lower  wages,  and  asks  us  to  compare  the  three  coun- 
tries, saying  they  are  all  the  same  except  the  tariff. 
I do  not  read  history  that  way.  England  had  cen- 
turies of  peace  or  distant  war,  while  both  Germany 
and  France  were  the  battlefields  of  Europe.  Until 
Bismarck  made  Germany  a nation  she  was  not  even 
big  enough  to  enter  successfully  modern  industrial 
warfare.  To  compare  either  of  those  nations  in  ma- 
chinery or  wealth  to  England,  a hundred  years  in 
advance  of  them  both  by  reason  of  her  history  be- 
fore 1850  and  her  tributary  provinces,  is  absolutely 
farcical. 

Let  Germany  and  France  get  thoroughly  estab- 
lished within  themselves  as  good  machinery  as  Eng- 
land now  has,  together  with  her  factory  system,  and 
nothing  but  higher  wages  in  those  countries  or  a 
tariff  in  their  own  will  ever  save  the  English  people 
from  ruin.  Lord  Armstrong  knew  what  he  was  doing 
when  he  established  an  English  iron  manufactory  in 
Italy  with  English  appliances  and  Italian  labor  at 
half  price. 

No,  no;  tariff  does  not  make  the  blind  see,  the 
lame  walk,  nor  does  it  raise  the  dead  to  life,  but  it  is 


414 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


a good,  sound,  sensible  policy  for  the  United  States 
for  its  growth  in  riches  and  civilization,  and  if  it  is 
stricken  down  the  people  who  in  their  secret  hearts 
will  think  us  the  most  shortsighted  will  be  the  for- 
eigners who  profit  by  our  folly. 

There  is  still  another  argument  which  I desire  to 
present  out  of  the  large  number  yet  unused.  What 
has  made  England  rich?  It  is  the  immense  profits 
which  come  of  converting  raw  material  into  manu- 
factured goods.  She  is  the  huge  workshop,  doing 
the  most  profitable  work  of*the  world;  changing  ma- 
terial to  finished  product.  So  long  as  she  can  per- 
suade the  rest  of  the  world  to  engage  in  the  work 
which  is  the  least  profitable  and  leave  her  the  most 
enriching  she  can  well  be  content. 

Let  me  give  one  item,  and  the  figures  shall  be 
furnished  by  the  gentleman  from  Alabama  [Mr. 
Wheeler],  who  told  me  in  your  presence  that  the 
value  ot  all  the  cotton  raised  in  the  United  States 
was  only  $300,000,000,  while  the  finished  product  of 
that  cotton  was  $1,750,000,000.  When  cotton  leaves 
the  field  it  is  worth  $300,000,000;  when  it  leaves  the 
mill  it  is  worth  six  times  as  much.  On  our  own  cot- 
ton crop  alone  we  might  in  time  make  the  profits  on 
a billion  and  a half  of  manufactured  goods.  Nor  is 
there  anything  to  prevent  such  a result  in  a protect- 
ive tariff. 

Some  men  think,  indeed,  this  bill  and  its  author’s 
speeches  proceed  upon  the  supposition  that  the  first 
step  towards  gaining  the  markets  of  the  world  is  to 
give  up  our  own,  just  as  if  a fortified  army,  with 
enemies  on  all  flanks,  should  overturn. its  own  breast- 
works as  the  first  preliminary  to  a march  into  the 
open.  Even  the  foolish  chivalry  of  the  Marquis  de 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


415 


Montcalm  which  led  him  to  his  death  on  the  Heights 
of  Abraham  had  not  that  crowning  folly.  Such  is 
not  the  history  of  the  world;  such  is  not  even  the 
example  of  England.  Tariff  duties,  whether  levied 
for  that  purpose  or  for  revenue,  become  a dead  letter 
when  we  are  able  to  compete  with  the  outside  world. 

We  are  the  only  rival  that  England  fears,  for  we 
alone  have  in  our  borders  the  population  and  the 
wages,  the  raw  material,  and  within  ourselves  the 
great  market  which  insures  to  us  the  most  improved 
machinery.  Our  constant  power  to  increase  our 
wages  insures  us  also  continuous  progress.  If  you 
wish  us  to  follow  the  example  of  England,  I say 
yes,  with  all  my  heart,  but  her  real  example  and 
nothing  less.  Let  us  keep  protection,  as  she  did, 
until  no  rival  dares  to  invade  our  territory,  and  then 
we  may  take  our  chances  for  a future  which  by  that 
time  will  not  be  unknown.  [Applause  on  the  Re- 
publican side.] 

• Nobody  knows  so  well  as  I do  how  much  even  of 
my  own  comprehension  of  the  great  argument  which 
should  control  this  vote  I have  failed  to  present.  I 
have  said  not  a word  of  the  great  fall  of  prices  which 
has  always  come  from  the  competition  of  the  whole 
world  within  itself  rendered  possible  by  protection 
and  substituted  for  the  competition  within  a single 
island.  I have  said  not  a word  of  the  great  differ- 
ence between  the  attitude  of  employers  who  find 
their  own  workmen  their  best  customers  in  their  own 
land,  and  who  are,  therefore,  moved  by  their  own 
best  interests  to  give  their  workmen  fair  wages,  and 
those  who  sell  abroad  and  are  therefore  anxious  for 
low  wages  at  home,  and  on  whom  works  unrestrict- 
edly, that  pernicious  doctrine,  as  wages  fall  profits 


4i6 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


rise.  These  and  much  more  have  I omitted,  for  there 
is  a limit  to  all  speaking. 

We  know,  my  friends,  that  before  this  tribunal  we 
all  of  us  plead  in  vain.  Why  we  fail  let  those 
answer  who  read  the  touching  words  of  Abraham 
Lincoln’s  first  inaugural  and  remember  that  he  plead 
in  vain  with  these  same  men  and  their  predecessors. 
Where  he  failed  we  cannot  hope  to  succeed.  But 
though  we  fail  here  today,  like  our  great  leader  of 
other  days,  in  the  larger  field  before  the  mightier 
tribunal  which  will  finally  and  forever  decide  this 
question  we  shall  be  more  than  conquerers;  for  this 
great  nation,  shaking  off  as  it  has  once  before  the  in- 
fluence of  a lower  civilization,  will  go  on  to  fulfill  its 
high  destiny  until  over  the  South,  as  well  as  over  the 
North,  shall  be  spread  the  full  measure  of  that  amaz- 
ing prosperity  which  is  the  wonder  of  the  world. 
[Prolonged  applause  on  the  floor  and  in  the 
galleries.] 

Mr.  Maxwell.  To  substantiate  what  Mr.  Reed  has 
said  relative  to  our  being  the  richest  nation  on  the 
face  of  the  earth,  and  you,  Mr.  Labor,  having  made 
the  same  claim  since  the  first  lessons  in  this  school, 
I hand  you  a table  showing  wealth,  debt  and  per 
capita  wealth  and  debt  of  all  nations. 

DEBT  AND  WEALTH  OF  NATIONS  CONTRASTED. 

During  the  decade  reaching  from  1870  to  1880 
taxation  in  Great  Britain  increased  20.17  per  cent.; 
in  France  36.13  per  cent.;  in  Russia  37.10  per  cent.; 
in  Sweden  and  Norway  50.10  per  cent.;  in  Germany, 
57.81  percent.;  and  taking  into  account  the  other 
governments,  great  and  small,  of  Europe,  we  arrive 
at  for  all  an  average  of  28.01  per  cent. 

In  the  United  States  for  the  same  period  taxation 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


417 


decreased  9.15  per  cent.  Thus  we  find  the  financial 
condition  of  the  United  States  most  satisfactorily 
exceptional  when  compared  with  that  of  other  na- 
tions. Our  national  debt  is  rapidly  disappearing;  our 
rate  of  taxation  is  diminishing. 


Table  showhig  wealthy  debt,  and  per  capita  wealth  and 
debt  of  all  nations. 


Countries. 


United  States.. 
England  or 
Great  Britain 

France 

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy  

Spain 

Netherlands. . . 

Belgium 

Sweden 

Canada 

Mexico 

Australia 

Portugal 

Denmark 

Argentine  Re- 
public  

Switzerland.... 

Norway 

Greece 

Turkey 

Chile 

Colombia. 

U.  S.  of 


Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela. . . 

Egypt 

All  other 
countries . . 


Total  of  the 
world 


Wealth. 


Debt  of  all  kinds. 


Wealth  per 
capita. 


Debt 

per 

capita. 


$60, 4*75, 000, 000 


957,876,000 


$1,039  00 


32  37 


43.600.000. 000 

40.300.000. 000 

31.600.000. 000 
21.715,0e0,000 

18.065.000. 000 

11.755.000. 000 

7.965.000. 000 

4.935.000. 000 

4.030.000. 000 

3.475.000. 000 

3.250.000. 000 

3.150.000. 000 

2.950.000. 000 

1.855.000. 000 

1.830.000. 000 


5,695,659,000 

87  79 

4,892,840,000 

1,060  89 

116  35 

2,695,265,000 

681  31 

4,869,768,000 

257  92 

30  79 

2,642,021,000 

462  31 

72  42 

2,250,000,000 

399  05 

76  06 

1,106,650,006 

452  58 

71  27 

518,000,000 

95  56 

213,000,000 

705  64 

63  10 

580,000,000 

739  70 

13  73 

273,000,000 

47  51 

110,000,000 

6 89 

593,670,000 

418  51 

134  11 

58,467,000 

963  56 

15  66 

1,660,000,000 

1,620,000,000 

i;410,000,000 

1,055,000,000 


148,000,000 

65.000. 000 

29.869.000 

13.625.000 
868,590,000 

92.850.000 

15.000. 000 


520  71 


71  98 
3 72 
7 13 
49  06 


342,624,000 

79,100,000 

63,700,009 

732,000,000 


3,500,000,000 


$253,685,000,000 


$34,456,574,000 


From  the  above  table  it  appears  the  United  States 
stands  at  the  head  of  nations  as  to  wealth,  and  has 
in  proportion  to  debt  about  $i  to  ^60  of  her  assets. 
No  other  great  nation  can  show  anything  like  this 
proportion;  yet,  notwithstanding  all  this,  a party  of 
pro-English  citizens  of  our  land  want  us  to  adopt  a 
policy  that  suits  a nation  that  has  a debt  of  $i  to 


4i8 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


every  she  can  show  of  wealth.  Is  it  not  time  for 
the  people  to  adopt  a financial  policy  that  will  suit 
our  own  nation  first,  and  let  the  debt-burdened  na- 
tions of  Europe  follow  our  lead,  if  they  wish  to,  since 
we  can  show  that  within  two  hundred  years  we  have 
outstripped  them  all  in  progress  of  every  kind? 

THE  LESSON  IT  TEACHES. 

While  the  United  States  stands  at  the  head  of  all 
the  nations  of  the  world  in  wealth,  amounting  to 
;^i,039  capita,  she  also  stands  at  the  foot  of  the 
list  of  great  nations  in  her  per  capita  indebtedness, 
which  amounts  to  $32.37.  The  population  of  the 
United  States  in  i860  was  thirty-one  millions,  and 
her  wealth  amounted  to  fourteen  billions  of  dollars, 
showing  a per  capita  of  about  $450,  while  in  1890 
her  population  was  sixty-two  millions  and  her  total 
wealth  sixty-eight  billions  of  dollars,  or  a per  capita 
of  $1,039. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  statement  that 
while  her  population  has  about  doubled  since  i860, 
her  wealth  per  capita  has  more  than  trebled.  This 
is  what  the  Democrats  call  a bankrupt  nation. 

In  1880  the  public  debt  amounted  to  three  billion 
forty-five  millions.  In  1890  it  was  reduced  to  two 
billion  twenty-seven  millions — a reduction  in  ten 
years  of  one  billion  eighteen  million  dollars.  Thus 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  per  capita  indebtedness  of 
the  national  Government  was  reduced  from  $60.73 
in  1880  to  $32.37  in  1890.  This  is  a favorable  show- 
ing for  a wasteful  nation,  using  the  words  of  the 
tariff  reformers  of  the  present  day. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


419 


DEBT  OF  U.  S. — INTEREST-BEARING. 

Highest  amount — 

August  31,  1865 -..fc,385»039»3i5 

June  30,  1892 585,637,100 

Amount  paid 1,799,402,215 

June  30,  1896 847,363,890 

Amount  increase 262,726,790 

The  amount  of  the  debt  August  31,  1865,  known 
as  high-water  mark  (see  above)  was  gradually  re- 
duced until  1893. 

Mr,  Maxwell.  These  figures,  Mr.  Labor,  are  mar- 
velous. Just  think  of  our  wealth  in  i860 — fourteen 
billions  of  dollars,  and  in  1890  (only  thirty  years) 
over  sixty  billions. 

This  increase  was  under  laws  protecting  all  our  in- 
dustries, as  Mr.  Reed  in  his  arguments  against  the 
Wilson  bill  so  appropriately  recites. 

Labor.  It  does  appear  now,  Mr.  Maxwell,  that  the 
free  trader  should  cease  any  further  attempts  to  de- 
fend his  former  claims,  but  will  he? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  The  out  and  out  free  trader,  never. 
If  in  your  travels,  Mr.  Labor,  you  ever  meet  a man 
who  has  been  an  outspoken  free  trader,  who  has 
faced  about  and  is  repudiating  his  old  trash,  I wish 
you  would  get  his  photograph  and  address  and  send 
them  to  me.  I will  make  a long  trip  to  see  that 
kind  of  a man. 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  if  the  Dingley  bill  passes  and  be- 
comes a law,  as  we  all  look  for,  prices  will  increase 
on  nearly  everything.  Then  the  free  trade  smart 
man  in  our  Congressional  elections  in  1898  will  be 
out  with  tables  showing  how  cheap  everything  was 


420 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


in  1896  under  the  Wilson  bill,  and  in  1900,  at  our 
next  Presidential  election,  they  will  have  all  manner 
of*  campaign  songs  ridiculing  high  prices  and  a pro- 
tective tariff,  and  I fear  some  of  our  laboring  men 
will  have  forgotten  what  we  have  just  passed 
through  and  give  audience  to  such  demagogues. 

Our  late  cheapness  of  products,  Mr.  Labor,  has 
simply  been  deformity  of  country  and  nothing  less. 
You  have  shown  in  your  lessons,  all  of  them,  that 
from  eight  to  nine-tenths  of  everything  is  days 
works,  and  all  there  is  to  cut  is  those  days  works  in 
order  to  have  cheap  goods.  Are  we  laboring  people 
going  to  remember  that,  or  will  we  ignore  this  fact 
the  same  as  sellers  of  days  works  did  at  Groversville, 
never  recognizing  that  in  order  that  our  goods  may 
be  cheap  they  will  have  to  work  for  less  pay,  and 
for  the  goods  to  be  made  in  foreign  countries  means 
no  work  for  them,  hence  no  money,  and  without 
money  they  cannot  buy  goods  at  any  price. 

We  men  who  work  for  a living  cannot  afford  to 
listen  to  those  who  write  or  talk  any  such  rot.  The 
laboring  man  is  the  first  seller  of  goods,  they  all 
pass  through  his  hands  first,  and  when  they  are  fin- 
ished if  they  can  be  sold  cheap  it  is  because  he  has 
worked  cheap.  We  must  keep  this  principle  well  in 
mind,  and  hoot  down  with  no  uncertain  hoot  the 
man  or  men  who  undertake  to  tell  us  anything  else. 

As  certain,  Mr.  Labor,  as  fhe  next  campaign 
comes  will  the  free  trader  be  on  deck  citing  how 
cheap  everything  was  in  1896,  and  have  tables  to 
prove  it.  That  will  be  their  war  cry,  and  we  must 
shout  back  to  them,  “Groversville.” 

Chicago,  one  city,  mind  you,  received  1,700,000 
tons  less  coal  in  1894  than  in  1893.  I will  give  you 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


421 


the  figures  copied  from  the  Daily  News  Almanac, 
1895  issue: 

Chicago’s  total  receipts  in  tons  for  the  eleven 
months  of  all  kinds  of  coal  and  coke  have  been 


1893  7>026,7I7 

1894  5;233.482 


1793,235 

The  above,  you  see,  Mr.  Labor,  was  for  eleven 
months,  and  one  month  added  at  ratio  of  eleven 
months  would  bring  the  shrinkage  up  to  a fraction 
less  than  two  million  tons  for  the  year. 

We  must  bear  in  mind  this  was  for  only  one  city. 
What  must  such  a rate  of  shrinkage  mean  for  our 
whole  country?  There  must,  beyond  a question, 
have  been  a large  overproduction  of  coal,  and  the 
wonder  to  me  is  that  there  have  been  no  coal  strikes. 
The  price  we  know  is  badly  broken  in  bituminous 
coal,  and  we  know  that  the  miners  have  been 
chopped  down  to  starvation  prices  for  digging. 

This  is  a good  example  of  things  cheap;  the  sel- 
lers of  days  works  are  the  men  that  method  reaches 
and  remains  with,  and  we  are  the  men  to  frown  on 
all  that  kind  of  sentiment  in  the  future. 

Think  of  only  one  city  taking  two  millions  tons 
less  coal  in  one  year!  What  does  that,  when  our 
whole  country  is  considered,  mean  to  our  industries, 
Mr.  Labor?  It  means  idle  shops,  idle  machinery  and 
idle  men.  Could  they  have  had  much  money  in  the 
past  three  or  four  years  to  buy  cheap  goods  with? 
Will  sellers  of  days  works  listen  again  to  the  yelping 
free  trade  demagogue  when  he  tells  them  they  can 
have  more  when  everything  is  cheap  and  the  seller 
is  idle  and  without  money  than  they  can  when  goods 


422 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


bring  a decent  price  and  they  have  work  and  plenty 
of  money?  I say,  boys,  we  should  vote  in  the  future 
for  candidates  who  will  protect  our  market  regard- 
less of  the  political  party  they  represent,  and  not 
get  fooled  again. 

I listened  to  a conversation  and  saw  some  acting 
the  other  day,  Mr.  Labor,  that  is  very  appropriate 
right  here.  It  was  between  two  brothers  in  a city  of 
some  20,000  inhabitants.  Ed  was  a farmer  and  lived 
some  seven  miles  outside  the  limits.  Hank,  his 
brother,  was  a mechanic  and  lived  in  the  city.  The 
latter  I had  known  for  several  years  and  whenever 
I was  in  the  city  on  my  trips  he  always  called  at  the 
hotel  to  see  me,  and  on  this  occasion  he  brought  his 
brother  Ed.,  the  farmer,  who  was  in  town,  and  had 
been  home  with  Hank  for  luncheon. 

I bought  some  cigars  and  we  all  sat  down  to  have 
a smoke  and  chat,  and  in  conversation  we  drifted  on 
to  the  close  times. 

Ed.,  the  farmer,  remarked  that  it  was  good  and 
tough  on  farmers,  and  cited  that  he  had  on  hand  all 
the  grain  he  raised  in  1896;  that  the  price  was  so  low 
he  wouldn’t  sell. 

Hank  said:  “Yes,  Ed.,  and  you  voted  the  free 
trade  ticket  in  1892,”  and  Ed.  asked  him,  “What  of 
that?”  “Well,”  Hank  says,  “I  told  you  not  to  do  it, 
and  now  see  what  we  have  got.  I am  not  to  blame 
for  any  of  it  and  you  are.”  And  Hank  added, 
“Now,  Ed.,  you  are  kicking  about  your  wheat  and 
other  grains  because  they  don’t  bring  a price.  I want 
to  make  you  a proposition.  As  a mechanic,  I have 
all  my  labor  for  1896  on  hand.  I didn’s  sell  a single 
day’s  work  of  it  that  year.  I want  to  trade  you  the 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


423 


whole  of  that  stored  up  year’s  labor  for  a portion  of 
your  stored  up  labor  in  your  crop  of  grain.” 

Ed.  laughed  and  wanted  to  know  if  Hank  thought 
he  was  a fool,  or  was  he  making  fun  of  him?  Hank 
answered  and  cited  that  he  (Ed.)  was  fool  enough  to 
vote  a tom  fool  ticket  in  1892,  and  told  him  if  there 
was  any  kicking  to  be  done  he  thought  he  (Hank) 
was  the  one  to  do  it.  “Here  I am  loaded  with  every 
one  of  my  days  works  for  1896,  and  you  wouldn’t 
give  me  a peck  of  wheat  for  the  whole  batch.  You 
have  your  year’s  work  for  1896  in  your  granary  and 
can  look  at  it,  but  what  can  I see  of  mine?  You  can 
sell  yours  for  something,  and,  possibly,  if  you  hold  it 
you  can  realize  a decent  price,  and  if  we  get  a good 
bill  through  both  houses  protecting  our  industries,  I 
think  you  will,  but  what  am  I going  to  do  with  my 
stored  up  labor  for  1896?  It  is  worth  less  than  rotten 
potatoes. 

“In  fact,  I have  had  to  wear  my  shoes  out  walking 
for  exercise  to  keep  my  health  good  and  be  ready 
for  work  as  soon  as  we  get  some  laws  that  will  justify 
our  people  in  starting  the  factories  again. 

“What  is  more,  Ed.,  you  can  eat  your  wheat  and 
grain,  but  what  would  I do  trying  to  eat  my  stored 
up  labor  for  1896?  Think  these  things  over,  old 
man,  and  look  happy.  I am  the  one  to  do  the  kick- 
ing and  get  frightened.  You  farmers  are  the  ones 
who  are  always  all  right.  Your  shoes  may  pinch  a 
little  sometimes,  but  you  are  never  in  any  special 
danger  of  starving  to  death.” 

Ed.  answered,.  “That  makes  me  think.  Hank,  I al- 
ways bring  what  you  buy  to  eat  down  to  you,  and  my 
wife  and  I were  talking  about  it  a few  days  ago.  She 
always  keeps  account  of  what  you  get,  and  she  said 


424 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


for  the  past  two  years  you  had  lived  on  a little  less 
than  half  what  you  had  used  the  two  years  before, 
and  she  wanted  me  to  ask  you  if  you  were  buying  of 
someone  else.” 

Hank  said,  “Ed.,  I haven’t  bought  a thing  except 
sugar,  coffee,  tea,  etc.,  of  anyone  else.  You  have  no 
idea  how  close  we  have  lived.  My  wife  said  the 
other  day  she  had  used  more  yarn  and  thread  darn- 
ing and  patching  the  last  few  years  than  she  had  in 
the  whole  fourteen  years  since  we  were  married.” 

Ed.  appeared  to  be  quite  wrought  up,  and  said, 
“Well,  Hank,  why  haven’t  you  spoken  of  these 
things?  I can  bring  you  lots  of  stuff  off  the  farm, 
and  I will.  There  is  no  use  pinching  yourselves  for 
something  to  eat.  Are  you  broke.  Hank?  Do  you 
want  any  money?”  “No,  Ed.,”  spoke  up  Hank,  “I 
am  not  broke  yet,  but  I would  have  been  had  I not 
been  careful  and  bought  only  what  we  absolutely 
had  to  have.” 

About  that  time,  Mr.  Labor,  someone  called  Hank 
away  for  a moment  and  Ed.  said  to  me:  “Thunder, 
Maxwell,  I have  never  stopped  to  think  what  kind 
of  a time  these  men  out  of  work  have  been  having. 
You  can  bet  Hank  won’t  worry  any  more.  I will 
haul  more  stuff  down  there  from  the  farm  than  he 
can  take  care  of  and  then  they  will  have  to  eat,  and 
I will  kill  a sheep  every  week  and  tell  him  I have 
some  fat  wethers  that  I want  to  get  rid  of,  and  for 
the  reason  that  they  bring  so  little  in  price  we  have 
decided  to  eat  them  up.  In  this  way  I can  give  him 
meat  and  he  will  never  dream  that  I am  killing  the 
sheep  on  purpose  to  do  that.  And  between  times 
we  can  give  him  chickens,  and  frequently  a turkey, 
and  lots  of  things  that  we  won’t  miss, 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


425 


‘‘Darned  if  I am  not  ashamed.  Hank  must  think 
I’m  a hog.  My  wife  will  give  me  a good  raking  over 
for  this.  You  will  see  her  harness  up  her  horse  to- 
morrow morning  and  pile  down  here  with  a rush, 
and  she  won’t  say  a word  about  where  she  is  going, 
either.” 

At  this  moment  I was  sorry  to  see  Hank  coming 
back,  Mr.  Labor,  for  I wanted  to  hear  what  more  Ed. 
would  have  to  say.  When  Hank  had  taken  his  seat 
Ed.  said  to  him:  “Do  you  remember,  Hank,  that 
when  we  were  boys  I promised  you  a suit  of  clothes, 
if  ever  I was  able  to  buy  them,  if  you  wouldn’t  tell 
father  and  mother  a certain  thing  I did?”  “No,” 
Hank  said,  “I  don’t  remember  any  such  circum- 
stance, and  you  never  made  me  any  such  promise.” 
Ed.  declared  that  he  did  and  Hank  wanted  to  know 
what  it  was  that  he  kept  to  himself  for  him.  “If 
you  have  forgotten  it  I am  glad  of  it,  and  I shall 
never  remind  you  of  what  it  was;  it  was  of  a nature 
easy  for  you  to  forget  but  not  for  me,”  said  Ed. 

Your  friend  Maxwell  being  a traveling  man  must 
be  a ^ood  judge  of  cloth  and  I am  going  to  ask  him 
to  go  over  to  the  store  with  us  and  help  pick  out  a 
suit,  and  be  witness  to  the  fact  that  I have  kept  an 
old  promise. 

Hank  was  reluctant  about  going.  I saw  Ed.’s 
motive,  and  gathered  from  his  tactics  that  Hank 
wouldn’t  appreciate  anything  on  the  score  of  charity, 
so  to  help  Ed.  out  I said  to  Hank  that  probably  his 
brother  would  feel  better  if  he  (Hank)  would  go 
and  get  the  suit  of  clothes  and  let  him  (Ed.)  keep 
his  pledge.  That  remark  settled  it,  and  we  all  start- 
ed for  the  clothing  store.  When  the  clothes  were 
selected  and  Ed.  had  paid  for  them  he  wanted  Hank 


426 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


to  wear  them  home.  “Not  much,”  Hank  said,  “my 
pards  in  the  streets  in  a kind  way  would  guy  the  life 
out  of  me;  would  want  to  know  what  I had  run  up 
against  and  if  I had  quit  them  and  gone  to  work,  and 
all  that  kind  of  a racket.” 

Truly,  Mr.  Labor,  in  this  transaction  there  was  a 
great  lesson  to  me,  and  I hope  the  members  of  your 
class  will  take  it  home  with  them. 

Labor,  What  was  there  that  so  particularly  served 
as  a lesson,  Mr.  Maxwell? 

Mr,  Maxwell,  Hank  was  no  fool,  Mr.  Labor,  and 
could  divine  Ed.’s  motive  as  well  as  you  or  anyone 
else,  and  at  first  offered  some  resistance  to  accepting 
the  suit  of  clothes.  After  a moment  he  became 
silent,  and  I could  plainly  see  there  was  an  intense 
struggle  within,  which  I interpreted  as  a biting  ne- 
cessity in  a hot  fight  with  his  pride.  The  result  was 
that  the  necessity  conqered,  and  Hank  was  in  a 
manner  forced  to  accept  what  two  or  three  years 
prior  he  would  have  abhorred  and  in  some  way  re- 
sented. 

The  lesson  to  me  was  that  a man  who  declines  to 
do  a given  thing  today,  may  tomorrow  under  some 
unlooked  for  pressure,  be  only  too  glad  to  do  the 
very  same  objectionable  thing. 

I beg  your  pardon,  Mr.  Labor,  for  taking  up  the 
time  of  the  class  recalling  a circumstance  like  this. 
I know  how  impossible  it  is  for  me  to  relate  it  and 
have  it  impress  others  as  it  did  me. 

Labor,  I should  be  sorry  had  you  omitted  it,  Mr. 
Maxwell,  for  it  brings  these  things  home  to  us  in  a 
sense  that  we  can  and  do  grasp.  Many  like  the 
brother  you  mention,  who  was  able  and  willing,  are 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


427 


heedless,  and  rarely  study  and  give  thought  to  those 
who  are  the  last  ones  to  make  a want  known. 

This  instance  you  have  just  called  to  our  minds, 
Mr.  Maxwell,  is  but  one  in  hundreds  of  thousands,  if 
not  millions,  that  the  public  in  the  last  two  or  three 
years  have  not  known  a thing  of,  and  the  bulk  of 
them  were  not  fortunate  enough  to  have  a brother 
or  relative  who  could  help  them. 

The  silent  needy  in  numbers  are  unknown  and 
will  ever  remain  unknown,  provided  the  relief  we 
are  looking  for  in  the  way  of  revived  industries  is 
not  too  long  deferred. 

Mr,  Maxwell.  Yes,  Mr.  Labor,  and  the  great  mass, 
like  the  party  I have  mentioned,  living  on  one-half 
what  they  formerly  consumed,  shows  that  all  we 
could  extend  our  trade  into  the  over  competed-for 
markets  of  the  world  would  not,  in  a small  measure 
even,  compensate  for  the  shrinkage  of  our  own  mar- 
kets. 

Our  working  people  must  not  forget  that  most 
articles  they  make  and  receive  five  dollars  each  for 
making  them  would  sell  in  most  foreign  countries, 
finished,  for  from  three  to  four  dollars  each.  On 
this  principle  what  can  we  hope  to  do  in  foreign 
markets  with  our  goods?  We  may  make  a few  art- 
icles that  we  specially  excel  in,  or  other  countries 
do  not  make,  that  our  people  can  get  a price  for  in 
the  markets  of  the  world,  but  such  cases  are  so  rare, 
Mr.  Labor,  that  it  is  rash*  madness  to  cripple  or 
neglect  our  own  market  chasing  after  them. 

If  we  have  any  people  who  are  crazy  about  the 
markets  of  the  world,  let  them  go  where  the  markets 
are,  and  stay  there.  We  will  always  have  plenty  to 
take  the  places  of  that  class. 


428 


Lakors’  Hard  Times  School. 


I have  seen  parties  who  always  ate  their  partially 
decayed  fruit,  leaving  the  sound  fruit  to  decay  while 
they  were  doing  it.  Our  country  seeking  the  markets 
of  the  world,  Mr.  Labor,  partakes  too  much  of  this 
quality  of  sagacity  to  suit  me. 

The  free  trader  has  for  years,  Mr.  Labor,  been  un- 
yielding in  his  claim  that  whatever  a protective 
tariff  added  as  duty  would  have  to  be  added  to  the 
price  of  the  goods. 

In  1877  I was  in  a retail  store,  when  the  merchant 
was  opening  some  large  cases  of  prints.  Large  piles 
of  the  calico  were  on  the  counter.  Striking  a piece 
with  the  flat  of  his  hand  he  remarked  that  he  either 
paid  or  was  going  to  sell  those  goods  for  six  cents  a 
yard,  and  that  the  duty  on  them  was  five  cents  per 
yard. 

It  does  not  matter  whether  the  gentleman  had 
bought  the  goods  at  six  cents  a yard,  or  he  was  go- 
ing to  sell  them  at  that  price.  The  case  shows  that 
the  five  cents  duty  had  not  been  added  to  them,  and 
it  shows,  too,  that  on  account  of  the  duty  the  goods 
had  been  made  in  our  own  country,  for  they  could 
not  have  been  sold  for  any  such  price  after  paying 
five  cents  per  yard  duty. 

I have  no  data  at  hand,  Mr.  Labor,  to  refer  to,  to 
learn  what  the  duty  was  on  cotton  goods  in  1877,  but 
I take  it  for  granted  that  the  merchant  dealing  in 
them  was  correct  in  his  statement. 

I have  some  other  data  here  on  iron  and  steel  that 
is  still  further  proof  that  the  duty  is  not  added  to 
the  price  of  the  product.  I do  not  want  the  class  to 
infer  from  what  I read  or  say  that  I claim  the  duty  is 
never  added  to  the  price  of  what  we  import.  Any- 
thing that  is  strictly  a luxury,  or  that  we  do  not  pro- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


42g 


duce,  no  doubt  the  buyer  in  this  country  pays  the 
duty,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  quite  all  that 
we  do  not  produce,  except  absolute  luxuries,  the 
McKinley  bill  placed  on  the  free  list. 

First,  Mr.  Labor,  I want  to  read  the  result  of  pro- 
tection on  pig  iron,  showing  the  value  of  a furnace 
to  a community,  and,  following  that,  some  figures 
and  tables  showing  the  products  of  iron  in  this  coun- 
try in  1890.  After  that  comes  the  article  on  steel 
rails,  proving  that  the  consumer  does  not  pay  the 
duty  for  a very  long  period  on  anything  we  care  to 
give  special  attention  to  the  manufacture  of. 

IRON — RESULT  OF  PROTECTION  ON  PIG  IRON,  AS  SHOWN 
BY  OPERATION  OF  A SINGLE  FURNACE. 

No.  206. 

The  value  of  a furnace  to  a community  is  a matter 
of  mathematical  demonstration. 

The  consequence  of  stopping  a furnace  of  900  to 
1,000  tons  capacity  per  week  would  be  somewhat  as 
follows:  The  freight  receipts,  inward  and  outward, 
amount  to  not  less  than  gi 5,000  to  $20,000  per 
month,  which  is  about  equal  to  the  average  revenue 
to  a railroad  derived  from  a city  of  20,000  people. 
This  gives  one  some  idea  of  the  enormous  amount  of 
business  set  in  motion  by  a large  furnace  in  opera- 
tion. In  addition  to  the  direct  loss  to  the  railroad 
in  the  falling  off  of  its  business,  the  employees  of  the 
railroad  and  those  dependent  upon  them  would 
suffer  corresponding  hardships  and  losses.  There 
would  also  be  cut  off  in  wages  to  furnace  employees 
;?! 5,000  to  $16,000  per  month.  The  farmers  in  the 
vicinity  who  sell  their  farm  products — flour,  bacon, 
corn,  hay,  potatoes,  butter,  eggs,  chickens,  fruits  and 
live  stock — would  lose  a ready,  profitable  home 


430 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School* 


market,  and  would  soon  be  made  to  feel  the  hard 
times  incidental  to  stopping  the  furnace. 

The  coal  miner  would  also  have  to  stand  his  share 
of  the  burden,  as  it  requires  from  300  to  350  tons  of 
coal  per  day  to  produce  coke  for  such  a furnace. 
This  would  cut  off  about  ;^io, 000  monthly  at  the  coal 
mines  and  result  in  preventing  150  to  200  miners 
from  earning  their  daily  bread. 

Following  in  the  track  of  depression  and  losses, 
our  wholesale  merchants  at  home  would  suffer  a 
monthly  loss  of  thousands  of  dollars  of  trade. 

To  present  these  results  with  more  practical  force 
we  will  work  out  the  problem  of  one  furnace  and 
apply  to  the  entire  iron  interest  of  Tennessee  and 
give  the  figures  in  gross  covering  a year: 

The  loss  to  railroad  in  freight,  passenger  fares,  and  in- 


direct services,  $20,000  per  month  $240,000 

The  loss  to  those  dependent  upon  railroad,  $1,000  per 

month. 12,000 

Employees  of  furnace,  $15,000  to  $16,000  per  month  . . 186,000 

To  farmers  in  vicinity,  $8,000  per  month 96,000 

Coal  miners,  $10,000  per  month 120,000 

Wholesale  merchants,  say  $6,000  per  month 72,000 

Doctor  fees,  monthly,  $300 3,600 


Total  loss  estimated  to  the  people  of  Tennessee 

by  stopping  furnace  for  one  year $729,600 

IRON — ARCHITECTURAL  AND  ORNAMENTAL,  I89O. 

No.  207. 

Establishments 724 

Capital ; $21,968,172 

Employees 18,672 

Wages $11,951,457 

Materials 18,620,510 

Products 37,745»294 

Wages,  per  capita,  $640.07. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


43A 


IRON  AND  STEEL — IN  GENERAL,  iSQO. 


No.  208. 

Establishments 

Capital 

Employees 

Wages 

Materials 

Products 


645 

$373,478,018 

152,535 

$ 84,665,506 

295.777,843 

430,954,348 


Wages,  per  capita,  $555.05. 


IRON  AND  STEEL — NAILS  AND  SPIKES,  CUT  AND  WROUGHT, 
INCLUDING  WIRE  NAILS,  I89O. 


No.  209. 

Establishments 

Capital.. 

Employees 

Wages 

Materials 

Products 

Wages,  per  capita,  $456.76. 


138 

$ 24,334,549 

12,064 
$ 7,816,994 
22,960,737 
34,227,517 


IRON  AND  STEEL — PIPE,  WROUGHT,  I89O. 
No.  2T0. 


Establishments 

Capital 

Employees 

Wages 

Materials 

Products 

Wages,  per  capita,  $484.53. 


22 

22,622,367 

17,116 

5,845,462 

25,988,798 

37,906,801 


IRON  AND  STEEL — BESSEMER  STEEL. 

No.  2II. 


In  1865  the  first  Bessemer  steel  rail  was  made  in 
this  country.  There  was  a duty  of  45  per  cent,  on 
the  foreign  product  at  that  time.  This  continued 
until  January  i,  1871,  when  the  act  of  Congress 
which  imposed  a specific  duty  of  ^28  a ton  went  into 
effect.  Steel  rails  in  1867  were  selling  in  our  market 


432  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

for  $i66  a ton  in  currency  or  §138  in  gold.  The 
price  had  fallen  to  ^106.75  in  1870,  when  the  duty 
was  imposed.  Now,  if  the  free  trader  is  correct  in 
his  theory,  the  imposition  of  the  duty  of  $28  per  ton 
would  have  had  the  effect  of  advancing  the  price 
from  $106.75  ^ $134.75  a ton.  But  what  has 

been  the  result?  In  1867  our  steel  rail  mills  pro- 
duced 2,278  tons.  In  1887  they  produced  2,101,904 
tons.  How  about  the  price?  A ton,  in  1867,  was 
sold  in  our  market  at  $166;  a ton  in  March,  1888, 
sold  for  $31.50.  What  becomes  of  the  free  trader’s 
theory  again,  that  the  duty  enhances  the  cost  of  the 
article  and  becomes  a tax  to  the  consumer?  But  in 
this  connection  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact 
that  millions  of  capital  have  been  invested  in  this 
industry  by  reason  of  the  encouragement  extended  by 
the  act  of  1870,  and  that  thousands  of  laborers  have 
been  employed  in  this  great  industry. 

Mr,  Maxwell.  What  I have  read  to  you,  Mr. 
Labor,  shows  very  conclusively  that  the  tax  on  steel 
rails  was  not  added  to  the  product  soon  as  we  could 
manufacture  in  quantities  to  supply  our  own  de- 
mands, and  had  it  not  been  for  the  duty  originally 
we  would  not  be  so  extensively  in  that  business  in 
this  country,  and  beyond  any  question  steel  rails 
would  be  selling  in  our  market  for  double  the  price 
they  bring  today. 

The  question  is  so  plainly  stated  as  I have  read 
that  it  needs  no  further  comment. 

The  importance  of  a pig  iron  furnace  to  a com- 
munity is  so  clear  that  more  words  are  uncalled  for. 

The  figures,  Mr.  Labor,  showing  iron  products  in 
1890  you  see  are  misleading  again  on  material.  We 
will  consider  the  table  under  the  heading 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  433 

IRON  AND  STEEL — IN  GENERAL — 1 SqO. 


Wages  get  credit  for $ 84,665,506 

Materials  get  credit  for 295,777,843 


It  is  but  very  few  people,  Mr.  Labor,  who  in  read- 
ing the  above  figures  will  not  take  it  for  granted  that 
the  former  amount  represents  all  the  days  works 
that  can  be  found  in  this  statement,  while,  in  truth, 
the  material  used  was  pig  iron,  fully  two-thirds  of 
which  value  is  labor  or  days  works  paid  for. 

Labor.  We  have  already  covered  that  point  in  full, 
Mr.  Maxwell,  in  this  same  lesson. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I am  glad,  Mr.  Labor,  that  you  take 
pains  to  remind  me  of  that.  If  I dare  do  it  I would 
suggest  that  a foot  note  be  inserted  on  every  page 
of  your  report  of  the  proceedings  in  this  school 
covering  this  very  point.  It  cannot  be  repeated  too 
many  times,  and  I care  not  how  frequently  it  is  re- 
ferred to;  there  will  be  more  in  the  end  who  will 
forget  than  there  will  be  who  remember  it. 

You  must  not  forget,  Mr.  Labor,  that  the  best 
teacher  is  the  one  who  repeats,  rehashes  and  pounds 
away  until  he  knows  that  not  a single  important 
point  has  been  missed  by  a single  pupil  in  his  class. 
Schools  are  never  charged  with  repeating  and  this 
is  a school,  and,  for  practical  business  purposes,  the 
best  I ever  attended.  I can  assure  you,  Mr.  Labor, 
that  although  I have  been  here  every  day,  and  paid 
strict  attention  to  each  and  every  lesson,  I shall, 
when  the  proceedings  are  published,  study  them 
very  closely,  to  be  sure  I have  not  overlooked  a 
single  thing  of  importance  to  me  or  to  our  country. 

When  all  our  people,  Mr.  Labor,  realize  that  what 
they  buy  is  purchased  of  the  seller  of  days  works, 
and  that  the  material  means  days  works,  they  will 


434 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


see  the  special  importance  of  buying  the  material  at 
home  and  keep  our  money  at  home. 

A man  working  in  a factory  making  shoes  ought 
to  be  in  favor  of  using  American  leather,  for,  if  the 
men  making  leather  can  sell  their  days  works  to 
make  such  leather  they  will  have  money  to  buy  and 
wear  out  the  shoes  the  factory  man  makes.  Now,  I 
am  going  to  repeat  again,  Mr.  Labor,  that  leather  is 
material  and  the  question  is, — do  we  all  catch  the 
point  and  see  the  importance  of  making  and  using 
our  own  material  and  thus  build  and  improve  our 
own  market? 

If  I thought  there  was  a man  here  now  who  had 
missed  this  point  I would  go  and  beat  it  into  him 
with  a club,  and  repeat  it  with  the  club  until  I knew 
he  had  it  regardless  of  any  charge  of  repeating. 

Labor.  You  are  right,  Mr.  Maxwell,  and  I concede 
your  claims.  What  we  desire  is  that  everybody  shall 
recognize  the  labor  that  is  in  everything,  and  that 
the  selling  of  our  labor  is  what  makes  our  market. 
The  two  brothers,  one  a farmer  and  the  other  a me- 
chanic, was  a good  illustration.  If  the  farmer’s  barn 
should  burn  with  his  grain  in  it,  everyone  would  feel 
so  sorry  that  he  had  lost  his  year’s  work,  for,  very 
likely,  the  barn  would  be  insured  but  not  the  grain. 
This  could  all  be  seen  and  realized.  The  mechanic 
brother,  however,  had  met  with  just  as  severe  a loss, 
but  we  fail  to  recognize  and  realize  it  as  we  should. 
What  I have  said  on  this  is  from  the  stand  that  the 
farmer  brother  did  all  his  own  work. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  If  a cargo  of  grain  belonging  to  our 
own  country,  which  represents  days  works  for  a mass 
of  people,  sinks  to  the  bottom  of  the  ocean,  we  can 
see  that  our  country  has  had  a loss,  but  it  is  virtually 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  435 

no  greater  loss  than  the  enforced  idleness  of  the 
same  number  of  people  in  other  industries,  where 
the  value  of  their  employment  would  be  equal  to 
the  grain.  One  we  can  see  and  the  other  it  seems 
we  try  not  to  see. 

Even  this  has  been  told  us  here  before,  in  some 
other  words  if  not  the  same,  but  it  is  good  to  reiter- 
ate that  its  fruit  may  not  be  lost. 

We  are  short  sighted,  Mr.  Labor.  I might  try  to 
make  myself  believe  I could  do  as  well  selling  for- 
eign goods  on  the  road,  but  if  I did  it  would  send 
just  so  much  more  of  our  money  to  Germany,  Eng- 
land, Erance,  Japan  and  other  countries,  and  hurt 
our  market  just  that  much,  and  in  the  end  I would 
sell  fewer  goods,  which  would  cause  me  to  work  for 
less  pay.  This  is  a fact,  too,  that  cannot  be  dis- 
guised, Mr.  Labor. 

I am  not  willing  to  buy  our  goods  of  foreign 
countries,  and  see  the  people  selling  them  to  us 
smoking  perfectos,  or  better,  while  we  are  smoking 
cob  pipes. 

Labor.  If  we  are  honest  and  true  to  ourselves  we 
will  patronize  our  own  people  first,  so  far  as  it  is 
possible  to  do  so. 

Speaking  of  honesty,  I would  like  to  have  you  de- 
fine an  honest  man,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  You  have  asked  me  to  solve  a prob- 
lem that  up  to  date  I have  been  unable  to  unravel. 
There  is  such  a difference  in  the  same  man  when  it 
is  convenient  for  him  to  be  honest  and  when  it  is 
not,  that  the  whole  question  staggers  me. 

Labor.  You  have  read  a great  deal  about  honest 
men  and  dishonest  men,  have  you  not? 

Mr.  Maxzvell.  How  could  honest  men  write  or  say 


43^  Labors*  Hard  Times  School, 

very  much  about  dishonesty?  They  are  not  posted. 
I cannot  remember  of  Abraham  Lincoln  ever  writ- 
ing or  saying  very  much  about  dishonest  people. 

Labor.  You  have  often  read  of  officials  charging 
that  some  one  tried  to  bribe  them? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Yes,  I have,  Mr.  Labor,  and  the  play 
they  are  making  always  confuses  me.  Most  people 
are  after  a reward  of  some  kind,  that  I do  know,  and 
it  is  difficult  for  them  to  pass  the  station  that  ap- 
pears to  hold  the  greatest  opportunity. 

I had  an  official  tell  me  once  that  no  one  ever  tried 
to  buy  him,  but  if  anyone  ever  did  try  he  would 
keep  still  about  it,  and  ask  the  buyer  how  he  found 
out  that  he  would  sell.  If  the  party  said  no  one 
had  ever  told  or  intimated  to  him  that  he  was  in  the 
market  or  anything  of  the  kind,  and  he  believed  he 
was  telling  the  truth,  then  the  official  said  he  would 
ask  him  what  there  was  in  his  looks  or  actions  that 
had  encouraged  the  offer,  saying  to  me,  “You  know, 
Maxwell,  it  is  never  too  late  to  reform.” 

I asked  him  if  he  didn't  think  a man  who  would 
buy  an  official  ought  to  be  exposed.  Yes,  he  said, 
he  did,  but  he  added,  “If  a man  should  try  to  buy 
me  I would  feel  so  ashamed  over  something  I had 
done  or  said,  or  the  kind  of  reputation  I had  that  I 
would  be  the  last  one  to  open  my  mouth  about  it, 
but  I would  try  to  find  out  what  had  aroused  the 
man’s  courage  to  the  point  of  making  the  offer.” 

Labor.  Some  people,  Mr.  Maxwell,  pay  their  debts 
promptly  and  some  do  not. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  That  is  no  particular  evidence  of 
honesty.  If  a man  owes  a dollar  and  pays  it  he 
simply  conforms  to  the  law;  he  has  only  done  what 
the  law  requires  of  him.  Most  business  men  today 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


437 


pay  promptly  because  it  is  policy  to  do  so.  They 
want  that  kind  of  a reputation;  it  helps  them  in  their 
business.  What  worse  blast  could  a house  get  than 
to  miss  a week  in  paying  their  help? 

No,  Mr.  Labor,  you  have  given  me  too  large  a 
question  to  handle;  the  word  honesty  covers  too 
much.  You  will  have  to  let  me  give  it  up.  If  we 
can  find  out  how  to  be  truly  honest  to  ourselves,  we 
will  come  about  as  near  treating  everybody  else  all 
right  as  any  other  way.  You  know  what  Shakespeare 
tells  us  about  ^‘to  thyself  be  true.’’ 

A man  is  honest  in  proportion  as  he  is  unselfish, 
and  in  the  same  ratio  is  he  a Christian.  I think  Lin- 
coln was  the  most  unselfish  public  man  I have  ever 
read  of. 

It  is  easy  to  condemn,  and  many  are  prolific  in 
that  art,  but  if  you  keep  close  watch  you  will  find 
them  frequently  taking  a dirty  trick  themselves  when 
they  think  they  can  do  it  by  winking  the  other  eye. 
Of  course  this  does  not  mean  me,  or  anyone  present. 

My  sympathy  always  goes  out  to  the  man  who 
shows  by  what  he  says  or  writes  that  he  is  burdened 
with  too  much  honesty. 

It  has  already  been  said  here,  and  it  is  true,  that 
the  man  who  seeks  to  rise  by  pulling  others  down 
is  sure  sooner  or  later  to  run  out  of  material. 

If  we  were  all  sincerely  honest  we  would  buy  and 
wear  only  American  goods. 

What  will  answer  for  President  McKinley  to  be 
inaugurated  in  is  plenty  good  enough  for  any  Ameri- 
can to  wear. 

I hope  that  if  there  is  anything  of  foreign  make 
in  use  in  the  White  House  that  our  country  can  pro- 
duce, President  McKinley  will  make  a present  of  it 


43B 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School 


to  former  Presidents  and  replace  it  with  American 
make.  Dine  and  wine  all  who  enter  there  on  Ameri- 
can dishes  and  set  an  example  for  future  Presidents. 

Labor.  You  are  aware,  Mr.  Maxwell,  that  our  aim 
is  to  better  our  country  and  to  better  our  people. 
When  we  are  doing  that  we  are  moving  in  lines  best 
suited  to  the  true  interest  of  our  wage  earners.  What 
can  you  recommend  in  the  latter’s  interest  that  has 
not  already  been  tried? 

Mr.  Maxwell.  It  looks  to  me  like  you  are  striving 
after  hard  questions,  Mr.  Labor.  If  I were  going  to 
advise  the  wage  earners  of  the  United  States  how  to 
benefit  themselves  I would  tell  them  to  hire  the  best 
adviser  on  earth,  and  then  listen  to  him. 

Labor.  Wage  earners  have  always  had  plenty  of 
advisers,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  Yes,  they  have  always  had  plenty 
of  cheap  advisers.  Good  and  valuable  advisers  come 
high,  the  same  as  anything  else  that  is  of  much 
worth.  If  wage  earners  will  hire  a lawyer  who  is 
worth  ^50,000  a year  (I  say  worth  that)  and  let  such 
a man  study  their  interests,  listen  to  him  and  do  just 
as  he  tells  them,  they  will  get  all  that  is  their  due, 
and  they  won’t  have  to  lose  half  their  time  through 
strikes  to  get  it,  either. 

Labor.  It  would  require  a very  peculiar  man  to  fill 
such  a place,  and  succeed,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  It  would  require  a man  with  a very 
popular  national  reputation;  it  would  require  a man 
as  free  from  the  tarnish  of  guile  or  intrigue  as  Mr. 
Idncoln,  Conklin  or  Grant;  it  would  require  a man 
as  firm  as  any  of  those  three.  It  would  require  a 
man  who  is  honest  because  he  has  no  disposition  to 
be  anything  else.  It  would  require  a man  who  at 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


439 


heart  scorns  buying  goods  of  foreign  countries  that 
our  wage  earners  can  make.  It  would  require  a 
man  who,  when  his  card  was  sent  in  to  no  matter 
how  difficult  a place  to  enter,  the  doors  would  fly 
open  at  once,  rather  than  to  receive  word  to  be  seat- 
ed and  await  his  turn.  Not  only  that  the  doors 
would  fly  open  either,  but  that  the  magnate  within 
would  come  forth  to  greet  him,  not  trusting  others 
to  carry  the  word  to  enter. 

When  wage  earners  will  employ  such  a man,  Mr. 
Labor,  to  study  their  interest,  one  able  to  meet  tal- 
ent with  talent,  they  will  have  opened  the  way  to 
peace  and  plenty  for  themselves.  The  last  things 
that  wage  earners  can  afford  to  have  are  expensive 
contentions  and  fights.  What  they  want  is  settle- 
ment and  peace. 

You  will  find  that  the  best  law  talent  obtainable  is 
directing  all  our  large  enterprises  today.  Such  en- 
terprises would  not  think  of  moving  in  any  new 
direction  until  the  approval  of  their  attorney  was 
had.'  Talent,  however,  that  would  answer  for  every 
day  affairs  would  not  answer  for  the  wage  earners. 
They,  to  succeed,  must  have  a representative  man, 
with  all  known  good  qualities,  and  no  bad  ones, 
combined  with  the  talent. 

They  require  a man  so  large  in  heart  and  mind 
that  there  are  none  larger.  The  largest  interests  in 
the  United  States  today  are  those  of  labor;  then  why 
should  labor  allow  any  smaller  institution  to  have 
any  better  adviser  than  they?  You  need  not  tell  me 
that  ordinary  men  can  do  this  work  for  labor;  they 
cannot  reach  far  enough. 

Labor  by  nature  has  the  sympathy  of  our  whole 
country,  and  the  right  man  to  constantly  adjust  that 


440 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


sympathy  and  the  wage  earners  so  as  to  keep  them 
m touch  with  each  other  would  not  meet  with  resist- 
ance sufficient  to  make  disputes  interesting,  let  alone 
having  such  a thing  as  contests. 

The  chief  worth  of  such  a man  to  wage  earners, 
Mr.  Labor,  would  be  when  he  pointed  out  to  them 
their  duties,  and  held  them  in  lines  where,  strictly 
speaking,  they  could  not  criticise  themselves. 

If  wage  earners  can  find  a man  in  height  six  feet, 
weighing  200  pounds. 

Full  of  talent,  to  meet  talent. 

Full  of  honesty,  to  meet  honesty, 

Full  of  justice,  to  meet  justice. 

Full  of  fairness,  to  meet  fairness, 

Full  of  refinement,  to  meet  refinement, 

Full  of  sagacity,  to  meet  sagacity. 

Full  of  logic,  to  meet  logic, 
one  of  the  select,  to  meet  the  select,  and  one  that 
the  circle  of  the  select  cannot  be  complete  until  he 
is  there — they,  the  wage  earners,  can  well  afford  to 
pay  such  a man  $100,000  per  year,  if  he  cannot  be 
had  for  less  money,  but  he  must  be  a man  who  will 
not  need  to  go  out  into  the  open  to  seek  the  loan  of 
a heart  or  soul. 

I might  as  well  claim,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I could 
handle  a large  army  as  successfully  as  the  greatest 
general  who  ever  graduated  at  West  Point  as  for 
wage  earners  to  tell  me  that  they  can  with  any  or- 
dinary talent,  or  any  ordinary  man,  economically 
direct  their  own  interests.  Like  against  like,  full  of 
courage  for  the  right,  is  what  will  win  for  them. 

The  wage  earner  has  all  the  advantage,  and  always 
has  had,  but  when  he  dons  the  garb  of  the  bully  the 
eye  of  the  law,  and  all  the  forces  behind  the  law, 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  44r 

including  every  consistent  citizen,  will  be  upon  him. 

I havs  a table  here,  showing  the  occupation  of  all 
the  people  of  our  country,  according  to  the  census 
of  1890.  All  occupations  show  the  immense  number 
of  22,735,661.  Over  five  million  of  these  people 
were,  in  1890,  employed  in  manufacturing  and  me- 
chanical industries. 

I do  not  think  it  best,  Mr.  Labor,  to  take  up  the 
time  of  the- class  in  discussing  any  of  the  special  de- 
partments of  labor;  the  field  is  too  broad,  or  was  in 
1890,  when  everybody  was  in  some  manner  em- 
ployed. I am  satisfied  that  you  will  look  upon  this 
table  as  containing  too  much  valuable  information 
to  leave  out  of  your  proceedings. 

It  is  copied  from  the  Daily  News  Almanac  of 
1896,  and  shows  nearly  two  million  laborers  not 
specified. 

Any  who  choose  can  very  readily  go  through  the 
table  when  they  get  the  published  proceedings  and 
gather  a comprehensive  conception  of  the  wage 
earners'  interest. 


442 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


OCCUPATIOXS  OF  THE  PEOPL.E. 

Number  of  persons  in  the  United  States  engaged  in  each  specified  occupa- 
tion, classified  by  sex,  Census  of  1890.  For  foot  notes  as(l) , etc., 
see  end  of  table,  pages  446-447. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  occupations 

22,735,661 

18,820,950 

3,914,711 

Agriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining 

9,013,201 

8,333,692 

679,509 

Agricultural  laborers  (1) 

3,004,015 

2,556.930 

447,085 

Apiarists 

1,800 

1,755 

45 

Dairymen  and  dairy  women 

17,806 

16,072 

1,734 

Farmers,  planters,  aud  overseers  (2) 

5,281,557 

5,055,130 

226,4  27 

Fishermen  and  oystermen  (3) 

60,150 

59,887 

263 

Gardeners,  florists,  nurserymen,  ana 
vine  growers 

72,601 

70,186 

2,415 

Lumbermen  and  raftsmen 

65,857 

65,829 

28 

Miners  (coal) 

208,549 

208,330 

219 

Miners  (not  otherwise  specified) 

141,039 

140.906 

133 

Quairymen 

37,658 

37,628 

30 

Stock  raisers,  herders,  and  drovers.. 

70,734 

70,047 

687 

Wood  choppers 

33,697 

33,665 

32 

Other  agricultural  pursuits  (4) 

17,738 

17,327 

411 

Professional  service 

944,323 

632,641 

311,682 

Actors 

9,728 

5,779 

3,949 

Architects 

8,070 

8.048 

22 

Artists  and  teachers  of  art 

22,486 

11,676 

10,810 

Authors  and  literary  and  scientific 
persons 

6,714 

3,989 

2,725 

Chemists,assayers,and  metallurgists 

4,510 

4,464 

46 

Clergymen 

88,295 

87,060 

1,235 

Dentists 

17,498 

17,161 

337 

Designers,  draughtsmen,  and  invent- 
ors   

9,322 

9,086 

306 

Engineers  (civil,  mechanical,  electri- 
cal, and  mining)  and  surveyors  — 

43,242 

43,115 

127 

Journalists. 

21,849 

20,961 

888 

Lawyers 

89,630 

89,422 

208 

Musicians  and  teachers  of  music  — 

62,155 

27,636 

34,519 

Officers  of  United  States  army  and 

2,926 

2,926 

Officials,  government  (5) 

79,664 

74,789 

4,875 

Physicians  and  surgeons 

104,803 

100,248 

4,555 

Professors  in  colleges  and  universi- 
ties   

5,432 

4,697 

735 

Teachers  

341,811 

96,581 

245,230 

Theatrical  managers,  showmen,  etc.. 

18,055 

17,421 

634 

Veterinary  surgeons  — 

6,494 

6,492 

2 

Other  professional  service 

1,569 

1,090 

479 

Domestic  and  personal  service 

4,360,506 

2,692,920 

1,667,686 

Barbers  and  hairdressers 

84,976 

82,15i 

2,825 

Bartenders 

55,807 

55,660 

147 

Boarding  and  lodging  house  keepers 

44,349 

11,756 

32,593 

Engineers  and  firemen  (not  Jocomo- 
tive) 

139,765 

139,718 

47 

Hotelkeepers 

44,140 

92,810 

38,825 

5,315 

Housekeepers  and  stewards  (6) 

6,008 

86,802 

Hunters,  trappers,  guides,  and  scouts 

2,552 

2,53 1 

2 1 

Janitors 

21,556 

18,776 

2,780 

Laborers,  not  specified  (1) 

1,913,317 

1,858,504 

54,813 

Launderers  and  1 ^undresses 

248,443 

31,816 

216,627 

Nurses  and  midwives 

58,090 

6,688 

51,402 

Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


443 


OCCUPATIONS  OF  THE  PEOPLE. — Continued. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females. 

Restaurant  keepers 

19,301 

16,885 

2,416 

Saloonkeepers 

71,412 

69,137 

2.275 

Servants 

1.443,399 

237,523 

1,205,876 

Sextons 

4,981 

4,954 

30 

Soldiers,  sailors, and  marines, U.S.  (7) 

27,919 

27,919 

Watchmen, policemen, and  detectives 

74,633 

74,350 

283 

Other  domestic  and  personal  service 

13,053 

9,619 

3,434 

Trade  and  transportation 

3,325,962 

3,097.653 

228  309 

Agents  (claim,  commission,  real  es- 
tate, insurance,  etc.) and  collectors 

174,579 

169,704 

4,875 

Auctioneers  * 

Bankers  and  brokers,  (money  and 

3,207 

3,205 

29,516 

2 

stocks)  

30,020 

504 

Boatmen  and  canalmen 

16,719 

16,683 

36 

Bookkeepers  and  accountants  (8) , . . 

159,374 

131,602 

27.772 

Brokers  (commercial) 

5,965 

5,953 

12 

Clerks  and  copyists  (9) 

556,900 

492,852 

64,048 

Commercial  travelers 

58,701 

58,089 

612 

Draymen,  hackmen,  teamsters,  etc.. 

368,502 

368,265 

237 

Foremen  and  overseers 

36,100 

355,117 

983 

Hostlers 

54,029 

54,005 

24 

Hucksters  and  peddlers 

59,083 

56,824 

2,259 

Livery  stable  keepers 

26,767 

26,719 

48 

Locomotive  engineers  and  firemen 
(10) 

79,463 

79,459 

4 

Merchants  and  dealers  In  drugs  and 
chemicals  (retail) 

46,411 

45,672 

739 

Merchants  and  dealers  in  dry  goods 
(retail) 

42,587 

40,358 

2,229 

Merchants  and  dealers  in  groceries 
(retail)  

115,085 

108,722 

6,363 

Merchants  and  dealers  in  wines  and 
liquors  (retail) 

10,090 

9,945 

145 

Merchants  and  dealers  in  wines  and 
liquors  (wholesale) 

3,657 

3,609 

48 

Merchants  and  dealers  not  specified 
(retail) 

446,230 

430,303 

15,927 

Merchants  and  dealers  (wholesale), 
importers  and  shipping  merchants 

27,542 

27,344 

198 

Messengers  and  errand  andofficeboys 

51,355 

48,446 

2,909 

Newspaper  carriers  and  newsboys. .. 

5,288 

5,216 

72 

Officials  of  banks,  and  of  insurance, 
trade,  transportation,  trust,  and 
other  companies  (11) 

39,956 

39,719 

237 

Packers  and  shippers 

24,930 

18,426 

6,504 

Pilots 

4,266 

4,265 

1 

Porters  and  helpers  (in  stores  and 
warehouses) 

24,327 

24,002 

329 

Sailors  (1) 

55,904 

55,875 

25 

Salesmen  and  saleswomen ^ 

264,380 

205,931 

58,449 

Steam  railroad  employes  (not  other- 
wise specified  (12) 

382,750 

381,312 

1,438 

Stenographers  and  typewriters 

33,333 

12,148 

21,185 

Street  railway  employes 

37,435 

37.423 

12 

Telegraph  and  telephone  operators.. 

52,214 

43,740 

8,474 

Telegraph  and  telephone  linemen  and 
eleclric  light  company  employes. . . 

11,134 

10.465 

669 

Undertakers 

9,900 

9,817 

S3 

^V’^eighers,  gaugers,  and  measurers... 

3,897 

3,842 

55 

0- her  persons  in  trade  and  transpor- 
tation   

3,882 

3,080 

802 

444 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


OCCUPATIONS  OF  THE  PEOPLE — Continued. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females. 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  indus 
tries  

5,091,-669 

4,064,144 

1,027,525 

Agricultural  implement  makers,  not 
otherwise  classified  (13) 

3,771 

3,717 

64 

Apprentices  (blacksmiths)  

4,245 

4,242 

3 

Apprentices  (boot  and  shoe  makers) 

1,031 

1,004 

27 

Apprentices  (carpenters  and  joiners) 

6,735 

6,726 

9 

Apprentices  (carriage  and  wagon  ma- 
kers  

853 

851 

2 

Apprentices  (dressmakers)  

4,439 

132 

4,307 

Apprentices  (leather  curriers,  etc.) . . 

422 

421 

1 

Apprentices  (machinists) 

9,729 

9,717 

12 

Apprentices  (masons) 

1.927 

1,926 

1 

Apprentices  (milliners) 

1,835 

140 

1,195 

Apprentices  (painters) 

2,322 

2,314 

8 

Apprentices  (plumbers) 

4,579 

4,576 

3 

Apprentices  (printers) 

4,628 

4,476 

152 

Apprentices  (tailors) 

2,625 

1,925 

700 

Apprentices  (tinsmiths) 

2,036 

2,032 

4 

Apprentices  (not  otherwise  specified) 

35,580 

34,039 

1,541 

Artificial  flower  makers 

3,130 

603 

2.527 

Bakers 

60,181 

57,908 

2.273 

Basket  makers 

5,223 

4,517 

706 

Blacksmiths 

205,315 

205,256 

59 

Bleachers,  dyers,  and  scourers 

14,19^ 

12,495 

1,697 

Bone  and  ivory  workers . . 

1,792 

1,548 

244 

Bookbinders 

23,787 

12.289 

11,498 

Boot  and  shoe  makers  and  repairers 

218,447 

179,838 

33,609 

Bottlers,  and  mineral  and  soda  water 
makers 

7,215 

6,659 

556 

Box  makers  (paper) .. 

19,239 

6,271 

12,968 

Box  makers  (wood) 

9,446 

8,098 

1,348 

Brass  workers  (not  otherwise  speci- 
fied) (14) 

17,268 

16,353 

915 

Brewers  and  maltsters  (15) 

20,349 

20,277 

72 

Brick  and  tile  makers  and  terra  cotta 
workers  (15) 

60,201 

60,007 

194 

Britannia  workers 

1,020 

893 

127 

Broom  and  brush  makers 

10,117 

8,944 

1,173 

Builders  and  contractors 

45,986 

45,976 

10 

Butchers  

105,442 

105,313 

129 

Butter  and  cheese  makers 

11,440 

10,941 

499 

Button  makers 

2,589 

1,067 

1,622 

Cabinet  makers 

35,926 

35,891 

35 

Candle,  soap,  and  tallow  makers.. .. 

3,449 

3,053 

396 

Carpenters  and  joiners 

611,417 

611,226 

191 

Carpet  makers  (16) 

22,290 

11,545 

10,745 

Carriage  and  wagon  makers  (not 
otherwise  classified  (27) 

34,572 

34,294 

278 

'Charcoal,  coke,  and  lime  burners.. .. 

8,699 

8,684 

15 

Chemical  works  employes  (17) 

3,783 

2,689 

1,044 

Clock  and  watch  makers  and  repair- 
ers   

25,303 

20,543 

4,760 

Compositors  (18) 

29,988 

23,702 

6,286 

Confectioners 

23,168 

17,562 

5,606 

Coopers  

47,489 

47,435 

54 

Copper  workers 

3,381 

3,873 

8 

Corset  makers 

6,608 

792 

5,816 

Cotton  mill  operatives  (19) 

173,058 

80,144 

92,914 

Distillers  and  rectifiers  (20) 

3,349 

3,340 

9 

Door,  sash,  and  blind  makers  (21) .. 

5,062 

5,034 

28 

Dressmakers 1 

288,983 

828 

288,165 

Labors*  Hard  Times  School, 


445 


OCCUPATIONS  OF  THE  PEOPLE — Continued. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females. 

Electroplaters 

2,757 

' 2,64E 

) 112 

Electrotypers  and  stereotypers  (18) . 

1,508 

! 1,50£ 

! 5 

Engravers 

8,319 

1 8,016 

i 303 

Fertilizer  maker  (17) 

716 

1 705 

1 11 

Fish  curers  and  packers  (22) 

1,303 

; 1,095 

208 

Gas  works  employes  (17) 

5,246 

5,209 

37 

Glass  workers 

34,382 

32,660 

' 1,722 

Glove  makers 

6,432 

2,760 

3,663 

Gold  and  silver  workers 

Gunsmiths,  locksmiths,  and  bell 

20,225 

16,890 

3,335 

hangers 

9,154 

9,065 

89 

Hair  workers 

Harness  and  saddle  makers  and  re 

1,266 

708 

558 

pairers 

43,468 

42,612 

856 

Hat  and  cap  makers 

Hosiery  and  knitting  mill  operatives 

24,030 

17,336 

6,694 

(16)  

29,219 

8,706 

20,513 

Iron  and  steel  workers  (23) 

144,536 

142,087 

2,449 

Lace  and  embroidery  makers 

5,393 

915 

4,478 

Lead  and  zinc  workers 

Leather  curriers,  dressers,  finishers, 

4,685 

4,452 

233 

and  tanners 

39,345 

39,032 

313 

Machinists 

Manufacturers  and  ofiicials  of  manu- 

177,076 

176,937 

139 

facturing  companies 

103,265 

101,216 

2,049 

Marble  and  stone  cutters 

61,069 

61,006 

63 

Masons  (brick  and  stone) 

Meat  and  fruit  packers,  canners,  and 

158,916 

158,874 

42 

preservers  (24) 

6,002 

4,604 

1,398 

Mechanics  (not  otherwise  specified) . 
Metal  workers  (not  otherwise  speci 

15,481 

15.468 

13 

fied ) 

Mill  and  factory  operatives  (not  spe- 

16,702 

15,840 

862 

cified)  (25) 

Millers  (flour  and  grist) 

93,411 

51,561 

41,859 

52,844 

52.745 

99 

Milliners 

60,464 

406 

60,058 

Model  and  pattern  makers 

10,301 

10,156 

145 

Molders 

Musical  instrument  makers  (nototh 

66;288 

66,241 

47 

erwise  specified  (26) 

724 

701 

23 

Nail  and  tack  makers  (27) 

4,638 

4,130 

508 

Oil  well  employes 

9,239 

9,229 

10 

Oil  works  employes 

5,624 

5,587 

37 

Painters,  glaziers,  and  varnishers. .. 

219,868 

218,622 

1,246 

Paper  hangers  

12,367 

12,313 

54 

Paper  mill  operatives 

27,824 

18,869 

8,955 

Photographers 

Piano  and  organ  makers  and  tuners 

20,029 

17,834 

2,195 

(28)  

14,717 

14,360 

357 

Plasterers  

38,935 

38,912 

23 

Plumbers  and  gas  and  steam  fitters. 

56,597 

56,555 

42 

Potters 

14,963 

12,943 

2,020 

Powder  and  cartridge  makers 

Printers,  lithographers  and  press- 

1,396 

978 

418 

men  (29)  

86,454 

80,889 

5,565 

Printworks  operatives  (30) 

Publishers  of  books,  maps  and  news- 

7,103 

5,356 

1,747 

papers  

6,426 

6,207 

219 

Roofers  and  slaters  

7,137 

7,134 

3 

Rope  and  cordage  makers 

8,420 

5.044 

3,376 

Rubber  factory  operatives 

16,349 

9.886 

6,463 

Sail,  awninar,  and  tent  makers 

3,244 

2.999 

245 

Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


446 


OCCUPATIONS  OF  THE 

PEOPLE — 

Continued. 

OCCUPATIONS. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females. 

Salt  works  employes 

1,867 

1,758 

109 

Saw  and  planing  mill  employes  (31) 

133,518 

133,216 

302 

Seamstresses  (32) 

Sewing  machine  makers  (not  other- 

149,704 

3,988 

145,716 

wise  classified)  (23)  

1,085 

888 

197 

Sewing  machine  operators  (32) 

7,028 

1.145 

5,883 

Ship  and  boat  builders 

22,932 

22,929 

3 

Shirt,  collar,  and  cuff  makers  (35) . . 

21.155 

5,206 

15,949 

Silk  mill  operatives  (36) 

34,814 

14,192 

20,622 

Starch  makers 

775 

681 

194 

Steam  boiler  makers 

21,278 

21,272 

6 

Stove,  furnace,  and  grate  makers(27) 

9,420 

9,397 

23 

Straw  workers 

3,805 

1,342 

2,463 

Sugar  makers  and  refiners 

2,737 

2,733 

4 

Tailors  and  tailoresses  (35) 

185,197 

121,586 

63,611 

Tinners  and  tinware  makers 

55,374 

54,427 

947 

Tobacco  and  cigar  factory  operatives 
Tool  and  cutlery  makers  (not  other- 

111,422 

83,601 

27,821 

wise  classified)  (36)  

Trunk,  valise,  leather  case,  and 

18,105 

17,454 

651 

pocketbook  makers 

6,300 

5,467 

833 

Umbrella  and  parasol  makers 

3,415 

1,480 

1,935 

Upholsterers 

25,723 

23,916 

1,807 

Well  borers 

4,889 

4,888 

1 

Wheelwrignts 

12,853 

12,852 

1 

Whitewashers 

3,984 

3.975 

9 

Wire  workers. 

Wood  workers  (not  otherwise  speci- 

12,348 

11,255 

1,093 

fied)  

67,225 

63,529 

3,696 

Woolen  mill  operatives  (37) 

Other  persons  in  manufacturing  and 

84,071 

47.636 

36,435 

mechanical  industries 

74.686 

59.807 

3 4,87 

■9 


(1.)  In  agricultural  districts  “agricultural  laborers”  are  often  reported 
simply  as  laborers. 

(2.)  Farmers’  wives,  sons,  and  daughters,  working  in  common  and 
without  stated  remuneration,  especially  in  the  southern  states,  are  often 
reported  as  “farmers”  and  so  tabulated. 

(3.)  Frequently  returned  as  “sailors.”  In  many  cases  where  the  avoca- 
tion is  followed  for  only  a portion  of  the  year  they  are  reported  under  some 
other  branch  of  industry. 

(4.)  Includes  “turpentine  farmers  and  laborers,”  principally  found  in  a 
few  of  the  southern  states. 

(5.)  Includes  national,  state,  county,  city,  and  town  governments. 

(6.)  Includes  pfiid  housekeepers  in  private  families,  hotels,  etc.,  matrons 
in  public  and  private  institutions  and  stewards  and  stewardesses. 

(7.)  “Sailors”  at  sea  are  liable  to  be  omitted  unless  they  are  actual 
members  of  families  which  are  enumerated. 

(8.)  Includes  bookkeepers  and  accountants  of  all  kinds,  irrespective  of 
where  they  may  happen  to  be  employed. 

(9.)  Includes  clerks  and  copyists  of  all  kinds,  irrespective  of  where  they 
may  happen  to  be  employed.  See  “Stenographers  and  typewriters.” 

(io,)  See  “Steam  railroad  employes  (not  otherwise  specified).” 

(11.)  Includes  officials  of  mining  and  quarrying  companies,  classified 
iu  1880  with  officials  of  manufacturing  companies. 

(12.)  See  “Tiocomotive  engineers  and  firemen.” 

(13.)  Generally  reported  as  blacksmiths,  carpenters,  iron  and  steel 
workers,  machinists,  painters,  wood  workers,  etc. 

(14.)  See  “ Holders  ” and  “ Metal  workers  (not  otherwise  specified).” 

(15.)  The  unskilled  workmen  are  often  reported  as  common  laborers. 

(16.)  S e “ Woolen  mill  operatives  ” and  “ Mill  and  factory  operatives 
(not  specified).” 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


447 


(17.)  Generally  reported  as  blacksmiths,  carpenters,  iron  and  steel 
workers,  machinists,  painters  and  varnishers,  upholsterers  and  trimmers, 
wheelwrights,  woodworkers,  etc. 

(18.)  The  unskilled  workmen  are  often  reported  as  common  laborers. 

(19.)  See  ‘‘Printers,  lithographers,  and  pressmen,” 

(20.)  See  ‘ Print-works  operatives  ” and  “ Mill  and  factory  operatives 
(not  specified.” 

(21.)  See  “Saw  and  planing  mill  employes.” 

(22.)  See  ‘‘Meat  and  fruit  packers,  canners,  and  preservers.” 

(23.)  Includes  employes  of  foundries,  furnaces,  and  rolling  mills.  See 
“Metal  workers  (not  otherwise  specified),”  “Moiders,”  “Nail  and  tack 
makers,”  and  “Stove,  furnace,  and  grate  makers.” 

(24.)  See  “Fish  curers  and  packers.” 

(25.)  Includes  textile  mill  operatives  (not  otherwise  specified),  and 
also  mill  and  factory  hands  for  whom  the  specific  branch  of  industry  was 
not  reported. 

(26.)  See  “Piano  and  organ  makers  and  tuners.”” 

(27.)  See  “Iron  and  steelworkers,”  and  ‘‘Metal  workers  (not  otherwise 
specified).” 

(28.)  See  “Musical  instrument  makers  (not  otherwise  specified).” 

(29.)  See  “Compositors”  and  “Electrotypers  and  sterreotypers.” 

(30.)  See  “Cotton  mill  operatives  ” and  “Mill  and  factory  operatives 
(not  specified.” 

(31.)  See  “Door,  sash,  and  blind  makers.” 

(32.)  See  “Sewing  machine  operators,”  ‘Shirt,  collar,  and  cuff  makers,” 
and  “Tailors  and  tailoresses.” 

(33.)  Generally  reported  as  cabinet  makers,  iron  and  steel  workers, 
machinists,  wood  workers,  etc. 

(34,)  See  “Seamstresses,”  “Shirt,  collar,  and  cuff  makers,”  and 
“ Tailors  and  tailoresses.” 

(35.)  See  “ Seamstresses  ” and  “ Sewing  machine  operators.” 

(36.)  Generally  reported  as  blacksmiths,  machinists,  etc. 

(37.)  See  “Carpet  makers,”  “ Hosiery  and  knitting  mill  operatives.” 
and  “ Mill  and  factory  operatives  (not  specified).” 


Mr.  Maxwell.  No  person  can  examine  that  list  of 
toilers  for  bread,  Mr.  Labor,  without  discovering 
that  everybody  is  interested  in  the  wage  earner’s  in- 
terest. You  can  see  for  yourself,  since  you  have  it 
in  your  hands,  what  it  is  that  creates  our  market,  or 
what  our  market  was  prior  to  1893,  when  all  those 
masses  of  people  were  at  work. 

It  is  an  important  feature  for  the  farmer  to  study, 
and  learn  again  if  it  is  not  to  his  interest  that  he  do 
what  he  can  when  voting  to  protect  our  own  in- 
dustries and  help  to  sustain  our  own  wage  earners, 
and  our  own  market,  all  of  which  means  so  much  <o 
him. 

Labor.  Yes,  Mr.  Maxwell,  I hope  our  farmers  will 
take  heed  of  this  table.  I see  at  a glance  what  they 


448 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


can  gather  from  it  as  to  the  importance  of  our  own 
market  to  them,  as  you  have  cited. 

By  the  table,  too,  we  can  see  the  importance  more 
clearly  of  the  wage  earner  recognizing  his  true  obli- 
gation to  himself. 

I believe  you  are  right,  Mr.  Maxwell,  when  you 
counsel  labor  to  employ  some  man  of  dignity  to  ad- 
vise them  and  represent  such  mammoth  interests. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I do  not  know  about  their  employ- 
ing too  much  dignity,  Mr.  Labor.  I do  not  care  so 
much  for  dignity  that  the  party  wearing  it  keeps  a 
mirror  near  to  see  whether  he  has  it  on  or  not.  R. 
G.  Ingersoll  is  credited  with  saying  that  “right  be- 
hind dignity  sits  a d d fool.”  I don't  like  dignity 

that  is  in  sight,  and  when  I see  any  I think  of  what 
Ingersoll  said. 

I like  such  dignity  as  Lincoln  wore.  If  any  trans- 
gressed he  told  them  a joke  or  pleasant  story  that 
would  cause  the  offender  to  adjust  himself  a little 
more  to  the  cut  of  his  own  clothes,  and  when  he  left 
the  great  man’s  presence  he  could  see  that  in  strik- 
ing at  the  nail  he  had  hit  his  fingers,  but  he  would 
not  feel  that  some  idiot  had  run  an  icicle  through 
him. 

In  my  opinion,  Mr.  Labor,  as  with  Lincoln,  true 
dignity  is  never  in  sight. 

I want  to  read  a speech,  Mr.  Labor,  that  President 
McKinley  made  in  Boston  on  November,  19th,  1891, 
when  a guest  of  the  Home  Market  Club  of  that  city, 
and  known  at  that  time  as  Major  McKinley,  the 
Champion  of  Protection. 

I read  this  speech  for  two  purposes;  the  first  is, 
that  it  has  a special  significance  at  this  time  when 
we  are  trying  to  discover  why  so  much  contentment 


Labors'  Hard  Times  School, 


449 


and  comfort  among  all  classes  of  our  people  prior 
to  1893,  and  why  the  distress,  woe  and  agony  of 
which  the  same  classes  have  been  victims  since  that 
time. 

The  second  reason  I read  it  is,  Mr.  Labor,  that  it 
contains  as  read  by  Major  McKinley,  now  President, 
as  he  calls  it,  a paragraph  taken  from  the  New  York 
Tribune  of  January  15,  1855,  over  forty-two  years 
ago. 

It  is  an  editorial  from  the  pen  of  a former  honest 
and  far  seeing  man,  Horace  Greeley.  The  words 
from  Mr.  Greeley  will  explain  themselves,  but  I de- 
sire that  you  all  pay  strict  attention  while  I read 
them. 

After  the  applause  which  greeted  the  rendering  of 
the  song  had  died  away,  Gen.  Draper  presented 
Major  McKinley  in  these  words:  “ I now  have  the 
pleasure  of  presenting  to  you,  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
Major  McKinley,  the  next  Governor  of  Ohio  and  a 
future  President  of  the  United  States.” 

Major  McKinley  was  tendered  a most  enthusiastic 
ovation.  Men  sprang  to  their  feet  and  threw  their 
hats  in  the  air,  yelling  like  mad,  while  the  ladies 
waved  their  handkerchiefs.  Above  all  the  uproar 
was  heard  the  “ Rah,  rah,  rah,  McKinley,'*’  of  the 
Harvard  Club.  Time  and  time  again  Major  McKin- 
ley attempted  to  speak,  but  the  applause  broke  forth 
again.  When  he  could  make  himself  heard,  he  said: 

MAJOR  m’kINLEY. 

Mr,  President^  Ladies  a?id  Gentlemen:  This  mag- 
nificent audience  is  a great  tribute  to  a great  cause. 
It  is  a great  cause,  because  it  is  the  cause  of  home, 
of  country,  of  family  and  of  fireside.  [Applause.] 
It  is  a tribute  to  a principle  which,  for  more  than 


450 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


thirty  years,  has  been  in  active  operation  in  this 
country,  and  has  brought  to  all  of  us  the  widest  and 
the  largest  prosperity.  '‘We  cannot  have  revenue, ' 
said  George  Washington  in  his  farewell  address, 
“unless  we  have  taxes.”  And  any  form  of  taxation 
is  always  more  or  less  inconvenient.  And  the  best 
form  of  taxation  is  that  which  rests  most  easily  upon 
the  citizen,  and,  while  raising  the  required  revenue 
for  public  purposes,  gives  encouragement  to  our 
own  people  in  their  chosen  occupations  and  employ- 
ments. Taxation,  therefore,  in  some  form  or  other, 
is  a fundamental  necessity  to  every  Government. 
And,  whatever  system  will  raise  the  revenue  needed 
for  federal  purposes  should  be  the  national  system. 
You  can  raise  money  for  federal  purposes  by  direct 
taxation.  You  can  raise  it  by  a tariff  taxation.  The 
Home  Market  Club,  and  the  Republican  party — in 
Ohio  [Applause] — do  not  believe  in  direct  taxation, 
except  in  times  of  war  and  except  in  the  presence  of 
a great  national  emergency.  They  believe  that  we 
should  never  tax  ourselves  as  long  as  we  can  find  the 
products  of  other  people  to  tax.  And  so,  after  the 
great  war  had  gone  by,  and  the  necessities  for  large 
federal  expenditures  growing  out  of  the  war  had 
passed,  the  Republican  party  abolished  all  direct 
taxation,  except  upon  two  subjects,  and  in  their  legis- 
lation they  relied  upon  tariff  taxation  to  raise  all 
needed  revenue.  And  they  have  'been  very  suc- 
cessful. 

The  difference  between  a revenue  tariff,  such  as  is 
advocated  by  the  Democratic  party  or  the  Demo- 
cratic leaders,  and  a protective  tariff,  such  as  is  ad- 
vocated by  the  Republican  party,  is  one  of  principle, 
which  touches  every  enterprise  and  every  occupa- 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


451 


tion  and  every  employment  of  the  people.  A 
revenue  tariff  will  do  nothing  but  raise  revenue.  It 
has  no  other  ambition  but  to  raise  revenue.  It 
has  no  other  object  or  purpose  but  to  put  revenue 
into  the  Federal  Treasury.  It  is  wholly  unmindful 
of  the  employments  and  occupations  of  the  people. 
It  is  money  for  the  Federal  Treasury  and  for 
nothing  else.  A protective  tariff,  as  an  agent  for 
raising  revenue  for  the  National  Treasury,  is  just  as 
good  as  a revenue  tariff,  and  in  times  past  has  been 
a more  certain  agent  for  raising  revenue  than  a 
revenue  tariff,  so  that  a protective  tariff  in  that  par- 
ticular does  everything  which  a Democratic  revenue 
tariff  would  do,  and  does  more.  While  it  raises  all 
the  needed  revenue  for  public  purposes,  it  encour- 
ages and  builds  up  the  industries  of  our  own  coun- 
try, and  protects  our  own  labor  and  our  own  skill 
against  the  labor  and  skill  of  every  other  country  of 
the  world.  [Applause.]  A revenue  tariff  never 
built  a factory  in  the  United  States.  [Applause.]  A 
revenue  tariff  never  opened  a mine  in  the  United 
States.  [Applause.]  A revenue  tariff  never  built  a 
fire  in  a furnace  in  the  United  States,  but,  as  a thou- 
sand old  men  in  this  audience  know  tonight,  a rev- 
enue tariff  has  more  than  once  extinguished  the  fires 
which  had  been  built  in  the  furnaces  under  a protec- 
tive tariff.  [Applause.] 

A revenue  tariff  encourages  the  foreign  shop  and 
the  foreign  laborer  and  discourages  the  domestic 
shop  and  the  domestic  laborer.  For  you  must 
remember  that  a revenue  tariff  is  for  revenue,  and 
revenue  only,  and  you  cannot  have  revenue  in  large 
volume  unless  you  have  large  importation,  and  you 
cannot  have  large  importations  of  competing  foreign 


452 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


products  without  displacing  to  that  extent  domestic 
products.  [Applause.]  And,  to  the  extent  that 
you  displace  domestic  products,  to  that  extent  you 
displace  American  labor  and  diminish  the  demand 
for  American  workingmen  in  the  United  States  and 
increase  the  demand  for  workingmen  abroad  in  for- 
eign shops.  You  can  raise  revenue  for  public  pur- 
poses with  a revenue  tariff,  but  you  do  it  at  the 
expense  of  your  own  industries  and  your  own  labor, 
and  there  finally  comes  a time  in  the  history  of 
revenue  tariff  legislation  when  you  have  so  impover- 
ished your  own  people  because  you  have  destroyed 
their  industries  that  give  them  employment  and 
wages,  there  comes  a time  when  a revenue  tariff  fails 
to  raise  the  needed  revenue,  because  the  people  have 
grown  too  poor  to  send  money  abroad  to  buy,  and 
then  a revenue  tariff  fails.  [Applause.]  But  a pro- 
tective tariff  never  fails.  [Applause.]  We  have  in 
the  last  twenty-five  years  paid  off  ^174,000  everyday 
of  the  public  Jebt  under  the  protective  tariff,  and 
w^hile  we  were  doing  that,  we  accomplished  what 
Senator  Hoar  hinted  at,  we  have  reached  the  first 
rank  in  the  world  as  a manufacturing,  mining  and 
agricultural  nation. 

They  say  protective  tariffs  are  a burden  Upon  the 
people.  There  is  not  a man  in  this  audience — there 
is  not  a man  in  Massachusetts — who  is  a citizen  of 
Massachusetts  and  whose  interest  is  in  Massachu- 
setts, who  knows  from  anypersonal  realization  of  abur- 
den  that  there  is  such  a thing  in  existence  as  an  Amer- 
ican protective  tariff — not  one  man  in  the  whole  State 
of  Massachusetts.  [Applause.]  And  did  itever  occur 
to  you  that  a man  isn’t  very  much  hurt  if  he  doesn’t 
know  it?  [Laughter.]  But  there  isn’t  a man  or 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


453 


woman  in  Massachusetts  tonight  who  doesn't  know 
from  personal  realization  of  the  blessings  of  a pro- 
tective tariff.  [Applause.]  The  laboring  man 
knows  its  blessings  from  work  and  wages;  the  far- 
mer knows  its  blessings  from  the  most  magnificent 
home  market  for  his  products  than  can  be  found 
anywhere  in  the  world  [applause],  and  the  great 
consuming  class  of  the  United  States  know  of  its 
blessings  in  the  cheaper  products,  cheaper  than  they 
ever  enjoyed  under  a Democratic  revenue  tariff. 
[Applause.] 

But  they  say  protective  tariff  keeps  us  out  of  a 
foreign  market.  If  there  is  anything  in  the  world 
that  delights  the  Democratic  leader  who  has  once 
been  a Republican,  it  is  something  on  the  other  side, 
something  foreign,  something  abroad.  For  me  and 
mine  there  is  no  place  like  home.  [Long  continued 
applause.]  This  is  the  best  country  in  the  world 
[applause],  and  people  come  here  and  never  go 
away  because  it^  is  the  best  country  in  the  world. 
[Applause.]  And  it  is  our  business  to  keep  it  the 
best  country  in  the  world.  [Applause,  and  a voice, 
‘‘That's  it."]  “ Keep  us  out  of  a foreign  market." 

I wish  you  could  read  with  me  a history  of  your  own 
country.  I wish  you  might  read  the  foreign  trade  of 
this  country  under  the  revenue  tariff  periods  of  its 
history  and  the  foreign  trade  of  this  country  under 
the  protective  tariff  periods  of  its  history.  Nothing 
more  need  be  said  when  that  history  is  learned  and 
known  by  the  citizens  of  this  country.  Why,  we 
send  abroad  in  a single  year,  and  have  since  1880  in 
more  than  half  a dozen  years,  we  have  sent  more 
wheat  abroad  in  twelve  months  to  Europe  under  a 
protective  tariff  than  we  sent  abroad  in  the  whole 


454 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


fourteen  years  of  a Democratic  revenue  tariff  from 
1846  to  i860.  From  1846  to  i860,  a period  of  four- 
teen years,  the  balance  of  trade  against  this  country 
— that  is,  we  bought  more  abroad  than  we  sold 
abroad — in  the  enormous  sum  of  $366,000,000,  a bal- 
ance of  trade  that  we  had  to  settle  with  Europe  in 
gold;  and  from  1867  to  1881,  a period  of  fourteen 
years,  under  protective  tariff,  we  sold  abroad  Ameri- 
can products  in  excess  of  what  we  bought  abroad 
$2,666,000,000.  [Applause.]  If  it  is  foreign  trade 
you  want,  you  find  the  best  foreign  trade  this  Gov- 
ernment ever  enjoyed  under  the  protective  period  of 
its  history. 

If  the  protective  tariff  is  such  a burden  upon  the 
people  it  must  show  itself  somehow  and  somewhere. 
Has  it  imposed  new  burdens  upon  the  Government 
itself?  In  twenty  years  under  a protective  tariff  we 
have  paid  off  more  than  $2,000,000,000  of  the  great 
public  debt.  In  the  last  twenty  years  we  have  re- 
duced the  indebtedness  more  than  25  percent.  In 
the  last  twenty  years  we  have  reduced  the  indebted- 
ness of  counties  and  municipalities  more  than  18  per 
cent.,  and  the  per  capita  debt  of  this  Government  is 
less  than  the  per  capita  debt  of  any  Government  of 
the  world.  [Applause.] 

Somebody  seemed  to  think  its  whole  business  is 
going  to  be  settled  on  the  question  of  free  wool. 
That  is  too  narrow  for  a national  policy.  [Ap- 
plause.] The  policy  that  makes  wool  when  it  comes 
from  the  sheep’s  back  free  and  tariff  wool  when  it  is 
put  on  our  backs  is  too  narrow  for  a national  policy. 
[Applause.]  If  the  people  of  this  country  would 
but  read  its  history  from  1850  to  i860,  no  argument 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


455 


need  be  made  against  a Democratic  revenue  tariff. 
[Applause.] 

Now,  I want  to  give  you,  at  the  expense  of  detain- 
ing you  longer  than  I ought  to,  for  there  are  distin- 
guished gentlemen  whom  I know  you  want  to  hear, 
but  I want  to  read  you  a paragraph,  taken  from  the 
New  York  Tribune  of  Jan.  15,  1855,  36  years  ago, 
which  describes  the  condition  of  the  country  at  that 
time,  and  described  by  that  great  master  mind,  Hor- 
ace Greeley,  who  was  an  honest  man.  [Applause.] 
Jan.  15,  1855,  turn  back  to  the  old  files  of  the  Tribu7ie 
and  you  will  find  this  in  its  leading  editorial: 

'‘Who  is  hungry?  Go  and  see.  You  that  are  full- 
fed,  and  know  not  what  it  is  to  be  hungry — perhaps 
never  saw  a hungry  man — go  and  see.  Go  and  see 
thousands,  men  and  women,  boys  and  girls,  old  and 
young,  black  and  white,  of  all  nations,  crowding  and 
jostling  each  other,  almost  fighting  for  a first  chance, 
acting  more  like  hungry  wolves  than  human  beings 
in  a land  of  plenty.  It  is  only  by  the  continuous 
efforts  of  two  policemen  that  the  crowd  can  be  kept 
in  order,  or  made  to  wait  till  the  food  is  ready  for 
distribution.  Such  a scene  may  be  seen  every  day 
between  ii  and  12  o’clock  around  the  corner  of  Or- 
ange and  Chatham  streets,  where  charity  gives  a 
dinner  to  the  poor,  and  soup  and  bread  to  others  to 
carry  to  their  miserable  families. 

On  Saturday  we  spent  an  hour  there  at  the  hour  of 
high  tide.  We  have  never  seen  anything  like  it  be- 
fore. Upward  of  1,000  people  were  fed  with  a plate 
of  soup,  a piece  of  bread  and  a piece  of  meat,  on  the 
premises,  and  in  all  more  than  1,600.  On  the  same 
day  1,130  portions  of  soup  were  dealt  out  from  Stew- 
art’s ‘soup  kitchen,’  in  the  rear  of  the  great  store  cor 


456  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

ner  of  Reade  street  and  Broadway.  At  the  rooms  on 
Duane  street  for  the  relief  of  the  poor,  on  the  same 
day,  they  gave  food  to  2,256.  In  the  Sixth  Ward 
alone  over  6,000  persons  were  fed  by  charity  on  Sat- 
urday, January  13.  And  this  is  only  one  day  in  one 
ward.  Meanwhile  scenes  of  a like  nature  are  being 
enacted  all  over  the  city.  A procession  of  several 
thousand  persons  kept  marching  about  the  streets 
yesterday,  with  flags  and  banners  which  bore  such 
inscriptions  as:  ‘ Hunger  Is  a Sharp  Thorn,’  ‘ The 
Last  Recourse,’  ‘ Live  and  Let  Live,’  ‘ We  Want 
Work,’  etc. 

Such  are  the  scenes  that  are  being  enacted  daily  be- 
fore our  eyes,  while  the  cry  of  hard  times  reaches  us 
from  every  part  of  the  country.  The  making  of  roads 
is  stopped,  factories  are  closed  and  houses  and  ships 
are  no  longer  being  built.  Factory  hands,  road  mak- 
ers, carpenters,  bricklayers  and  laborers  are  idle,  and 
paralysis  is  rapidly  embracing  every  pursuit  in  the 
country.  The  cause  of  all  this  stoppage  of  circula- 
tion is  to  be  found  in  the  steady  outflow  of  gold  to 
pay  foreign  laborers  for  the  cloth,  the  shoes,  the  iron 
and  the  other  things  that  could  be  produced  by 
American  labor,  but  which  cannot  be  so  produced 
under  our  present  revenue  system.  The  convulsion 
would  have  come  upon  us  sooner  but  for  the  extra- 
ordinary demand  in  Europe  for  breadstuffs,  growing 
out  of  huge  famines  and  big  wars,  and  but  for  the 
dazzling  and  magnificent  discovery  of  gold  mines  in 
California,  by  which  hard  money  sufificient  to  buy  an 
empire  has  been  called  into  existence  and  exported 
to  Europe.  If  we  could  stop  the  import  of  the  for- 
eign articles,  the  gold  would  cease  to  flow  out  to  pay 
for  them,  and  money  would  then  become  more 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


457 


abundant,  labor  would  then  again  be  in  demand, 
shoes,  clothing  and  other  commodities  would  then 
again  be  in  demand,  and  men  would  then  cease  to 
starve  in  the  streets  of  our  towns  and  cities.  If  it  be 
not  stopped  the  gold  must  continue -to  go  abroad, 
and  employment  must  become  from  day  to  day  more 
scarce,  until  where  there  are  now  many  thousands 
we  shall  see  tens  of  thousands  of  men  everwhere 
crying:  “ Give  me  work.  Only  give  me  work. 
Make  your  own  terms;  my  wife  and  children  have 
nothing  to  eat.’  ” 

That  is  a description  of  those  times  by  Horace 
Greeley,  and  yet  the  average  Democratic  leader  says 
that  was  the  golden  period  of  American  liberty. 
[Laughter  and  applause.]  If  that  be  so,  my  friends, 
I pray  God  to  spare  us  another  golden  visitation. 

And  they  say  this  new  tariff  law  is  a Chinese  wall 
around  this  country,  that  you  can  neither  go  out  nor 
come  in.  What  this  tariff  law  will  do  no  longer 
rests  on  what  the  prophet  says  about  it.  What  it  will 
do  no  longer  exists  in  the  froth  of  declaration,  but  in 
the  fact  of  demonstration.  It  has  been  in  operation 
now  a little  more  than  a year.  It  has  had  one  birth- 
day, one  anniversary,  and  it  will  have  a good  many 
more  anniversaries.  [Continued  applause.] 

The  principle  upon  which  that  bill  was  made  per- 
mitted everything  to  come  into  this  country  free 
which  we  could  not  make  or  did  not  propose  to 
make,  except  luxuries,  and  we  put  the  tariff  upon 
the  foreign  products  that  compete  with  the  Ameri- 
products,  to  the  end  that  we  might  encourage  Amer- 
ican production  and  American  labor.  [Applause,] 
And  there  is  not  a line  of  that  law  that  is  not 
American  [Applause],  there  is  not  a page  of  it  that 


458 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


is  not  patriotic  [Applause],  there  is  not  a paragraph 
that  is  not  dedicated  to  the  American  home.  [Ap- 
plause.] Why,  they  said  prices  were  going  up  last 
fall.  The  campaign  prevaricator  had  a wide  range, 
and  he  played  his  part  well.  The  law  had  been  in 
operation  but  about  three  weeks,  when  the  elections  of 
last  year  took  place.  But  the  campaign  prevaricator 
is  out  of  business  on  that  law  now.  [Applause.]  As 
I said,  it  has  been  in  operation  I2  months.  We 
never  had  so  much  domestic  trade  in  any  12  months 
of  our  history.  We  never  had  as  much  foreign 
trade  in  any  12  months  since  the  beginning  of  the 
Federal  Government  as  we  have  had  since  this  bill 
became  a law.  We  never  bought  as  much  abroad  in 
any  12  months  in  our  history  as  we  bought  in  the 
first  12  rnonths  of  this  law,  largely  because  of  the 
new  free  list,  made  under  protection  lines,  in  this 
law.  We  put  everything  on  the  free  list  that  we 
could  not  produce  ourselves.  We  have  sold  more 
abroad  in  these  12  months  than  in  any  12  months 
since  the  administration  of  George  Washington,  and 
when  Europe  came  to  settle  the  balance  of  trade 
with  us,  after  the  first  12  months  of  operation  with 
us  under  that  law,  Europe  paid  to  the  United  States 
^99,000,000  in  gold,  representing  the  excess  of  what 
Europe  bought  of  us  over  what  we  bought  of  Eu- 
rope. [Applause.] 

And  yet  they  don’t  like  it.  [Laughter.]  Why,  they 
say  that  we  need  free  raw  material.  Why,  we  never 
had  anything  but  raw  material  under  a Democratic 
revenue  tariff.  [Laughter  and  applause.]  It  was 
the  rawest  of  the  raw.  The  coal  and  iron  ore  which 
God  Almighty  placed  in  our  hills  and  our  mountains 
were  permittedTo  sleep  through  the  years  of  a Dem- 


■ Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


459 


ocratic  revenue  tariff  [Applause],  and  were  never 
developed  and  opened  up  till  touched  by  the  magic 
hand  of  protection. 

Why,  they  say  we  cannot  make  tin  plate.  [Laugh- 
ter and  applause.]  They  said  that  during  the  cam- 
paign. They  won’t  say  it  any  more.  [Applause.] 
They  said  we  could  not  make  steel  rails,  they  said 
we  could  not  make  Russia  iron,  they  said  we  could 
not  make  plate  glass,  they  said  we  could  not  make 
cut  glass  and  cutlery,  they  said  we  could  not  make 
china  ware,  and  we  never  did  and  never  could  have 
made  any  of  them  under  a Democratic  revenue  tariff. 
[Applause.]  And  yet  to-day  of  all  these  articles  we 
make  as  good  as  can  be  made  anywhere  in  the  world 
[Applause]  and  they  are  cheaper  to  the  American 
consumer  than  they  were  when  we  imported  them 
from  the  other  side. 

Now,  my  fellow-citizens,  I have  talked  to  you 
longer  than  I ought  to.  [A  voice:  “Go  on,”  and 
Applause.]  This  policy  of  protection  must  be  main- 
tained and  continued  because  it  represents  to  us  the 
highest  possible  civilization  and  the  best  and  noblest 
destiny.  They  talk  about  things  being  cheaper  from 
the  other  side.  There  is  nothing  cheap  from  abroad 
to  this  people  that  means  idleness  among  ourselves 
[Applause],  and  there  is  nothing  cheap  to  the  peo- 
ple of  this  country  that  permits  to  rest  undeveloped 
In  our  hills  the  great,  rich  raw  materials  which  God 
placed  there,  and  there  is  nothing  cheap  enough  in 
all  Europe  to  buy  the  dignity  and  independence  and 
glory  of  American  manhood.  [Long  continued  ap- 
plause.] I will  tell  you  when  we  can  have  free  trade. 
Whenever  the  nations  of  the  world  will  bring  their 
condition  up  to  ours  [Applause],  whenever  they  Vv^ill 


46o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


pay  to  their  labor  the  same  wages  that  we  pay  to 
ours  [Applause],  when  they  will  do  that,  we  will 
meet  them  in  the  neutral  markets  of  the  world,  and 
it  will  be  the  survival  of  the  fittest.  [Applause.] 
But,  so  long  as  the  workingman  knows  the  power 
and  the  majesty  of  the  ballot,  we  will  never  bring 
our  condition  down  to  theirs.  [Applause.]  Revenue 
tariff  levels  down;  a protective  tariff  levels  up.  [Ap- 
plause.] A revenue  tariff  would  cheapen  products 
by  cheapening  men;  a protective  tariff  would  cheapen 
products  by  elevating  men  and  getting  from  them 
their  best  skill,  their  best  genius,  their  best  inven- 
tion. [Applause.] 

They  want  free  trade.  They  wanted  it  before  the 
war.  You  will  get  it  here  in  New  England — of 
course,  I mean  in  iron  ore  and  coal.  You  will  get 
free  iron  ore  and  free  coal  from  the  Democratic 
leaders,  exactly  as  you  got  it  under  the  Mills  bill, 
that  is,  you  won’t  get  it  at  all.  [Laughter  and  ap- 
plause.] When  the  little  coterie  of  New  England 
Democrats  assembled  and  said,  “We  will  have  in 
this  Mills  bill  free  iron  ore  and  free  coal,”  and  got 
it  in  when  it  was  yet  in  the  Committee  on  Ways  and 
Means,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Geor- 
gia and  Alabama  Democrats  said  to  that  Democratic 
committee,  “Take  those  things  out,”  and  they  took 
them  out.  [Laughter  and  long  continued  applause.] 
And  they  never  got  in  again.  [Laughter.]  And  it 
will  be  so  when  the  next  bill  is  made.  I am  anxious 
to  see  that  bill.  [Laughter.]  I confess  to  some  am- 
bition to  see  it.  I am  curious  to  know  whether  it 
will  be  fashioned  after  the  Mills  pattern  or  after  the 
horizontal  pattern  of  Mr.  Morrison.  But,  whatever 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  461 

it  is,  mark  my  word,  it  will  be  a crazy  quilt.  [Laugh- 
ter and  applause.] 

The  day  of  criticism  of  tariff  bills  to  the  Demo- 
cratic party  is  gone  by.  The  period  of  destructive 
tariff  reform  is  at  an  end.  The  period  of  construct- 
ive tariff  reform  is  on  the  Democratic  party  in  the 
next  House,  and  I am  curious  to  see  their  construc- 
tion. Now  I think  a good  deal  of  Mr.  Mills,  and  I 
should  say  he  ought  to  be  Speaker  of  the  next 
House,  and  I would  say  it  here  in  his  presence  if  I 
didn’t  think  it  would  injure  him.  He  is  a frank, 
manly  man,  is  Roger  Q.  Mills,  and  I pay  him  the 
tribute,  but  I want  to  say  to  these  people  of  New 
England,  from  which  we  learned  our  first  lessons,  we 
boys  of  the  West,  that  the  civilization  and  the  edu- 
cation and  the  traditions  of  Texas  do  not  fit  a man 
to  dictate  the  industrial  policy  of  63,000,000  of  peo- 
ple. [Long  continued  applause.]  What  you  want 
to  do  in  New  England  is  to  stand  by  that  policy  that 
has  stood  by  you.  [Applause.]  If  there  is  any 
spot  of  ground  in  these  United  States  that  is  in- 
debted to  protection  for  its  progress  and  glory  and 
prosperity,  it  is  these  great  manufacturing  states  of 
New  England  [“Good,”  and  applause]  and  nobody 
knows  that  better  than  New  England  men.  We  will 
take  care  of  the  West.  [Applause.]  You  cannot 
carry  forward  a great  principle  in  a whispering  gal- 
lery [laughter];  you  must  speak  out.  Believing, 
dare  to  stand.  [“Good,”  and  applause.] 

Applause  greeted  Mr.  Maxwell  when  he  had  fin- 
ished reading,  and  when  order  was  restored  Col. 
Rasbach  arose  and  said:  Mr.  Labah,  I think,  sah,it 
is  vewy  fawtunate  foh  us  all  that  Mistah  Maxwell 
has  read  that  speech  to  us.  President  McKinley 


462  , Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

although,  sah,  I did  not  vote  foh  him,  has  been 
wight  all  along  the  line,  sah,  wegawding  ouah  tawiff 
laws,  and  I shall  take  him  by  the  hand  if  I eveh 
meet  him,  sah,  and  tell  him  he  has  been  wight,  and 
that  he  has  done  ouah  countwy  gweat  sehvice,  sah. 
That,  sah,  though,  is  not  what  I awose  foh,  sah.  I 
have  always  been  an  enemy  of  Howace  Gweeley, 
sah,  and  I want  now,  Mr.  Labah,  to  say  to  you  all 
that  Howace  Gweeley  was  wight,  and  I was  wong, 
sah.  He  was  always  twying,  sah,  to  get  us  to  vote 
to  keep  ouah  money  at  home,  but  ouah  fathehs  and 
ouhselves  we  woundn’t  do  it,  sah.  We  thought,  sah, 
he  didn’t  know,  but  ouah  last  foah  yeahs  expehience 
and  this  school  has  shown  me  that  Howace  Gweeley 
did  know,  sah,  and  as  I said  befoah,  he  was  wight  and 
I have  been  wong*,  s,ah.  I was  taught  not  to  wead  his 
papeh,  sah.  If  I had  wead  it  awh  otheh  papehs  like 
it  I might  have  found  out  yeahs  ago,  sah,  that  if  we 
sent  ouah  money  away  fwom  home  foh  goods,  sah, 
and  let  ouah  own  people  wemain  idle,  sah,  that  v/e 
would  have  hawd  times  and  dwive  ouah  pooh  to  the 
soup  houses,  sah.  I have  alweady  told  you,  sah, 
that  I shall  vote  no  moah  foh  fwee  twade,  and  I 
move  you  now,  sah,  Mistah  Laboh,  that  a vote  of 
thanks  be  extended  to  Mistah  Maxwell,  sah,  foh 
showing  us  what  the  times  weah  in  1855,  sah,  and 
what  fwee  twade  did  foh  ouah  countwy  then,  sah. 

Seconds  to  the  motion  came  from  all  over  the 
house,  and  when  Labor  put  it  it  was  carried  with  a 
storm  that  seemed  to  have  all  kinds  of  power  in  it. 

Mr.  Maxwell.  I thank  you  all  from  my  whole 
heart  for  this  kind  approval  and  most  cordially  do  I 
thank  Col.  Rasbach.  I feel,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I am 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  463 

very  fortunate.  I am  sure,  that  up  to  date,  I am  the 
only  man  alive  who  never  made  a mistake. 

Labor,  Under  such  circumstances,  Mr.  Maxwell, 
you  will  need  to  be  very  careful  else  you  may  lack 
charity  for  others  who  have  made  so  many  mistakes. 

Mr.  Maxwell,  I presume,  Mr.  Labor,  on  account 
of  having  never  made  a mistake  myself  I do  at 
times  have  too  little  charity  for  others.  I cannot 
find  it  in  my  makeup  to  have  any  patience  with  a 
free  trader  any  more  than  I can  have  charity  for  the 
farmers  of  our  country,  who,  during  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  hauled  and  sold  their  grain  to  the  British 
army  when  General  Washington  and  our  army  were 
starving  at  Valley  Forge. 

The  spirit  that  prompts  the  sentiments  in  the  free 
trader  is  to  me  the  same  spirit  that  induced  the 
American  farmer  to  help  the  British  army  when  out 
own  army  was  without  boots'  and  shoes,  with  feet 
bleeding  on  frozen  ground,  and  hungry,  too. 

We  always  have  this  kind  of  people  with  us,  Mr. 
Labor,  and  they  are  among  us  today.  I can  have  no 
charity  for  the  men  who,  in  the  Illinois  legislature 
and  the  Indiana  legislature,  during  our  Civil  Vv^at 
each  passed  a bill  that  the  soldier  who  had  volun- 
teered and  offered  his  life  for  his  country,  should  be 
deprived  of  a vote  in  the  field,  that  such  a man 
should  not  have  a voice  in  who  should  dictate  at  the 
very  front  of  our  affairs,  except  he  stole  away  from 
his  sworn  duty  or  secured  a furlough  to  come  home 
to  vote.  Surely  our  army  could  not  come  home  for 
that  purpose,  and  the  men  who  passed  the  bill  knew 
that.  Thank  Heaven,  Governor  Yates,  of  Illinois, 
and  Governor  Oliver  P.  Morton,  of  Indiana,  vetoed 


464 


Labors’  Uabd  Times  School. 


the  bills,  and  they  could  not  muster  votes  suflficient 
to  pass  them  over  the  vetoes. 

I will  guarantee  you,  Mr.  Labor,  if  any  of  the  men* 
who  voted  for  those  bills  are  living  today  that  they 
are  free  traders,  and  what  is  more,  if  any  are  living, 
they  will  deny  now  that  they  ever  voted  for  the 
bills,  just  as  in  the  future  men  who  are  free  traders 
today  will  deny  that  they  ever  favored  any  such  sen- 
timents, and  when  Dingley  is  dead,  provided  his  bill 
ever  passes,  they  will  claim  Dingley  as  their  own, 
the  same  as  they  claim  Lincoln  now,  when  in  fact 
the  spirit  that  prompted  Lincoln’s  murder  is  the 
same  that  supported  the  two  bills  referred  to. 

I am  confident,  Mr.  Labor,  that  a single  soul  could 
not  be  found  among  Col.  Rasbach’s  people  who 
would  have  suggested  denying  their  soldiers  a vote 
in  the  field  during  the  war;  the  South  does  not  treat 
its  own  kind  that  way. 

A few  mornings  ago,  Mr.  Labor,  a man  at  his  post 
who  was  working  for  wages,  said  to  me  in  defence  of 
free  silver,  that  our  government  because  wheat  was 
plenty  might  as  well  say  that  we  should  only  use  so 
much  wheat  as  to  say  we  should  only  use  so  much 
silver. 

I asked  him, — then  if  I was  chuck  full  of  wheat, 
if  he  was  in  favor  of  a law  that  would  force  me  to 
eat  still  more. 

The  poor  deluded  boy  tried  to  dodge,  but  there 
was  no  place  for  him  to  go. 

I am  ashamed  to  bring  so  simple  a proposition  up, 
and  if  the  case  had  not  occurred  just  as  I have  cited, 
I would  not  have  taken  up  a moment’s  time  with  it. 
I do  not  belive  the  thought  was  original  with  the 
man,  and  am  of  the  opinion  that  he  read  it  in 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School.  465 

some  silver  literature,  or  listened  to  some  silver 
orator  shouting  it. 

• Our  government  does  buy  wheat  or  flour,  which  is 
the  same,  for  the  army,  but  they  only  buy  what  they 
want,  as  has  been  cited  here  before,  and  there  would 
be  the  same  sense  in  forcing  the  government  to  buy 
more  flour  than  it  needs  that  there  would  be  in  forc- 
ing it  to  buy  more  silver  or  gold  than  it  can  use. 

The  poor,  blind  boy  does  not  stop  to  see  that  our 
government  lets  him  buy  all  the  wheat  he  wants  to, 
and  so  it  permits  him  to  buy  all  the  silver  he  wants, 
and  if  he  desires  he  can  pay  more  than  the  market 
price  for  wheat,  and  so  can  he  pay  more  than  the 
market  price  for  silver  if  he  wants  to,  but  if  he  is  fool 
enough  to  do  that  he  ought  not  to  ask  our  govern- 
ment to  be  the  same  kind  of  a fool. 

I wonder,  Mr.  Labor,  where  these  free  silver  men 
get  hold  of  the  silly  stuff  they  proclaim  from  time 
to  time. 

They  ought  to  stay  in  deep  water  and  talk  about 
things  that  no  one  can  understand.  When  they  do 
that  they  seem  to  make  a little  headway,  but  as  soon 
as  they  make  anything  plain  so  it  can  be  compre- 
hended by  us  little  fellows,  they  fall  down. 

I want  to  say  again,  Mr.  Labor,  that  I am  very 
thankful  that  I have  had  steady  employment  and 
steady  pay  during  all  these  hard  times,  and  I wish  to 
acknowledge  again  that  it  is  impossible  for  me  to 
appreciate  the  strain  that  must  have  rested  upon 
those  who  have  been  idle  and  had  no  income.  Ev- 
erything has  been  cheap,  and  I have  had  an  unrea- 
sonable advantage. 

If  the  Dingley  bill  becomes  a law,  and  virtually 
we  know  it  must,  I shall  look  for  everything  to  cost 


466  Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 

me  more  because  I ought  to  pay  more.  It  is  my 
duty,  and  the  duty  of  every  living  person,  to  pay  a 
profit  to  some  one  for  all  he  has. 

Low  prices  have  ruled  for  a long  time,  and  there 
is  no  question  but  that  most  goods  have  sold  with- 
out a profit.  Such  conditions  could  not  maintain 
except  in  the  end  my  pay  would  have  been  lowered, 
all  of  which  has  already  been  said,  Mr.  Labor,  but  I 
am  going  to  say  it  again,  for  I anticipate  a great 
danger  among  people  who -have  had  steady  employ- 
ment during  all  these  stringent  times  blaming  a 
tariff  bill  that  makes  it  cost  them  more  to  live. 
They  fail  to  study  what  the  result  would  have  been 
had  the  straitened  conditions  continued. 

It  would  be  a narrow  soul  within  me  that  could 
desire  that  one-fourth  of  our  people  should  be  idle 
that  I might  have  things  cheap,  and  it  would  be  a 
narrow  view  on  my  part,  or  that  of  anyone  else  who 
has  employment,  to  think  for  a moment  that  such 
idle  people  would  not  eventually  fight  for  our  places 
at  any  prices  they  could  get.  Hunger  would  have 
done  the  job  for  us,  and  in  the  end  our  pay  would 
have  been  on  a level  with  all  else.  There  is  a 
natural  law  governing  all  these  questions  that  in  the 
end  could  not  have  been  escaped. 

Our  lessons  here,  I want  to  remind  you  all,  will  be 
read  when  times  are  likely  to  be  good  for  I am  will- 
ing to  go  on  record,  Mr.  Labor,  that  when  the  Ding- 
ley  bill  becomes  a law  our  industries  will  revive,  and 
times  will  be  good.  By  1899  we  will  be  flying  so  fast 
and  easy  that  what  we  have  recently  passed  through 
will  be  forgotten. 

In  1900,  as  we  have  said,  the  free  trader  will  be 
showing  by  figures  how  cheap  everything  was  in 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School.  467 

1896,  and  he  will  ask  us  to  forget  that  days  works 
were  so  cheap  at  the  same  time  that  they  would  not 
sell  at  all. 

If  prices  go  up  it  will  not  hurt  the  man  who  can 
find  a market  for  his  labor,  but  things  can  never  be 
cheap  enough  to  fit  the  man  who  cannot  sell  his 
days  works. 

I am  reminded  of  our  adopted  son,  Mr.  Labor.  It 
was  Saturday  evening  and  our  friend  from  the  old 
dart,  all  by  his  lonesome,  was  strolling  about  the 
town  visiting  the  various  retailers  of  enthusiasm.  He 
had  reached  that  stage  where  home,  fireside,  the 
green  and  the  shamrock  came  back  to  him  in  all 
their  rich  effulgence.  He  called  for  a glass  of  beer 
and  handed  the  retailer  a ten-dollar  bill.  The  retailer 
said:  'Ts  this  the  smallest  you  have?”  ‘Tt  is,”  said 
our  friend  from  the  choice  land.  “Say,”  he  added, 
why  do  yese  charge  five  cints  for  a glass  of  beer?  I 
can  take  two  for  five  cints  in  the  ould  country.” 
Retailer,  slightly  ruffled:  “Why  didn’t  you  stay 
there,  then?”  From  the  old  dart:  “Bekase,  to  tell 
you  the  thruth,  Misther  Officer,  I couldn’t  get  the 
five  cints.” 

Open  competition  in  a small  way  is  ruinous  as  well 
as  open  competition  in  a large  way.  Open  war  with 
the  railroads  leads  to  the  destruction  of  properties^ 
the  end  of  which  is  iron  ties  and  bridges  not  suitable 
to  risk  life  on.  These  facts  are  now  seen  and  ad, 
mitted. 

What  holds  good  with  large  enterprises  holds  good 
with  small  affairs.  Ultimate  success  for  all  busi- 
ness in  the  future  must  come  through  conference  and 
plans  made  regulating  competition.  T<^  recommend 


468 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School 


anything  less  is  to  argue  that  our  country  is  bene- 
fitted  when  everybody  is  doing  business  at  a loss. 

If  our  railroads  succeed  under  present  laws,  the 
trunk  lines  will  have  to  absorb  the  lesser  lines,  and 
concentrate  all  interests  into  the  hands  of  a few. 
And  that  few  wise  enough  To  recognize  that  living 
rates  must  be  maintained  and  judicious  enough  to 
maintain  living  rates  without  their  finding  it  out.  If, 
ultimately,  it  is  learned  that  to  accomplish  this  all 
such  interests  will  have  to  come  under  one  head,  one 
head  it  will  be,  and  our  laws  will  have  driven  there. 
Such  mammoth  investments  cannot  suffer,  neither 
should  they,  or  will  they  suffer.  If  driven  to  life 
preservers,  life  preservers  they  will  use.. 

It  is  the  same  with  all  business.  If  our  laws  pre- 
vent agreements  regulating  competition  with  the 
view  to  safety  to  given  lines,  principals  and  owners 
will  have  to  concentrate  their  interests.  When  that 
time  comes,  you  will  find  the  writer,  who  defends 
open  competition,  telling  you  more  than  he  already 
has  about  rich  and  heartless  corporations. 

These  are  thoughts  for  the  millions,  and  the  man 
that  will  write  and  tell  you  the  most  about  them  will 
be  the  man  who  never  did  anything  but  write. 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


469 


RECAPITULATION. 

It  is  not  essential  to  designate  within  an  inch  just 
where  a fulcrum  shall  be  placed  in  order  to  discover 
with  the  eye  that  a leverage  exists.  Neither  has  it 
been  essential  in  the  foregoing  lessons  to  observe 
that  exactness  of  figures  and  statements  which  is  de- 
manded for  books  of  reference  in  order  to  discover 
a few  broad  principles  that  should  be  comprehended 
as  readily  as  the  leverage  referred  to  above. 

That  the  markets  of  the  United  States  are  our  own, 
and  that  we  should  manipulate  and  adjust  them  to 
our  own  best  interests  is  as  plain  as  that  water  will 
seek  its  own  level. 

That  the  markets  of  the  world  do  not  belong  to 
the  United  States,  and  that  we  cannot  govern  them, 
is  equally  distinct  and  plain. 

That  any  single  nation’s  markets  when  placed  be- 
side the  markets  of  the  United  States  sink  into  insig- 
nificance in  the  comparison  cannot  be  successfully 
disputed. 

That  the  markets  of  the  United  States  prior  to  the 
November  election  of  1892  had  been  in  cash  value 
nearly  equal  to  the  combined  markets  of  all  other 
nations  was  shown  by  the  Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed  in 
his  great  speech  in  Congress  on  the  Wilson  bill. 

That  the  vast  market  wc  once  had  was  due  to  the 
combined  wages  paid  in  all  industries  was  fully  illus- 
trated in  Groversville’s  prosperous  days,  when  the 
wage  earners  and  their  families  in  each  industry  were 


470 


Labors’  Hard  Ti?jes  School. 


buying  of  and  dealing  with  all  the  other  industries 
of  that  city. 

That  disaster  will  follow  when  the  wage  earners  of 
our  country  buy  goods  of  foreign  make,  and  thus 
cease  to  deal  with  each  other,  was  fully  illustrated  in 
the  ruin  of  Groversville. 

That  buying  foreign  products  which  we  can  manu- 
facture and  produce  is  like  Farmer  Williams  buying 
corn  of  his  neighbors  to  fatten  his  hogs  when  he  had 
cribs  full  of  corn  at  home,  as  cited  by  himself,  and 
cited  later  by  Farmer  Sands,  who  claimed  that  any 
any  man  doing  business  on  such  principles  could  not 
get  credit  at  the  banks,  claiming  that  such  trans- 
actions would  cause  everybody  to  lose  confidence  in 
the  man’s  ability,  regardless  of  the  honesty  of  his 
intentions,  and  who  cited  further  that  our  govern- 
ment was  simply  one  large  family  and  ought  not,  on 
the  same  principle,  to  encourage  our  people  as  a 
whole  or  as  individuals  to  buy  of  other  countries 
what  they  already  have  in  the  greatest  abundance,  is 
a ruinous  policy. 

That  sending  our  money  away  from  home  to  other 
countries  to  remain  in  those  countries,  as  has  been 
cited  by  several  wage  earners,  for  commodities  that 
they  could  manufacture  or  produce  was,  in  a sense, 
keeping  money  out  of  their  pockets,  acknowledging 
that  while  there  was  a difference  between  taking  it 
out  and  keeping  it  out  the  result  v/ith  them  was  one 
and  the  same. 

That  when  a transaction  is  made  it  is  simply  a sale 
of  days  works,  inasmuch  as  from  seven  to  nine-tenths 
of  everything  is  labor.  If  such  transaction  is  a pur- 
chase of  foreign  goods  it  means  just  so  many  days 
works  sold  by  such  foreign  country  to  the  United 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


471 


States,  and  just  that  number  of  days  works  in  our 
own  country  unsold. 

That  when  wage  earners  are  all  employed  there  is 
plenty  of  money  in  circulation,  but  when  they  are 
not  employed  money  goes  gut  of  circulation,  as  was 
shown  in  the  ruin  of  Groversville,  all  due  to  free 
trade. 

That  buying  foreign-made  goods  by  the  consumer 
does  not  only  mean  money  going  out  of  circulation, 
but  it  means  money  going  out  of  our  country  to  stay 
out. 

That  other  countries  will  buy  more  of  us  because 
we  buy  of  them  is  not  true,  at  least  that  claim  has 
been  too  highly  decorated.  They  will  buy  what  they 
must  have  of  us  if  not  to  be  had  somewhere  else 
cheaper,  as  has  been  said,  the  same  as  we  buy  tea 
and  coffee,  whether  the  countries  producing  them 
buy  anything  of  us  or  not. 

That  wage  earners'  days  works  unsold  are  a total 
loss,  while  unsold  grown  products  may  keep  for  a 
later  market. 

That  men  become  free  traders  on  lumber  in  dis- 
tricts where  the  timber  has  all  been  chopped,  as 
cited  by  Col.  Rasbach,  regardless  of  the  great  quan- 
tities in  other  localities  of  our  country.  Lumbermen 
show  that  timber  in  the  South  has  been  burned  and 
destroyed  to  clear  the  land  for  farms  that  could  have 
been  turned  into  lumber  only  for  that  product  hav- 
ing been  put  on  the  free  list  in  the  Wilson  bill.  It  is 
clearly  shown  that  the  money  which  goes  to  Canada 
for  lumber  stays  there,  and  thus  our  lumber  making 
wage  earners  have  been  idle  and  done  without 
money.  Lumbermen  ridicule  the  idea  of  saving  our 
forests,  and  give  good  reasons  for  the  stand  they 


472 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


take,  as  has  already  been  shown  in  the  lesson  on 
lumber. 

That  protection  to  our  own  industries  will  bring 
foreign  capital  to  this  country  to  manufacture. 

That  the  wages  in  our  goods  are  double  the  wages 
in  other  countries’  goods,  except  where  they  buy  the 
material  of  us  to  make  them.  Under  such  circum- 
stances, if  our  goods  cost  double  to  make,  how  can 
we  meet  other  countries’  prices  in  the  markets  of 
the  world?  v 

That  labor  unions  properly  and  justly  conducted 
are  a benefit  to  employers  of  labor  as  well  as  the 
men  belonging  to  the  unions.  Profits  on  all  goods 
are  cut  down  to  per  cents  similar  to  interest  on 
money.  The  unions  keep  wages  up,  and  a given  per 
cent,  on  high  wages  is  more  clear  money  to  the  em- 
ployer than  the  same  per  cent,  on  low  wages,  as  rep- 
resented by  Mr.  Maxwell  when  he  showed  that  ten 
per  cent,  on  a product  that  cost  ^1,000  was  ^100 
profit,  while  if  the  same  goods  cost  $2,000  ten  per 
cent  net  brought  the  profit  to  the  employer  up  to 
^200.  Do  not  lose  sight  of  this,  for  in  most  business 
affairs  it  is  important,  so  long  as  the  chief  cost  of 
everything  is  wages. 

That  the  wage  earners  of  our  country  should  en- 
gage a competent  man  to  show  them  the  true  paths 
of  economy,  as  set  forth  by  Mr.  Maxwell,  is  very  im- 
portant. There  is  no  sense  in  trouble;  it  is  expens- 
ive, unhealthy  and  debasing.  Labor  can  be  at  the 
top  if  it  will  employ  a man  who  can  help  its  flag,  but 
it  does  not  want  a man  who  must  be  helped  by  its 
flag,  except  as  an  assistant  to  be  directed  by  the 
proper  leader. 

That  a manufacturer  voted  for  free  silver  so  he 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


473 


could  pay  the  wage  earner  a fifty  cent  dollar  for 
making  his  goods  and  then  sell  them  in  a gold  mar- 
ket for  a loo-cent  dollar  ought  to  be  a great  pointer 
to  labor. 

That  cheap  products  mean  low  wages  for  making 
such  products  is  too  plain  to  admit  of  debate.  For- 
eign countries  could  not  compete  with  the  United 
States  in  any  market  if  the  latter  would  scale  the 
wages  down  low  enough.  To  meet  Japan,  fifteen 
cents  a day  in  gold  would  be  the  highest.  Do  our 
wage  earners  want  such  pay?  If  not,  be  sure  you 
vote  for  protection. 

That  silver  countries  pay  less  wages  than  gold 
countries  is  seen  by  examining  the  table  of  wages 
paid  by  all  cauntries,  as  shown  in  Lesson  15. 

That  the  markets  of  the  world  take  less  than  one- 
fiftieth  of  our  manufactured  goods  is  very  significant. 
Wage  earners  and  farmers  should  keep  this  fact  in 
mind,  and,  as  well,  does  it  interest  every  American 
citizen.  Our  manufacturing  interests  contain  the 
elements  that  can  make  or  ruin  our  market.  Don’t 
forget  this.  Other  countries  cannot  make  our  goods 
and  we  make  them,  too.  From  seven  to  nine-tenths 
of  all  manufactured  products  is  wages.  If  we  keep 
such  products  or  do  not  manufacture  them  the  labor 
is  unsold,  and  labor  not  sold  is  the  same  as  anything 
else  not  sold.  If  a product  is  not  sold  and  gotten 
out  of  the  way  another  will  not  be  manufactured  to 
take  its  place. 

That  wages  in  material  get  no  credit,  as  cited  by 
Mr.  Maxwell,  when  total  yearly  products  are  given 
by  statisticians,  is  a very  serious  oversight.  The 
wages  in  the  material  are  always  ‘‘total”  in  excess  of 
the  wages  from  the  material  to  the  finished  product 


474 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


by  from  one-fourth  to  one-haff.  In  products  of  ten 
billion  yearly  not  less  than  seven  billion  would  be 
wages.  Failing  to  cite  this  leads  people  to  under- 
value our  labor  when  considering  the  importance  of 
tariff  duties. 

That  Japan  is  going  to  make  trouble  for  the 
United  States  and  other  first-class  nations  can  be 
seen  by  studying  Mr.  Porter’s  report  to  the  Manu- 
facturers’ Association.  They  are  a keen,  industrious 
and  progressive  people,  and  are  on  their  way  to  the 
top  with  a rush. 

That  our  world  has  grown  better  since  the  remem- 
brance of  the  oldest  man  living,  as  has  been  cited,  is 
true  in  every  line,  and  it  will  continue  to  grow  better 
just  as  fast  as  we  are  prepared  to  utilize  and  appre- 
ciate the  better.^  Any  attempt  to  pull  one  end  down 
to  lift  the  other  end  up  will  be  disastrous  to  both 
ends.  As  has  been  said  in  these  lessons,  there  are 
rich  hogs  and  there  are  poor  hogs,  but  thank  Heaven 
there  are  plenty  of  decent  people  between  the  two 
to  take  care  of  both  of  them. 

That  it  is  living  in  narrow  lines,  as  cited  by  Mr. 
Welch,  when  wage  earners  in  one  industry  are  un- 
willing that  wage  earners  in  all  other  industries 
shall  share  with  them  in  good  prices  for  their  days 
works.  All  are  equally  interested  in  high  wages. 
High  wages  cannot  mean  cheap  products.  Then 
why  will  the  wage  earner  persist  in  hunting  the 
bargain  counter?  The  bargain  counter  hits  the 
wage  earner  twice.  In  the  first  place,  it  misleads 
and  cheats  him,  and  in  the  second  it  is  a direct 
blow  at  high  wages. 

That  the  mean  man’s  money  will  buy  as  much 
for  the  wage  earner  as  the  good  man’s  will,  and 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


475 


that  all  are  not  gifted  with  the  ability  to  be  pro- 
prietors  and  bosses,  was  shown  by  Mr.  Dolan,  and 
it  was  a good  lesson. 

That  buying  of  foreign  countries  is  kissing  our 
money  good-bye,  and  sending  it  out  of  circulation 
at  home,  as  said  by  Mr.  Haskell,  is  too  true. 

That  Prof.  Gillette  could  not  show  how  to  find'  in 
advance  the  exact  number  of  days  works  in  any  con- 
tract teaches  that  writers  on  political  economy  are 
not  infallible. 

That  as  cited  in  one  lesson,  no  man  wants  to  carry 
the  reduction  in  wages  to  the  limit  of  working  for 
less  himself  is  quite  indicative. 

That  what  foreign  countries  have  taken  of  our 
manufactured  goods,  where  firms  part  with  products 
at  any  price  in  sight  to  meet  obligations  that  can  be 
deferred  no  longer,  as  already  shown,  is  no  indicator 
of  what  we  can  do  in  the  markets  of  the  world.  For 
the  markets  of  the  world  to  be  of  any  value  to  our 
people  it  must  be  shown  that  they  hold  a profit  suf- 
ficient to  warrant  financial  health. 

That,  as  called  to  our  minds  by  Mr.  Haskell  in 
Lesson  8,  what  has  become  of  our  progress  for  the 
past  four  years,  when  our  young  manhood  and 
womanhood  are  loaded  with  days  works  to  exchange 
for  wages  that  they  cannot  sell,  means  too  much  to 
be  treated  with  indifference. 

That  taxes,  stumpage,  etc.,  on  timber  as  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States  should  be  studied, 
was  good  advice  from  Mr.  Haskell  in  Lesson  8. 

That  Mr.  Welch  in  Lesson  8 confessed  that  he  did 
not  know  enough  to  take  care  of  his  own  finances, 
hence  thought  himself  not  competent  to  advise  how 


476 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


to  adjust  and  manipulate  our  government’s  finances, 
is  worthy  of  profound  thought. 

That  money  was  plenty  when  our  government  was 
going  in  debt  during  our  late  civil  war,  and  money 
was  scarce  all  the  past  four  years  when  the  Govern- 
ment was  going  in  debt,  as  shown  by  Mr.  Welch  in 
Lesson  8,  is  a distinction  without  a difference,  per- 
haps. 

That  when  our  market  learns  that  the  world  is 
coming  into  it,  in  defiance  of  any  resistance  we  can 
offer,  manufacturers  will  take  steps  to  protect  them- 
selves and  not  be  found  with  heavy  stocks  of  goods 
on  hand,  and  thus  throw  wage  earners  into  idleness,  as 
shown  us  in  Lesson  8 by  Mr.  Welch,  are  words  that 
farmers  and  all  our  people  should  heed.  Don’t  for- 
get that  Mr.  Welch  cited  that  Word  coming  in  ad- 
vance ruined  our  market  in  1893  prior  to  the  world 
getting  into  it. 

That  the  homes  purchased  by  the  men  working 
for  Mr.  Welch’s  old  boss  did,  if  there  was  anything 
left  that  could,  represent  the  profits  of  the  business, 
not  forgetting  that  the  employer  lost  his  own  home 
and  all  he  had,  as  pointed  out  in  Lesson  8.  They 
were  good  words — remember  them. 

That  if  one-half  our  market  requiring  protection 
is  not  protected  and  goes  down,  the  other  half  not 
needing  protection  will  go  down  with  it.  Mr.  Welch 
in  Lesson  8 tells  us  that  the  above  result  is  inevit- 
able, and  he  is  right. 

That  if  all  any  country  has  to  sell  is  labor,  we 
should  buy  our  own  and  keep  turning  the  money 
over  and  over  here  at  home,  regardless  of  any  other 
country,  as  said  by  Mr.  Phelps  in  Lesson  7,  adding 


Labors*  Hard  Times  School. 


477 


that  the  surest  way  to  get  money  out  of  circulation 
is  to  send  it  to  other  countries. 

That  protection  benefits  the  employer  only  as 
cited  by  Mr.  Haskell  in  Lesson  8 in  the  lumber  in- 
dustry, when  the  employers  and  their  families  repre- 
sent 100,000  people,  while  the  wage  earners  and 
their  families  represent  3,000,000  people,  I to  30,  is 
worth  reading  until  it  cannot  be  forgotten. 

That  we  did  not  get  the  wings  that  the  free  trad- 
ers promised  us  in  1892,  but  we  did  get  crutches. 
Mr.  Haskell,  Lesson  8. 

That  the  shrinkage  of  our  own  market,  together 
with  what  it  should  have  been  under  a normal  pro- 
gress, as  cited  by  Mr.  Haskell,  would  be  a good 
thing  to  find  out. 

That  the  abuse  of  the  word  “free”  is  too  abundant, 
as  set  forth  by  Mr.  Welch  in  Lesson  8. 

That  money  went  out  of  circulation  when  Mr. 
Welch  stopped  spending  twenty-one  dollars  each 
week,  and  will  come  back  into  circulation  when  Mr. 
Welch  and  the  rest  of  the  men  get  that  money  to 
spend  again,  and  not  until  then,  as  said  in  Lesson  8, 
is  talk  that  is  true. 

That  men  of  experience  in  a given  line  are  the 
men  to  listen  to  in  that  line,  as  cited  by  Mr.  Welch 
in  Lesson  8,  has  a ring  that  should  reach  every  ear. 
Mr.  Welch  does  not  recommend  that  you  go  to  the 
blacksmith  shop  to  get  your  teeth  fixed. 

That  Mr.  Dolan  had  as  good  a living  taking  out 
ore  as  he  had  later  making  iron  products,  keeps  in 
our  minds  the  days  works  in  material, — Lesson  9. 

That  the  vast  sums  of  money  which  tariff  duties 
on  iron  have  kept  at  home  which  in  the  absence  of 
such  duties  would  have  gone  to  England  and  other 


478 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


countries  in  the  past  25  years,  as  called  to  our  minds 
by  Mr.  Dolan  in  Lesson  9,  is  enough  in  itself  to  kill 
all  the  free  trade  argument  that  has  ever  been 
offered. 

That  cheap  goods  will  cheapen  our  people  and 
our  country,  as  claimed  by  Mr.  Dolan  in  Lesson  9, 
is  worth  thinking  about. 

That  when  any  product  is  separated  and  its  several 
parts  are  in  portions  by  themselves,  days  works  and 
wages  in  value  will  be  found  to  be  chief  of  all,  and 
quite  all.  This  ‘was  well  illustrated  with  railroad 
locomotives,  cars  and  coaches  and  iron  proof  build- 
ings, by  Mr.  Dolan  in  Lesson  9. 

That  men  are  endowed  with  special  gifts  and 
faculties  to  manipulate  large  enterprises  success- 
fully, as  shown  to  us  in  Lesson  9 by  Mr.  Dolan,  is 
worthy  of  calm  study  and  thought. 

That  the  seller  of  days  works  pays  a severe  tax 
when  duties  are  low  enough  to  allow  imports  to 
force  him  to  keep  a part  of  his  labor,  all  that  he  has 
to  sell,  as  outlined  in  Lesson  9 by  Mr.  Dolan,  is 
worth  reading  twice  at  least. 

That  our  goods  sell  cheaper  in  foreign  countries, 
as  cited  by  Mr.  Maxwell  in  Lesson  10,  is  quite  a 
pointer. 

That  manufactured  hair,  in  Lesson  10,  by  Mr. 
Maxwell,  fully  exposes  the  inwardness  of  the  free 
trader. 

That  the  Judge  who  prided  himself  upon  the  fact 
that  he  could  not  be  flattered,  when  told  by  a friend 
that  such  was  his  reputation,  spoiled  the  whole  snap 
by  smiling. 

That  a good  man  will  keep  a card  up  his  sleeve 
when  dealing  with  politics,  as  called  to  our  minds  in 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


479 


Lesson  ii  by  Mr.  Carson,  is  too  true,  and  a thing  to 
be  regretted. 

That  what  Mr.  Carson  in  Lesson  ii  cites  on  finan- 
cial matters,  and  where  the  wage  earners’  true  in- 
terests lie,  cannot  be  successfully  disputed. 

That  we  should  not  overlook  in  Lesson  I2  what 
Farmer  Sands  tells  us  about  unsold  labor  and  unsold 
farm  products. 

That  due  importance  should  attach  to  the  fact  that 
Farmer  Sands’  friends  are  already  chiding  him  for 
turning  Protectionist,  see  Lesson  12. 

That  the  hard  times  embarrased  and  discouraged 
traveling  salesmen,  was  very  sensibly  referred  to  by 
Mr.  Maxwell  in  Lesson  15. 

That  the  late  cheapness  of  everything  has  been 
“deformity  of  country,”  is  a very  appropriate  term — 
Lesson  15  by  Mr.  Maxwell. 

That  in  future  elections  the  free  traders  will  be 
out  with  their  campaign  songs  showing  how  cheap 
everything  was  in  1896.  Wage  earners  should  tell 
them  that  everything  was  so  cheap  that  days  works 
failed  to  bring  any  price  at  all,  as  was  illustrated  in 
Groversville.  See  Lesson  15,  Mr.  Maxwell. 

That  the  duty  on  calico  was  five  cents  a yard  in 
1877  and  that  we  made  prints  in  this  country  and 
sold  them  for  six  cents  a yard,  shows  that  tariff  duty 
does  not  keep  prices  up;  also  that  the  consumer  does 
not  pay  the  tax — Mr.  Maxwell,  Lesson  15. 

That  the  consumer  does  not  pay  the  duty  on 
goods  where  we  in  this  country  manufacture  a like 
product,  as  shown  by  Mr.  Maxwell  in  Lesson  15, 
when  discussing  steel  rails,  can  not  become  too 
widely  known. 

That  workmen  in  a shoe  factory  should  be  in 


48o 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


favor  of  using  American  leather  and  thereby  provide 
the  Ame^rican  workmen  in  leather  with  the  means  to 
be  a customer  for  the  shoes  he  makes,  is  essential  in 
every  particular.  The  foreign  leather  worker  will 
buy  his  shoes  at  his  own  home,  see  Lesson  15,  Mr. 
Maxwell. 

That  selling  foreign  made  goods  means  eventually 
less  pay  to  the  salesman,  as  cited  by  Mr.  Maxwell 
in  Lesson  15,  is  worth  reading  until  it  will  be  thor- 
oughly remembered. 

That  buying  of  foreign  countries  who  sell  us  their 
goods,  means  for  them  to  smoke  perfectos,  or  better, 
while  we  smoke  cob  pipes. 

That  if  prices  remain  low  all  wages  and  salaries 
will  go  to  the  same  level, seeMr.  Maxwell,  Lesson  15. 

That  Germany’s  hours  of  work  are  one  day  each 
week  more  than  England’s,  and  her  scale  of  wages 
much  lower,  as  shown  by  Mr.  Maxwell  in  Lesson  15, 
arouses  the  inquiry:  Can  England  thrive  and  let 
Germany  into  her  own  (England’s)  market  on  this 
basis?  We  see  complaint  already  by  English  writers 
charging  their  manufacturers  with  lack  of  enterprise. 
We  prophesy  that  such  writers  will  live  to  learn  that 
their  trouble  is  chargeable  to  their  free  trade  laws. 

Newspapers  and  all  printing  is  labor.  If  you  don’t 
think  so  run  it  down  and  see.  You  are  likely  to  in- 
dulge in  the  thought  that  the  blank  paper  is  raw 
material,  but  how  many  people  bringing  it  to  that 
state  have  been  paid,  clothed,  fed  and  schooled? 
Don’t  stop  at  the  pulp  and  think  that  is  the  starting 
point.  Multitudes  in  front  of  the  pulp  stage  have 
found  the  means  to  shelter  and  provide  for  them- 
selves. 

That  our  Merchant  Marine,  as  called  to  our  minds 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School,  481 

by  Mr.  Hubbell  in  Lesson  13,  is  worthy  of  study, 
thought  and  action  on  the  part  of  our  Government, 
no  one  will  question. 

That  business  men  labor  and  carry  heavy  mental 
burdens  in  addition  to  the  toil,  as  made  clear  to  us 
by  Mr.  Maxwell  in  Lesson  15,  is  a feature  that  wage 
earners  should  give  more  credit  to  than  they  have  in 
the  past. 

That  large  sums  have  gone  out  of  our  country  for 
wool  that  our  farmers  should  have  had  to  put  in 
circulation  here  at  home,  should  not  be  forgotten. 

That  we  need  more  silver  when  the  stacks  of  silver 
we  have  on  hand  is  a burden  to  the  Government,  is 
folly.  Silver  is  a product,  and  so  is  gold. 

That  the  $i  16,444,51 1 more  that  we  paid  foreign 
labor  in  1895  under  the  Wilson  bill  than  we  did  in 
1894  under  the  McKinley  bill,  did  not  in  itself  hurt 
us  so  much  as  the  amount  that  that  kind  of  policy 
#injured  our  own  market  at  home.  Groversville  and 
the  Akron  editorial  tell  why. 

That  we  are  in  wealth,  as  shown  by  statistics,  the 
greatest  nation  in  the  worid,  should  be  remembered. 

That  the  farmer  who  does  not  buy  tea,  coffee, 
tobacco,  spirits,  liquor,  sugar,  or  foreign  goods  of 
any  kind  does  not  pay  a cent  of  tax  to  the  general 
Government,  is  also  good  to  remember. 

There  are  two  men  we  have  not  tried,  and  do  not 
expect  to  convince.  One  is  the  man  who  cannot 
comprehend,  and  the  other  is  the  man  with  soul  so 
small  that  he  is  not  willing  to  grant  to  others  such  a 
share  as  he  covets  for  himself. 

Wage  earners  and  farmers  should  v/ork  tor  pro- 
tection, and  vote  for  protection  to  American  labor, 
regardless  of  any  and  all  political  parties. 


482 


Labors’  Hard  Times  School. 


That  our  market  is  just  what  the  wages  paid  in 
the  United  States  make  it.  Lower  or  reduce  the 
wages,  and  in  the  same  ratio  you  lower  or  reduce 
our  market.  Idle  people  is  the  severest  possible 
reduction.  Quite  all  is  labor. 

Abraham  Lincoln  once  said  that  he  did  not  know 
much  about  the  tariff,  but  one  thing  he  did  know, — 
if  he  bought  a ton  of  iron  of  England  and  paid  thirty 
dollars  for  it,  he  had  the  iron  and  England  had  his 
thirty  dollars,  but  if  he  bought  the  iron  in  the  United 
States,  then  he  had  the  iron  and  the  United  States 
had  the  thirty  dollars. 

Lincoln  always  said  the  whole  thing  in  a few  words. 


Appendix  A, 

TARIFFS,  OLD  AND  NEW. 


Appendix  B, 


THE  DINGLEY  BILL. 


TARIFFS  OLD  AND  NEW. 


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*NoTE.-Owing  to  change  in  classification  of  sizes,  no  comparison  can  bo  given.  (Estimated  rate  by  proposed  bill=40%  on  all.) 


42 


Appendix  A. 


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Appendix  A. 


4S 


ARTICLES  TRANSFERRED  TO  THE  FREE  LIST. 


Old  Rate. 


SCHEDULE  A— CHEMK^ALS,  OILS,  AND  PAINTS. 

Acid,  sulphuric,  or  oil  of  vitriol,  n.  s.  p.  f 

Copper,  sulphate  of,  or  blue  vitriol 

Coal  tar,  ali  preparations  of,  not  colors  or  dyes,  n.  s.  p.  f . . . 
Oils,  Mineral  — Naphtha,  benzine,  benzole,  dead  oil,  and 

similar  products  of  coal  tar 

All  other 

Iron,  sulphate  of,  or  copperas . . . : 

Indigo — Carmined 

Extracts  or  pastes  of 

Iodine,  re-sublimed 

Oils — Cottonseed 

Croton 

Paints,  Colors,  Etc,-— Baryta,  sulphate  of,  or  barytes,  in- 
cluding barytes  earth,  unmanufactured 

Ocher  and  ochery  earths,  dry 

Sienna  and  sienna  earths,  dry 

Umber  and  umber  earths,  dry 

Potasln  caustic  or  hydrate  of,  refined  in  sticks  or  rolls 

Soda,  Sulphate  of — Glauber  salts 

Salt  cake  or  niter  cake 

SCHEDULE  B— EARTH,  EARTHENWARE  AND 
GLASSWARE. 


Me  lb. 

2c  lb. 

20% 

25% 

20% 

3-lOc  lb. 
10c  lb. 

Me  lb. 

30c  lb. 

10c  gal. 
30c  lb. 

$1.12  ton. 
Me  lb. 
do 
do 

Ic  lb. 
$1.25  ton. 
do 


Stone  — Burr  stone,  manufactured  or  bound  up  into  mill- 
stones   

SCHEDULE  C— METALS  AND  MANUFS.  OF, 

Iron  Ores — Chromate  of  iron  or  chromic  ore 

Cotton  Ties  of  Iron  or  Steel — Not  thinner  than  No.  10  wire 


Thinner  than  No.  10  and  not  thinner  than  No.  20 

Antimony,  as  regulus  or  metal 

Copper  and  Manufs.  of— Ores  (fine  copper  contained  therein) 
Regulus  of,  and  black  or  coarse  copper  and  copper  ce- 
ment, fine  copper  contained  therein 

Old,  fit  only  for  remanufacture,  and  clippings  from  new 

copper  

Composition  metal,  of  which  copper  is  a component  mate- 
rial of  chief  value,  n.  s.  p.  f 

Plates,  not  rolled,  bars,  ingots,  Chile  or  other  pigs,  and 

in  other  forms,  not  manufactured,  n.  s.  p f 

SCHEDULE  D— WOOD  AND  MANUFS.  OF. 


15% 

15% 

1 2-lOc  lb. 
1 3-lOclb. 
Me  lb. 

Me  lb. 

Iclb. 

do 

do 

IMe  lb. 


Timber— Used  for  spars  and  in  building  wharves 

Hewn  and  sawed 

Square  or  sided,  n.  s.  p.  f 

Lumber — Boards,  planks,  deals  and  other  sawed  lumber — 
Of  hemlock,  whitewood,  sycamore,  white  pine,  and 

basswood— Not  planed  or  finished 

Planed  or  finished  on  one  side 

Planed  or  finished  on  two  sides 

Planed  on  one  side  and  tongued  and  grooved 

Planed  on  two  sides  and  tongued  and  grooved 

All  sawed  lumber,  n.  s.  p.  f.— uot  planed  or  finished 

Planed  or  finished  on  one  side 

Planed  or  finished  on  two  sides 

Planed  or  finished  on  one  side  and  tongued  and  grooved.. 
Planed  or  finished  on  two  sides  and  tongued  and  grooved. 
Paving  posts,  railroad  ties,  and  telephone  and  telegraph 

poles  of  cedar 

Unmanufactured,  n.  s.  p,  f 

Veneers  of  wood 

Clapboards  — Pine 

Spruce  

Hubs  for  wheels,  posts,  last,  wagon,  oar,  gun,  and  heading 
blocks,  and  all  like  blocks  or  sticks,  rough  hewn  or 
sawed  only 


10% 

do 

Me  cu.  ft. 


$1  M. 

M. 

$2  M. 

$2  M. 
$2.50  M. 
$2  M. 
$2.50  M. 
$3M. 

$3  M. 
$3.50  M. 
20% 

20% 
do 
$1  M. 
$1.50  M. 


20% 


46 


Appendix  A. 


ARTICLES  TRANSFERRED  TO  THE  FREE  LIST. 

Old  Rate. 

Laths 

Pickets  and  palings 

Shingles— White  pine 

All  other 

Staves  of  all  kinds 

SCHEDULE  G-AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS,  ETC. 

15c  M. 

10% 

20c  M. 

30c  M. 

10% 

Milk,  fresh 

Broom  corn 

Cabbages  

Cider 

Eggs < 

Eggs,  yolk  of 

Peas,  green,  in  bulk  or  packages 

Plants,  trees,  shrubs,  and  vines 

Fish,  Fresh — Herring 

Salmon  

All  other 

S^lt— In  bags,  sacks,  barrels,  or  other  packages 

In  bulk 

5c  gal. 

$8  ton. 

3c  each. 

5c  gal. 

5c  doz. 

25% 

40c  bu. 

20% 

Me  lb. 
lb. 
do. 

12c  cwt. 

8c  cwt. 

SCHEDULE  H— SPIRITS,  WINES,  ETC. 
Lemonade,  Soda  Water,  and  other  similar  waters — In  plain, 
green,  or  oolored  molded  or  pressed  glass  bottles— 

Containing  each  not  more  than  % pint 

Containing  more  than  ^ of  a pint  each  and  not  more  than 

13c  doz. 

IV2  pints 

Otherwise  than  in  such  bottles,  or  in  such  bottles  con- 

26c  doz. 

taining  more  than  IV2  pints  each 

50c  gal. 

SCHEDULE  J— FLAX,  HEMP,  JUTE,  ETC, 

Flax — Straw 

Not  hackled  or  dressed 

Tovv^  of 

Hemp,  tow  of 

Hemp 

Twine,  manufactured  in  whole  or  in  part  of  istle  or  Tampico 

$5  ton. 
$22.40  ton, 
$11.20  ton. 
do. 

$25  ton. 

fiber,  manila,  sisal  grass  or  sunn— Binding 

Burlaps  of  flax,  jute  or  hemp,  or  either  of  them,  not  exceed 

7-lOc  lb. 

ing  60  inches  in  width 

Exceeding  60  inches  in  width 

Bags  for  grain,  made  of  burlaps 

Valued  at  6c  or  less 

Valued  at  over  6c 

SCHEDULE  K-WOOL. 

l^clb. 

40% 

2c  lb. 

1 6-lOc  sq.yd. 

1 8-lOc  sq.yd. 

Wools,  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like 
animals,  and  manufs.  of— Unmanufactured— Class  I : 
Merino,  mestiza,  metz  or  metis  wools,  or  other  wools, 
of  merino  blood,  immmediate  or  remote,  Down  cloth- 
ing wools,  and  wools  of  like  character  with  any  of  the 
preceding,  including  such  as  have  been  heretofore 
usually  imported  into  the  United  States  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Russia,  Great  Britain,  Canada,  and  elsewhere,  and 
also  including  ail  wools  not  hereinafter  described  or 

designated  in  classes  2 and  3 — Unwashed  wool 

Washed  wool 

Scoured  wool 

11c  lb. 

22c  lb. 

33c  lb. 

Class  2 : Leicester,  Cotswold,  Lincolnshire,  Down  comb- 
ing wools,  Canada  long  wools,  or  other  like  combing 
wools  of  English  blood,  and  usually  known  by  the 
terms  herein  used,  and  also  all  hair  of  the  camel, 
goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals — Wool  unscoured 

Wool  scoured  

Wool,  sorted 

12c  lb. 

36c  lb. 

24c  lb. 

Appendix  A. 


M 


ARTICLES  TRANSFERRED  TO  THE  FREE  LIST. 


Old  Rate. 


Hair  of  the  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals,  un- 
scoured.-  

Hair  of  the  goat,  aljiaca,  and  other  like  auimals,  scoured 
Class  3 : Donskoi,  native  South  American,  Cordova,  Val- 
paraiso, native  Smyrna,  Russian  Camel’s  hair,  and 
including  all  such  wools  of  like  character  as  havo  been 
heretofore  usually  imported  into  the  United  States 
from  Turkey,  Greece,  Egypt,  Syria,  and  elsewhere— 

Value  13c  or  less  lb.— Wool 

Wool,  sorted 

Camel’s  hair,  Russian 

Value  over  1 3c  lb. — Wool 

Wool,  sorted — 

Camel’s  hair,  Russian 

Manufs.  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  the 
hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animals— 

Rags,  flocks,  noils  and  waste— Noils 

Yarn  and  other  wastes 

Rags  and  flocks 


do. 

36c  lb. 


32% 

64% 

32% 

50% 

100% 

50% 


30c  lb. 
do. 

10c  lb. 


SCHEDULE  N-SUNDRIES. 

Feathers  and  Downs,  Crude,  Not  Dressed— Ostrich  feathers 

All  other 

Paintings,  in  oil  or  water  colors 

Statuary  

Hatters’  plush,  black,  composed  of  silk,  or  of  silk  and  cotton 

Articles  under  section  3,  Act  of  Oct.  1,  1890— Coffee 

Goatskins,  raw 

Hides,  raw  or  uncured,  whether  dry,  salted,  or  pickled,  and 
other  skins,  except  sheepskins  with  the  wool  on 


10% 

do. 

do. 

dc. 

10% 

3c  lb 
114c  lb. 


do. 


\ 


; 


Appendix  B. 


t 


THE  OIIMOLEV  BILE. 


H.  R.  379.  Fifty-Fifth  Congress  of  the  United  States 
OF  America,  at  the  First  Session,  Begun  and 
Held  in  the  City  of  Washington  on  Mon- 
day, THE  Fifteenth  day  of  March, 

One  Thousand  Eight  Hundred 
AND  Ninety-seven. 


An  Act  to  Provide  Revenue  for  the  Government 
AND  TO  Encourage  the  Industries  of  the 
United  States. 


Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That 
on  and  after  the  passage  of  this  Act,  unless  otherwise  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and 
paid  upon  all  articles  imported  from  foreign  countries,  and 
mentioned  in, the  schedules  herein  contained,  the  rates  of  duty 
which  are,  by  the  schedules  and  paragraphs,  respectfully  pre- 
scribed, namely: 

SCHEDULE  A. 

CHEMICALS,  OILS  AND  PAINTS  : 

1.  Acids:  Acetic  or  pyroligneous  acid,  not  exceeding  the 
specific  gravity  of  one  and  forty-seven  one-thousandths,  three- 
fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  exceeding  the  specific  gravity 
of  one  and  forty-seven  one-thousandths,  two  cents  per  pound; 
boracic  acid,  five  cents  per  pound;  chromic  acid  and  lactic 
acid,  three  cents  per  pound;  citric  acid,  seven  cents  per  pound; 
salicylic  acid,  ten  cents  per  pound;  sulphuric  acid  or  oil  of 
vitriol  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  one-fourth  of  one 
cent  per  pound;  tannic  acid  or  tannin,  fifty  cents  per  pound; 
gallic  acid,  ten  cents  per  pound;  tartaric  acid,  seven  cents  per 
pound;  all  other  acids  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valoreih. 

2.  All  alcoholic  perfumery,  including  cologne  water  and 


Appendix  S. 


other  toilet  waters  and  toilet  preparations  of  all  kinds,  contain- 
ing alcohol  or  in  the  preparation  of  which  alcohol  is  used,  and 
alcoholic  compounds  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
sixty  cents  per  pound  and  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

3.  Alkalies,  Alkaloids,  distilled  oils,  essential  oils,  ex- 
pressed oils,  rendered  oils,  and  all  combinations  of  the  forego- 
ing, and  all  chemical  compounds  and  salts  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  twenty  five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

4.  Alumina,  hydrate  of,  or  refined  bauxite,  six-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound;  alum,  alum  cake,  pa4;ent  alum,  sulphate 
of  alumina,  and  aluminous  cake,  and  alum  in  crystals  or 
ground,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

5.  Ammonia,  carbonate  of,  one  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound;  muriate  of,  or  sal  ammoniac,  three-fourths  of  one  cent 
per  pound;  sulphate  of,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

6.  Argols  or  crude  tartar  or  wine  lees  crude,  containing 
not  more  than  forty  per  centum  of  bitartrate  of  potash,  one 
cent  per  pound;  containing  more  than  forty  per  centum  of  bi- 
tartrate of  potash,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  tartars 
and  lees  crystals,  or  partly  refined  argols,  containing  not  more 
than  ninety  per  centum  of  bitartrate  of  potash,  and  tartrate  of 
soda  or  potassa,  or  Rochelle  salts,  four  cents  per  pound;  con- 
tainining  more  than  ninety  per  centum  of  bitartrate  of  potash, 
five  cents  per  pound;  cream  of  tartar  and  patent  tartar,  six 
cents  per  pound. 

7.  Blacking  of  all  kinds,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

8.  Bleaching  powder,  or  chloride  of  lime,  one-fifth  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

9.  Blue  vitriol  or  sulphate  of  copper,  one-half  of  one  cent 
per  pound. 

10.  Bone  char,  suitable  for  use  in  decolorizing  sugars,  twen- 
ty per  centum  ad  valorem. 

11.  Borax,  five  cents  per  pound;  borates  of  lime  or  soda, 
or  other  borate  material  not  otherwise  provided  for,  containing 
more  than  thirty-six  per  centum  of  anhydrous  boracic  acid, 
four  cents  per  pound;  borates  of  lime  or  soda,  or  other  borate 
material  not  otherwise  provided  for,  containing  not  more  than 
thirty-six  per  centum  of  anhydrous  boracic  acid,  three  cents 
per  pound. 

12.  Camphor,  refined,  six  cents  per  pound. 

13.  Chalk  (not  medicinal  nor  prepared  for  toilet  purpose) 
when  ground,  precipitated  naturally  or  artificially,  or  otherwise 
prepared,  whether  in  the  form  of  cubes,  blocks,  sticks  or  disks, 
or  otherwise,  including  tailors’,  billiard,  red  or  French  chalk, 
one  cent  per  pound.  Manufactures  of  chalk  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

14.  Chloroform,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

15.  Coal-tar  dyes  or  colors,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  all  other  products  or 
preparations  of  coal  tar,  not  colors  or  dyes,  and  not  medicinal. 


Appendix  B. 


3 


not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

16.  Cobalt,  oxide  of,  twenty-five  cents  per  pound. 

17.  Collodion,  and  all  compounds  of  pyroxylin,  whether 
known  as  celluloid  or  by  any  other  name,  fifty  cents  per 
pound;  rolled  or  in  sheets,  unpolished,  and  not  made  up  into 
articles,  sixty  cents  per  pound;  if  in  finished  or  partly  finished 
articles,  and  articles  of  which  collodion  or  any  compound  of 
pyroxylin  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  sixty-five 
cents  per  pound  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

18.  Coloring  for  brandy,  wine,  beer,  or  other  liquors,  fifty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

19.  Copperas  or  sulphate  of  iron,  one-fourth  of  one  cent 
per  pound. 

20.  Drugs,  such  as  barks,  beans,  berries,  balsams,  buds, 
bulbs,  bulbous  roots,  excrescences,  fruits,  flowers,  dried  fibers, 
dried  insects,  grains,  gums  and  gum  resin,  herbs,  leaves,  lichens, 
mosses,  nuts,  nutgalls,  roots,  stems,  spices,  vegetables,  seeds, 
(aromatic,  not  garden  seeds),  seeds  of  morbid  growth,  weeds, 
and  woods  used  expressly  for  dyeing;  any  of  the  forgoing 
which  are  drugs  and  not  edible,  but  which  are  advanced  in 
value  or  condition  by  refining,  grinding,  or  other  process,  and 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  one-fourth  of  one  cent 
per  pound  and  in  addition  thereto  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

21.  Ethers  : Sulphuric,  forty  cents  per  pound  ; spirits  of 
nitrous  ether,  twenty-five  cents  per  pound;  fruit  ethers,  oils,  or 
essences,  two  dollars  per  pound;  ethers  of  all  kinds  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  one  dollar  per  pound  : P?'ovided, 
That  no  article  of  this  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty 
than  twenty-five  per  centnm  ad  valorem. 

22.  Extracts  and  decoctions  of  logwood  and  other  dye- 
woods,  and  extracts  of  barks,  such  as  are  commonly  used  for 
dyeing  or  tanning,  not  especially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
seven-eights  of  one  cent  per  pound;  extracts  of  quebracho  and 
of  hemlock  bark,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound  ; extracts  of 
sumac,  and  of  woods  other  than  dyewoods,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  five-eighths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

23.  Gelatin,  glue,  isinglass  or  fish  glue,  and  prepared  fish 
bladders  or  fish  sounds,  valued  at  not  above  ten  cents  per  pound, 
two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  valued  at  above  ten  cents 
per  pound  and  not  above  thirty-five  cents  per  pound,  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  above  thirty-five  cents  per 
pound,  fifteen  cents  per  pound  and  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

24.  Glycerin,  crude,  not  purified,  one  cent  per  pound  ; re- 
fined, three  cents  per  pound. 

25.  Indigo,  extracts,  or  pastes  of,  three-fourths  of  one  cent 
per  pound;  carmined,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

26.  Ink  and  ink  powders,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

27.  Iodine,  resublimed,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 


4 


Appendix  B. 


28.  Iodoform,  one  dollar  per  pound. 

29.  Licorice,  extracts  of,  in  paste,  rolls,  or  other  forms, 
four  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

30.  Chicle,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

31.  Magnesia,  carbonate  of,  medicinal,  three  cents  per 
pound;  calcined,  medicinal,  seven  cents  per  pound;  sulphate 
of,  or  Epsom  salts,  one-fifth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

OILS  : 

32.  Alizarin  assistant,  sulpho-ricinoleic  acid,  and  ricinoleic 
acid  by  whatever  name  known,  whether  liquid,  solid,  or  in 
paste,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  fifty  per  centum  or  more  of 
castor  oil  is  used,  thirty  cents  per  gallon  ; in  the  manufacture 
of  which  less  than  fifty  per  centum  of  castor  oil  is  used,  fifteen 
cents  per  gallon;  all  other  alizarin  assistant,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

33.  Castor  oil,  thirty-five  cents  per  gallon. 

34.  Cod-liver  oil,  fifteen  cents  per  gallon. 

35.  Cotton-seed  oil,  four  cents  per  gallon  of  seven  and 
one-half  pounds  weight. 

36.  Croton  oil,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

37.  Flaxseed,  linseed,  and  poppy-seed  oil,  raw,  boiled,  or 
oxidized,  twenty  cents  per  gallon  of  seven  and  one-half  pounds 
weight. 

38.  Fusel  oil,  or  amylic  alcohol,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

39.  Hemp-seed  oil  and  rape-seed  oil,  ten  cents  per  gallon. 

40.  Olive  oil,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  forty 
cents  per  gallon;  in  bottles,  jars,  tins,  or  similar  packages,  fifty 
cents  per  gallon. 

41.  Peppermint  oil,  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

42.  Seal,  herring,  whale,  and  other  fish  oil,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  eight  cents  per  gallon. 

43.  Opium,  crude  or  unmanufactured  and  not  adulterated, 
containing  nine  per  centum  and  over  of  morphia,  one  dollar 
per  pound;  morphia  or  morphine,  sulphate  of,  and  all  alkaloids 
or  salts  of  opium,  one  dollar  per  ounce  ; aqueous  extract  of 
opium,  for  medicinal  uses,  and  tincture  of,  as  laudanum, 
and  other  liquid  preparations  of  opium,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  opium  containing 
less  than  nine  per  centum  of  morphia,  and  opium  prepared  for 
smoking,  six  dollars  per  pound  ; but  opium  prepared  for 
smoking  and  other  preparations  of  opium  deposited  in  bonded 
warehouses  shall  not  be  removed  therefrom  without  payment 
of  duties,  and  such  duties  shall  not  be  refunded. 

PAINTS,  COLORS  AND  VARNISHES. 

44.  Baryta,  sulphate  of,  or  barytes,  including  barytes 
earth,  unmanufactured,  seventy-five  cents  per  ton  ; manufac- 
tured, five  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per  ton. 

45.  Blues,  such  as  Berlin,  Prussian,  Chinese,  and  all 


Appendix  B. 


5 


others,  containing  ferrocyanide  of  iron,  in  pulp,  dry  or  ground 
in  or  mixed  with  oil  or  water,  eight  cents  per  pound. 

46.  Blanc-fixe,  or  artificial  sulphate  of  barytes,  and 
satin  white,  or  artificial  sulphate  of  lime,  one-half  of  one  cent 
per  pound. 

47.  Black,  made  from  bone,  ivory,  or  vegetable  substance 

by  whatever  name  known,  including  bone  black  or  lamp- 
black, dry  or  ground  in  oil  or  water,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem.  • 

48.  Chrom  yellow,  chrome  green,  and  all  other  chromium 
colors  in  the  manufacture  of  which,  lead  and  bichromate  of 
potash  or  soda  are  used,  in  pulp,  dry,  or  ground  in  or  mixed 
with  oil  or  water,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

49.  Ocher  and  ochery  earths,  sienna  and  sienna  earths, 
and  umber  and  umber  earths,  not  specially  provided  for,  when 
crude  or  not  powdered,  washed  or  pulverized,  one-eighth  of 
one  cent  per  pound;  if  powdered,  washed  or  pulverized,  three- 
eighths  of  one  cent  per  pound ; if  ground  in  oil  or  water,  one  and 
one  half  cents  per  pound. 

50.  Orange  mineral,  three  and  three-eighths  cents  per 
pound. 

51.  Red  lead,  two  and  seven-eighths  cents  per  pound. 

52.  Ultramarine  blue,  whether,  dry,  in  pulp  or  mixed  with 
water,  and  wash  blue  containing  ultra-marine,  three  and  three- 
fourth  cents  per  pound. 

53.  Varnishes,  including  so-called  gold  size  or  japan, 
thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  spirit  varnishes,  one  dollar 
and  thirty-two  cents  per  gallon  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

54.  Vermillion  red,  and  other  colors  containing  quick- 
silver, dry  or  ground  in  oil  or  water,  ten  cents  per  pound;  when 
not  containing  quicksilver  but  made  of  lead  or  containing 
lead,  five  cents  per  pound. 

55.  White  lead,  white  paint  and  pigment  containing  lead, 
dry  or  in  pulp,  or  ground  or  mixed  with  oil,  two  and  seven- 
eighths  cents  per  pound. 

56.  Whiting  and  Paris  white,  dry,  one  fourth  of  one  cent 
per  pound;  ground  in  oil,  or  putty,  one  cent  per  pound. 

57.  Zinc,  oxide  of,  and  white  paint  or  pigment,  containing 
zinc,  but  not  containing  lead,  dry,  one  cent  per  pound  ; ground 
in  oil,  one  and  three-fourth  cents  per  pound  ; sulfid  of  zinc 
white,  or  white  sulphide  of  zinc,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per 
pound  ; chloride  of  zinc  and  sulphate  of  zinc,  one  cent  per 
pound. 

58.  All  paints,  colors,  pigments,  lakes,  crayons,  smalts 
and  frostings,  whether  crude  or  dry  or  mixed,  or  ground  with 
water  or  oil,  or  with  solutions  other  than  oil,  not  otherwise  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
all  paints,  colors  and  pigments,  commonly  known  as  artists’ 
paints  or  colors,  whether  in  tubes,  pans,  cakes  or  other  forms, 
thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


6 


Appendix  B. 


59.  Paris  green,  and  London  purple,  fifteen  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

60.  Lead:  Acetate  of,  white,  three  and  one-fourth  cents 
per  pound;  brown,  gray,  or  yellow,  two  and  one-fourth  cents 
per  pound;  nitrate  of,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  lith- 
arge, two  and  three-fourths  cents  per  pound. 

61.  Phosphorus,  eighteen  cents  per  pound. 

potash: 

# 

62.  Bichromate  and  chromate  of,  three  cents  per  pound. 

63.  Caustic  or  hydrate  of,  refined,  in  sticks  or  rolls,  one 
cent  per  pound;  chlorate  of,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

64.  Hydriodate,  iodide,  and  iodate  of,  twenty-five  cents 
per  pound. 

65.  Nitrate  of,  or  saltpeter,  refined,  one-half  cent  per 
pound. 

66.  Prussiate  of,  red,  eight  cents  per  pound;  yellow,  four 
cents  per  pound;  cyanide  of  potassium,  twelve  and  one-half 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

preparations: 

67.  Medicinal  preparations  containing  alcohol,  or  in  the 
preparation  of  which  alcohol  is  used,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  fifty-five  cents  per  pound,  but  in  no  case  shall 
the  same  pay  less  than  twenty-live  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

68.  Medicinal  preparations  not  containing  alcohol,  or  in 
the  preparation  of  which  alcohol  is  not  used,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  calo- 
mel and  other  mercurial  medicinal  preparations,  thirty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

69.  Plasters,  healing  or  curative,  of  all  kinds,  and  court- 
plaster,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

70.  Preparations  used  as  applications  to  the  hair,  mouth, 
teeth,  or  skin,  such  as  cosmetics,  dentifrices,  pastes,  pomades, 
powders,  and  other  toilet  articles,  and  articles  of  perfumery, 
whether  in  sachets  or  otherwise^  not  containing  alcohol  or  in 
the  manufacture  of  which  alcohol  is  not  used,  and  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

71.  Santonin,  and  all  salts  thereof  containing  eighty  per 
centum  or  over  of  santonin,  one  dollar  per  pound. 

soap: 

72.  Castile  soap,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound; 
fancy,  perfumed,  and  all  descriptions  of  toilet  soap,  including 
so-called  medicinal  or  medicated  soaps,  fifteen  cents  per 
pound;  all  other  soaps  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SODA: 

73.  Bicarbonate  of  soda,  or  supercarbonate  of  soda,  or 
saleratus,  and  other  alkalies  containing  fifty  per  centum  or 


Appendix  B. 


7 


more  of  bicarbonate  of  soda,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

74.  Bichromate  and  chromate  of  soda,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

75.  Crystal  carbonate  of  soda,  or  concentrated  soda  crys- 
tals, or  monohydrate,  or  sesquicarbonate  of  soda,  three-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound;  chlorate  of  soda,  two  cents  per  pound. 

76.  Hydrate  of,  or  caustic  soda,  three  fourths  of  one  cent 
per  pound;  nitrite  of  soda,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound; 
hypo  sulphite  and  sulphide  of  soda,  one-half  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

77.  Sal  soda,  or  soda  crystals,  not  concentrated,  two-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound. 

78.  Soda  ash,  three-eighths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  arsen- 
iate  of  soda,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound. 

7Q.  Silicate  of  soda,  or  other  alkaline  silicate,  one-half  of 
one  cent  per  pound. 

80.  Sulphate  of  soda,  or  salt  cake,  or  niter  cake,  one  dol- 
lar and  twenty-five  cents  per  ton. 

81.  Sea  moss,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

82.  Sponges,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  manufac- 
tures of  sponges,  or  of  which  sponges  is  the  component  mater- 
ial of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  forty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

83.  Strychnia,  or  strychnine,  and  all  salts  thereof,  thirty 
cents  per  ounce. 

84.  Sulphur,  refined,  or  sublimed,  or  flowers  of,  eight  dol- 
lars per  ton. 

85.  Sumac,  ground,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

86.  Vanillin,  eighty  cents  per  ounce. 

SCHEDULE  B. 

EARTHS,  EARTHENWARE,  AND  GLASSWARE, 

BRICK  AND  tile: 

87.  Fire-brick,  weighing  not  more  than  ten  pounds  each, 
not  glazed,  enameled,  ornamented,  or  decorated  in  any  man- 
ner, one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  per  ton;  glazed,  enam- 
eled. ornamented,  or  decorated,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  val- 
orem; brick,  other  than  fire  brick,  not  glazed,  enameled, 
painted,  vitrified,  ornamented,  or  decorated  in  any  manner, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  glazed,  enameled, 
painted,  vitrified,  ornamented,  or  decorated  in  any  manner, 
forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

,88.  Tiles,  plain  unglazed,  one  color,  exceeding  two  square 
inches  in  size,  four  cents  per  square  foot;  glazed,  encaustic, 
ceramic  mosaic,  vitrified,  semi-vitrified,  flint,  spar,  embossed, 
enameled,  ornamental,  hand  painted,  gold  decorated,  and  all 
other  earthenware  tiles,  valued  at  not  exceeding  forty  cents 
per  square  foot,  eight  cents  per  square  foot;  exceeding  forty 
cents  per  square  foot,  ten  cents  per  square  foot  and  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem, 


Appendix  B. 


CEMENT,  LIME,  AND  PLASTER: 

89.  Roman,  Portland,  and  other  hydraulic  cement,  in  bar- 
rels, sacks,  or  other  packages,  eight  cents  per  one  hundred 
pounds,  including  weight  of  barrel  or  package;  in  bulk,  seven 
cents  per  one  hundred  pounds;  other  cement,  twenty  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

go.  Lime,  five  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds,  including 
weight  of  barrel  or  package. 

91.  Plaster  rock  or  gypsum,  crude,  fifty  cents  per  ton;  if 
ground  or  calcined,  two  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per  ton; 
pearl  hardening  for  paper  makers’  use,  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

92.  Pumice  stone,  wholly  or  partially  manufactured,  six 
dollars  per  ton;  unmanufactured,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  val- 
orem. 

CLAYS  OR  EARTHS: 

93.  Clays  or  earths,  unwrought  or  unmanufactured,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  one  dollar  per  ton;  wrought 
or  manufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  two 
dollars  per  ton;  china,  clay  or  kaolin,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  ton;  limestone  rock  asphalt  containing  not  more  than  fifteen 
per  centum  of  bitumen,  fifty  cents  per  ton;  asphaltum  and  bi- 
tumen, not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  crude,  if  not 
dried,  or  otherwise  advanced  in  any  manner,  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  per  ton;  if  dried  or  otherwise  advanced  in  any  man- 
ner, three  dollars  per  ton;  beauxite,  or  beauxite,  crude,  not  re- 
fined or  otherwise  advanced  in  condition  from  its  natural  state, 
one  dollar  per  ton;  fullers’  earth,  unwrought  and  unmanufac- 
tured, one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  ton;  wrought  or  manufac- 
tured, three  dollars  per  ton. 

EARTHENWARE  AND  CHINA: 

94.  Common  yellow,  brown,  or  gray  earthenware,  plain, 
embossed,  or  salt-glazed  common  stoneware,  and  crucibles,  all 
the  foregoing  not  decorated  in  any  manner,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  Rockingham  earthenware,  not  decorated, 
forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

95.  China,  porcelain,  parian,  bisque,  earthen,  stone,  and 
crockery  ware,  including  clock  cases,  with  or  without  move- 
ments, plaques,  ornaments,  toys,  toy  tea  sets,  charms,  vases  and 
statuettes,  painted,  tinted,  stained,  enameled,  printed,  gilded, 
or  otherwise  decorated  or  ornamented  in  any  manner,  sixty  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  if  plain  white  and  without  superadded  or- 
namentation of  any  kind,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

96.  All  other  china,  procelain,  parian,  bisque,  earthen, 
stone,  and  crockery  ware,  and  manufactures  thereof,  or  of 
which  the  same  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  by 
whatevermame  known,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
if  painted,  tinted,  stained,  enameled,  printed,  gilded,  or  other- 
wise decorated  or  ornamented  in  any  manner,  sixty  per  centum 


Appendix  B. 


ad  valorem;  if  not  ornamented  or  decorated,  fifty-five  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

97.  Articles  and  wares  composed  wholly  or  in  chief  value 
of  earthy  or  mineral  substances  or  carbon,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  if  not  decorated  in  any  manner,  thirty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  decorated,  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

98.  Gas  retorts,  three  dollars  each;  lava  tips  for  burners, 
ten  cents  per  gross  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  carbons 
for  electric  lighting,  ninety  cents  per  hundred;  filter  tubes, 
forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  porous  carbon  pots  for  elec- 
tric batteries,  without  metallic  connections  twenty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

GLASS  AND  GLASSWARE: 

99.  Plain  green  or  colored,  molded  or  pressed,  and  flint 
and  lime,  or  lead  glass  bottles,  vials,  jars,  and  covered  or  un- 
covered demijohns  and  carboys,  any  of  the  foregoing,  filled  or 
unfilled,  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for,  and  whether 
their  contents  be  dutiable  or  free,  (except  such  as  contain  mer- 
chandise subjeet  to  an  ad  valorem  rate  of  duty,  or  to  a rate  of 
doty  based  in  whole  or  in  part  upon  the  value  thereof,  which 
shall  be  dutiable  at  the  rate  applicable  to  their  contents),  shall 
pay  duty  as  follows:  If  holding  more  than  one  pint,  one  cent 
per  pound;  if  holding  not  more  than  one  pint  and  not  less  than 
one-fourth  of  a pint,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  if  hold- 
ing less  than  one-fourth  of  a pint,  fifty  cents  per  gross;  P7'o- 
vided,  That  none  of  the  above  articles  shall  pay  a less  rate  of 
duty  than  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

100.  Glass,  bottles,  decanters,  or  other  vessels  or  articles 
of  glass,  cut,  engraved,  painted,  colored,  stained,  silvered, 
gilded,  etched,  frosted,  printed  in  any  manner  or  otherwise  or- 
namented, decorated,  or  ground,  (except  such  grinding  as  is 
necessary  for  fitting  stoppers,)  and  any  articles  of  which  such 
glass  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  and  porcelain, 
opal  and  other  blown  glassware;  all  the  foregoing,  filled  or  un- 
filled, and  whether  their  contents  be  dutiable  or  free,  sixty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

101.  Unpolished,  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  window 
glass,  not  exceeding  ten  by  fifteen  inches  square,  one  and  three- 
eighths  cents  per  pound;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  six- 
teen by  twenty  four  inches  square,  one  and  seven-eighths  cents 
per  pound;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by 
thirty  inches  square,  two  and  three-eights  cents  per  pound; 
above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty-six  inches 
square,  two  and  seven-eighths  cents  per  pound;  above  that, 
and  not  exceeeing  thirty  by  forty  inches  square,  three  and 
three-eighths  cents  per  pound;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
forty  by  sixty  inches  square,  three  and  seven-eighths  cents  per 
pound;  above  that,  four  and  three-eighths  cents  per  pound: 
Provided^  That  unpolished,  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  win- 


10 


Appendix  B. 


dow  glass,  imported  in  boxes,  shall  contain  fifty  square  feet,  as 
nearly  as  sizes  will  permit,  and  the  duty  shall  be  computed 
thereon,  according  to  the  actual  weight  of  glass. 

102.  Cylinder  and  crown  glass,  polished,  not  exceeding 
sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches  square,  four  cents  per  square 
foot;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  thirty  inches 
square,  six  cents  per  square  foot;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
twenty-four  by  sixty  inches  square,  fifteen  cents  per  square 
foot;  above  that,  twenty  cents  per  square  foot. 

103.  Fluted,  rolled,  ribbed  or  rough  plate  glass,  or  the 
same  containing  a wire  netting  within  itself,  not  including 
crown,  cylinder,  or  common  window  glass,  not  exceeding  six- 
teen by  twenty-four  inches  square,  three-fourths  of  one  cent 
per  square  foot ; above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by 
thirty  inches  square,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square  foot  ; 
all  above  that,  one  and  three-fourths  cents  per  square  foot  ; 
and  all  fluted,  rolled,  ribbed,  or  rough  plate  glass,  weighing 
over  one  hundred  pounds  per  one  hundred  square  feet,  shall 
pay  an  additional  duty  on  the  excess  at  the  same  rates  herein 
imposed  : Provided,  That  all  of  the  above  plate  glass,  when 
ground,  smoothed,  or  otherwise  obscured,  shall  be  subject  to 
the  same  rate  of  duty  as  cast  polished  plate  glass  unsilvered. 

104.  Cast  polished  plate  glass,  finished  or  unfinished  and 
unsilvered,  not  exceeding  sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches  square, 
eight  cents  per  square  foot  ; above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
twenty-four  by  thirty  inches  square,  ten  cents  per  square  foot  ; 
above  that,  and  mot  exceeding  twenty  four  by  sixty  inches 
square,  twenty-two  and  one-half  cents  per  square  foot;  all  above 
that,  thirty-five  cents  per  square  foot. 

105.  Cast,  polished  plate  glass,  silvered,  cylinder  and 
crown  glass,  silvered,  and  looking  glass  plates,  exceeding  in 
size  one  hundred  and  forty-four  square  inches  and  not  exceed- 
ing sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches  square,  eleven  cents  per 
square  foot ; above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by 
thirty  inches  square,  thirteen  cents  per  square  foot;  above  that, 
and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  by  sixty  inches  square,  twenty- 
five  cents  per  square  foot;  all  above  that,  thirty-eight  cents  per 
square  foot. 

106.  But  no  looking-glass  plates  or  plate  glass,  silvered, 
when  framed,  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  that  imposed 
upon  similar  glass  of  like  description  not  framed,  but  shall 
pay  in  addition  thereto"  upon  such  frames  the  rate  of  duty  ap- 
plicable thereto  when  imported  separate. 

107.  Cast  polished  plate  glass,  silvered  or  unsilvered,  and 
cylinder,  crown,  or  common  window  glass,  silvered  or  un- 
silvered, when  bent,  ground,  obscured,  frosted,  sanded,  en- 
ameled, beveled,  etched,  embosssed,  engraved,  flashed,  stained, 
colored,  painted,  or  otherwise  ornamented  or  decorated,  shall 
be  subject  to  a duty  of  five  per  centum  ad  valorem  in  addition 
to  the  rates  otherwise  chargeable  thereon. 

108.  Spectacles,  eyeglasses,  and  goggles,  and  frames  for 


Appendix  B. 


II 


the  same,  or  parts  thereof,  finished  or  unfinished,  valued  at  not 
over  forty  cents  per  dozen,  twenty  cents  per  dozen  and  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem  ; valued  at  over  forty  cents  per  dozen 
and  not  over  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  forty-five 
cents  per  dozen  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at 
over  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

109.  Lenses  of  glass  or  pebble,  ground  and  polished  to  a 
spherical,  cylindrical,  or  prismatic  form,  and  ground  and 
polished  piano  or  coquill  glasses,  wholly  or  partly  manufac- 
tured, with  the  edges  unground,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem ; if  with  their  edges  ground  or  beveled,  ten  cents  per 
dozen  pairs  and  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

no.  Strips  of  glass,  not  more  than  three  inches  wide* 
ground  or  polished  on  one  or  both  sides  to  a cylindrical  or  pris- 
matic form,  and  glass  slides  for  magic  lanterns,  forty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

111.  Opera  and  field  glasses,  telescopes  and  microscopes, 
photographic  and  projecting  lenses  and  optical  instruments, 
and  frames  or  mountings  for  the  same  ; all  the  foregoing  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  forty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

1 12.  Stained  or  painted  glass  windows,  or  parts  thereof, 
and  all  mirrors,  not  exceeding  in  size  one  hundred  and  forty- 
four  square  inches,  with  or  without  frames  or  cases,  and  all 
glass  or  manufactures  of  glass  or  paste,  or  of  which  glass  or 
paste  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

1 13.  Fusible  enamel,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem, 

MARBLE  AND  STONE,  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF: 

1 14.  Marble  in  block,  rough  or  squared  only,  sixty-five 
cents  per  cubic  foot ; onyx  in  block,  rough  or  squared,  one 
dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  cubic  foot;  marble  or  onyx,  sawed  or 
dressed,  over  two  inches  in  thickness,  one  dollar  and  ten  cents 
per  cubic  foot  ; slabs  or  paving  tiles  of  marble  or  onyx,  con- 
taining not  less  than  four  superficial  inches,  if  not  more  than 
one  inch  in  thickness,  twelve  cents  per  superficial  foot;  if  more 
than  one  inch  and  not  more  than  and  one-half  inches  in  thick- 
ness, fifteen  cents  per  superficial  foot ; if  more  than  one  and 
one-half  inches  and  not  more  than  two  inches  in  thickness, 
eighteen  cents  per  superficial  foot ; if  rubbed  in  whole  or  in 
part,  three  cents  per  superficial  foot  in  addition;  mosaic  cubes 
of  marble,  onyx,  or  stone,  not  exceeding  two  cubic  inches  in 
size,  if  loose',  one  cent  per  pound  and  twenty  per  centurrt  ad 
valorem;  if  attached  to  paper  or  other  material,,  twenty  cents 
per  superficial  foot  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

1 1 5.  Manufactures  of  agate,  alabaster,  chalcedony,  chryso- 
lite, coral,  cornelian,  garnet,  jasper,  jet,  malachite,  marble, 
’onyx,  rock  crystal,  or  spar,  including  clock  cases  with  or  with- 


12 


Appendix  B. 


out  movements,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  fifty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

STONE  : 

116.  Burr  stones,  manufactured  or  bound  up  into  mill- 
stones, fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

1 1 7.  Freestone,  granite,  sandstone,  limestone,  and  other 
building  or  monumental  stone,  except  marble  or  onyx,  un- 
manufactured or  undressed,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  twelve  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

1 18.  Freestone,  granite,  sandstone,  limestone,  and  other 
building  or  monumental  stone,  except  marble  and  onyx,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  hewn,  dressed,  or  polished, 
fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

1 19.  Grindstones,  finished  or  unfinished,  one  dollar  and 
seventy-five  cents  per  ton. 

slate: 

120.  Slates,  slate  chimney-pieces,  mantels,  slabs  for 
tables,  roofing  slates,  and  all  other  manufactures  of  slate,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 


SCHEDULE  C. 

METALS  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF: 

121.  Iron  ore,  including  manganiferous  iron  ore,  and  the 
dross  or  residuum  from  burnt  pyrites,  forty  cents  per  ton  : 
Provided^  That  in  levying  and  collecting  the  duty  on  iron 
ore  no  deduction  shall  be  made  from  the  weight  of  the  ore 
on  account  of  moisture  which  may  be  chemically  or  physically 
combined  therewith  ; basic  slag,  ground  or  unground,  one 
dollar  per  ton. 

122.  Iron  in  pigs,  iron  kentledge,  spiegeleisen,  ferro-man- 
ganese,  ferro-silicon,  wrought  and  cast  scrap  iron,  and  scrap 
steel,  four  dollars  per  ton  ; but  nothing  shall  be  deemed  scrap 
iron  or  scrap  steel  except  waste  or  refuse  iron  or  steel  fit  only 
to  be  remanufactured. 

123.  Bar  iron,  square  iron,  rolled  or  hammered,  com- 
prising flats  not  less  than  one  inch  wide  nor  less  than  three- 
eighths  of  one  inch  thick,  round  iron  not  less  than  seven-six- 
teenths of  one  inch  in  diameter,  six-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

124.  Round  iron,  in  coils  or  rods,  less  than  seven-sixteenths 
of  one  inch  in  diameter,  and  bars  or  shapes  of  rolled  or  ham- 
mei'ed  iron,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  eight-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound  : Provided,  That  all  iron  in  slabs, 
blooms,  loops,  or  other  forms  less  finished  than  iron  in  bars, 
and  more  advanced  than  pig  iron,  except  castings,  shall  be 
subject  to  a duty  of  five-tenth&^f  one  cent  per  pound  : Pro- 
vided further,  That  all  iron  bars,  blooms,  billets,  or  sizes  or 


Appendix  B. 


13 


shapes  of  any  kind,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  charcoal  is 
used  as  fuel,  shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of  twelve  dollars  per 
ton. 

125.  Beams,  girders,  joists,  angles,  channels,  car-truck 
channels,  T.  T.  columns  and  posts  or  parts  or  sections  of 
columns  and  posts,  deck  and  bulb  beams,  and  building  forms, 
together  with  all  other  structural  shapes  of  iron  or  steel, 
whether  plain  or  punched,  or  fitted  for  use,  five-tenths  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

126.  Boiler  or  other  plate  iron  or  steel,  except  crucible 
plate  steel  and  saw  plates  hereinafter  provided  for,  not  thinner 
than  number  ten  wire  gauge,  sheared  or  unsheared,  and  skelp 
iron  or  steel,  sheared  or  rolled  in  grooves,  valued  at  one  cent 
per  pound  or  less,  five-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound  ; valued 
above  one  cent  and  not  above  two  cents  per  pound,  six-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound  ; valued  above  two  cents  and  not  above 
four  cents  per  pound,  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  at  over  four 
cents  per  pound,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Pro- 
vided, That  all  sheets  or  plates  of  iron. or  steel  thinner  than 
number  ten  wire  gauge  shall  pay  duty  as  iron  or  steel  sheets. 

127.  Iron  or  steel  anchors  or  parts  thereof,  one  and  one- 
half  cents  per  pound  ; forgings  of  iron  or  steel,  or  of  combined 
iron  and  steel,  of  whatever  shape  or  whatever  degree  or  stage 
of  manufacture,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem  ; anti-friction  ball  forgings  of  iron 
or  steel,  or  of  combined  iron  and  steel,  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

128.  Hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  or  steel,  not  otherwise 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  valued  at  three  cents  per  pound  or 
less,  eight  inches  or  less  in  width,  and  less  than  three-eighths 
of  one  inch  thick  and  not  thinner  than  number  ten  wire  gauge, 
five-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound  ; thinner  than  number  ten 
wire  gauge,  and  not  thinner  than  number  twenty  wire  gauge, 
six-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound  ; thinner  than  number  twenty 
wire  gauge,  eight-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound  : Provided, 
that  barrel-hoops  of  iron  or  steel,  and  hoop  or  band  iron  or 
hoop  or  band  steel  flared,  splayed,  or  punched,  with  or  without 
buckles  or  fastenings,  shall  pay  one-tenth  of  one  cent  per 
pound  more  duty  than  that  imposed  on  the  hoop  or  band  iron 
or  steel  from  which  they  are  made  ; steel  bands  or  strips,  un- 
tempered, suitable  for  making  band  saws,  three  cents  per 
pound  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem  ; if  tempered,  or 
tempered  and  polished,  six  cents  per  pound  and  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem, 

I2g.  Hoop  or  band  iron,  or  hoop  or  band  steel,  cut  to 
lengths,  or  wholly  or  partly  manufactured  into  hoops  or  ties, 
coated  or  not  coated  with  paint  or  any  other  preparation,  with 
or  without  buckles  or  fastenings,  for  baling  cotton  or  any  other 
commodity,  five-tenths  of  oiie  cent  per  pound. 

130.  Railway  bars,  made  of  iron  or  steel,  and  railway 
bars  made  in  part  of  steel,  T.  rails,  and  punched  iron  or  steel 


14 


Appendix  B. 


flat  rails,  seven-twentieths  of  one  cent  per  pound  ; railway  fish 
plates  or  splice  bars  made  of  iron  or  steel,  four-tenths  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

131.  Sheets  of  iron  or  steel,  commoner  black,  of  what- 
ever dimensions,  and  skelp  iron  or  steel,  valued  at  three  cents 
per  pound  or  less,  thinner  than  number  ten  and  not  thinner 
than  number  twenty  wire  gauge,  seven-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound  ; thinner  than  number  twenty  wire  gauge  and  not 
thinner  than  number  twenty-five  wire  gauge,  eight-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound;  thinner  thap  number  twenty -five  wire 
gauge  and  not  thinner  than  number  thirty-two  wire  gauge,  one 
and  one-tenth  cents  per  pound  ; thinner  than  number  thirty- 
two  wire  gauge,  one  and  two-tenths  cents  per  pound;  corru- 
gated or  crimped,  one  and  one-tenth  cents  per  pound  *.  Pro- 
vided, That  all  sheets  of  common  or  black  iron  or  steel  not 
thinner  than  number  ten  wire  gauge  shall  pay  duty  as  plate 
iron  or  plate  steel. 

132.  All  iron  or  steel  sheets  or  plates,  and  all  hoop,  band, 
or  scroll  iron  or  steel,  excepting  what  are  known  commercially 
as  tin  plates,  terne  plates,  and  taggers  tin,  and  hereinafter  pro- 
vided for,  when  galvanized,  or  coated  with  zinc,  spelter,  or 
other  metals,  or  any  alloy  of  those  metals,  shall  pay  two-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound  more  duty  than  if  the  same  was  not  so 
galvanized  or  coated. 

133.  Sheets  of  iron  or  steel,  polished,  planished,  or 
glanced,  by  whatever  name  designated,  two  cents  per  pound  ; 
Provided,  That  plates  or  sheets  of  iron  or  steel,  by  whatever 
name  designated,  other  than  the  polished,  planished,  or  glanced 
herein  provided  for,  which  has  been  pickeled  or  cleaned  by 
acid,  or  by  any  other  material  or  process,  or  which  are  cold 
rolled,  smoothed  only,  not  polished,  shall  pay  two-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound  more  duty  than  the  corresponding  gauges 
of  common  or  black  sheet  iron  or  steel. 

134.  Sheets  or  plates  of  iron  or  steel,  or  taggers  iron  or 
steel,  coated  with  tin  or  lead,  or  with  a mixture  of  which  these 
metals,  or  either  of  them,  is  a component  part,  by  the  dipping 
or  any  other  process,  and  commercially  known  as  tin  plates, 
terne  plates,  and  taggers  tin,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

135.  Steel  ingots,  cogged  ingots,  blooms,  and  slabs,  by 
whatever  process  made;  die  blocks  or  blanks;  billets  and  bars 
and  tapered  or  beveled  bars  ; mill  shafting  ; pressed,  sheared 
or  stamped  shapes;  saw  plates,  wholly  or  partially  manu- 
factured ; hammer  molds  or  swaged  steel  ; gun-barrel  molds 
not  in  bars  ; alloys  used  as  substitutes  for  steel  in  the  manu- 
facture of  tools;  all  descriptions  and  shapes  of  dry  sand,  loam, 
or  iron  molded  steel  castings;  sheets  and  plates  and  steel  in  all 
forms  and  shapes  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  all  of 
the  above  valued  at  one  cent  per  pound  or  less,  three-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  one  cent  and  not  above  one 
and  four-tenths  cents  per  pound,  four-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound;  valued  above  one  and  four-tenths  cents  and  not  above 


Appendix  B. 


15 


one  and  eight-tenths  cents  per  pound,  six-tenths  of  one  cent 
per  pound  ; valued  above  one  and  eight-tenths  cents  and  not 
above  two  and  two-tenths  cents  per  pound,  seven-tenths  of  one 
cent  per  pound;  valued  above  two  and  two-tenths  cents  and 
not  above  three  cents  per  pound,  nine-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound  ; valued  above  three  cents  per  pound  and  not  above 
four  cents  per  pound,  one  and  two-tenths  cents  per  pound;  val- 
ued above  four  cents  and  not  above  seven  cents  per  pound, 
one  and  three-tenths  cents  per  pound  ; valued  above  seven 
cents  and  not  above  ten  cents  per  pound,  two  cents  per  pound; 
valued  above  ten  cents  and  not  above  thirteen  cents  per 
pound,  two  and  four-tenths  cents  per  pound;  valued  above 
thirteen  cents  and  not  above  sixteen  cents  per  pound,  two  and 
eight-tenths  cents  per  pound  ; valued  above  sixteen  cents 
per  pound,  four  and  seven-tenths  cents  per  pound. 

wire: 

136.  Wire  rods:  Rivet,  screw,  fence,  and  other  iron  or 
steel  wire  rods,  whether  round,  oval,  flat,  or  square,  or  in 
any  other  shape,  and  nail  rods,  in  coils,  or  otherwise,  valued  at 
four  cents  or  less  per  pound,  four-tenths  one  cent  per  pound  ; 
valued  over  four  cents  per  pound,  three-fourths  of  one  cent 
per  pound:  Provided,  That  all  round  iron  or  steel  rods  smaller 
than  number  six  wire  gauge  shall  be  classed  and  dutiable 
as  wire:  Provided  furPier,  That  all  iron  or  steel  wire  rods 
which  have  been  tempered  or  treated  in  any  manner,  or  part- 
ly manufactured  shall  pay  an  additional  duty  of  one-half  of 
one  cent  per  pound. 

137.  Round  iron  or  steel  wire,  not  smaller  than  number 
thirteen  wire  gauge,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound; 
smaller  than  number  thirteen  and  not  smaller  than  number 
sixteen  wire  gauge,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound ; 
smaller  than  number  sixteen  wire  gauge,  two  cents  per  pound: 
Provided,  That  all  the  foregoing  valued  at  more  than  four 
cents  per  pound  shall  pay  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 
Iron  or  steel  or  other  wire  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  including  such  as  is  commonly  known  as  hat  wire,  or 
bonnet  wire,  crinoline  wire,  corset  wire,  needle  wire,  piano 
wire,  clock  wire,  and  watch  wire,  whether  flat  or  otherwise,  and 
corset  clasps,  corset  steels  and  dress  steels,  and  sheet  steels  in 
strips,  twenty-five  one-thousandths  of  an  inch  thick  or  thinner, 
any  of  the  foregoing,  whether  uncovered  or  covered  with 
cotton,  silk,  metal,  or  other  material,  valued  at  more  than  four 
cents  per  pound,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem  : Provided, 
That  articles  manufactured  from  iron,  steel,  brass,  or  copper 
wire,  shall  pay  the  rate  of  duty  imposed  upon  the  wire  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  such  articles,  and  in  addition  thereto  one 
and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound,  except  that  wire  rope  and 
wire  strand  shall  pay  the  maximum  rate  of  duty  which  would 
be  imposed  upon  any  wire  used  in  the  manufacture  thereof, 
and  in  addition  thereto  one  cent  per  pound  ; and  on  iron  or 


i6 


Appendix  B. 


steel  wire  coated  with  zinc,  tin,  or  any  other  metal,  two-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rate  imposed  on  the 
wire  from  which  it  is  made. 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS. 

138.  No  allowance  or  reduction  of  duties  for  partial  loss 
or  damage  in  consequence  of  rust  or  of  discoloration  shall  be 
made  upon  any  description  of  iron  or  steel,  or  upon  any  article 
wholly  or  partly  manufactured  of  iron  or  steel,  or  upon  any 
manufacture  of  iron  or  steel. 

139.  All  metal  produced  from  iron  or  its  ores,  which  is 
cast  and  malleable,  of  whatever  description  or  form,  without 
regard  to  the  percentage  of  carbon  contained  therein,  whether 
produced  by  cementation,  or  converted,  cast,  or  made  from 
iron  or  its  ores,  by  the  crucible,  Bessemer,  Clapp-Griffith, 
pneumatic,  Thomas  Gilchrist,  basic,  Siemens-Martin,  or  open 
hearth  process,  or  by  the  equivalent  of  either,  or  by  a com- 
bination of  two  or  more  of  the  processes,  or  their  equivalents, 
.or  by  any  fusion  or  other  process  which  produces  from  iron  or 
its  ores  a metal  either  granular  or  fibrous  in  structure,  which 
is  cast  and  malleable,  excepting  what  is  known  as  malleable 
iron  castings,  shall  be  classed  and  denominated  as  steel. 

140.  No  article  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
which  is  wholly  or  partly  manufactured  from  tin  plate,  terne 
plate,  or  the  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  or  steel 
herein  provided  for,  or  of  which  such  tin  plate,  terne  plate, 
sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  or  steel  shall  be  the  ma- 
terial of  chief  value,  shall  pay  a lower  rate  of  duty  than  that 
imposed  upon  the  tin  plate,  terne  plate,  or  sheet,  plate,  hoop, 
band,  scroll  iron  or  steel  from  which  it  is  made,  or  of  which  it 
shall  be  the  component  thereof  of  chief  value. 

1 41.  On  all  iron  or  steel  bars  or  rods  of  whatever  shape 
or  section  which  are  cold  rolled,  cold  drawn,  cold  hammered, 
or  polished  in  any  way  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  process  of 
hot  rolling  or  hammering,  there  shall  be  paid  one-fourth  of 
of  one  cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rates  provided  in  this 
Act  on  bars  or  rods  of  whatever  section  or  shape  which  are 
hot  roiled  ; and  on  all  strips,  plates,  or  sheets  of  iron  or  steel 
of  whatever  shape,  other  than  the  polished,  planished,  or 
glanced  sheet-iron  or  sheet-steel  hereinbefore  provided  for, 
which  are  cold  rolled,  cold  hammered,  blued,  brightened, 
tempered,  or  polished  by  any  process  to  such  perfected  sur- 
face finish  or  polish  better  than  the  grade  of  cold  rolled, 
smoothed  only,  herinbefore  provided  for,  there  shall  be  paid 
one  cent  per  pound  in  addition  to  the  rates  provided  for  in 
this  Act  upon  plates,  strips,  or  sheets  of  iron  or  steel  of 
common  or  black  finish;  and  on  steel  circular  saw  plates 
there  shall  be  paid  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound  in  addition 
to  the  rate  provided  in  this  Act  for  steel  saw  plates. 


Appendix  B. 


17 


MANUFACT-URES  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL. 

142.  Anvils  of  iron  or  steel,  or  of  iron  and  steel  combined, 
by  whatever  process  made,  or  in  whatever  stage  of  manufact- 
ure, one  and  seven-eighths  cents  per  pound. 

143.  Axles,  or  parts  thereof,  axle  bars,  axle  blanks,  or 
forgings  for  axles,  whether  of  iron  or  steel,  without  reference 
to  the  stage  or  state  of  manufacture,  valued  at  not  more  than 
six  cents  per  pound,  one  cent  per  pound:  Provided^  That 
when  iron  or  steel  axles  are  imported  fitted  in  wheels,  or  parts 
of  wheels,  of  iron  or  steel,  they  shall  be  dutiable  at  the  same 
rate  as  the  wheels  in  which  they  are  fitted. 

144.  Blacksmiths’  hammers  and  sledges,  track  tools, 
wedges,  and  crowbars,  whether  of  iron  or  steel,  one  and  one- 
half  cents  per  pound. 

145.  Bolts,  with  or  without  threads  or  nuts,  or  bolt  blanks, 
and  finished  hinges  or  hinge  blanks,  whether  of  iron  or  steel, 
one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

146.  Card,  clothing,  manufactured  from  tempered  steel 
wire,  forty-five  cents  per  square  foot;  all  other,  twenty  cents 
per  square  foot. 

147.  Cast-iron  pipe  of  every  description,  four-tenths  of 
one  cent  per  pound. 

148.  Cast-iron  vessels,  plates,  stove  plates,  andirons,  sad- 
irons, tailors’  irons,  hatters’  irons,  and  castings  of  iron,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  eight-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
pound. 

149.  Castings  of  malleable  iron  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  nine-tenth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

1 50.  Cast  hollow-ware,  coated,  glazed,  or  tinned,  two  cents 
per  pound. 

1 5 1.  Chain  or  chains  of  all  kinds,  made  of  iron  or  steel, 
not  less  than  three-fourths  of  one  inch  in  diameter,  one  and 
one-eighth  cents  per  pound;  less  than  three-fourths  of 
one  inch  and  not  less  than  three-eighths  of  one  inch  in  dia- 
meter, one  and  three-eighths  cents  per  pound;  less  than  three- 
eighths  of  one  inch  in  diameter  and  not  less  than  five-sixteenths 
of  one  inch  in  diameter,  one  and  seven-eights  cents  per  pound; 
less  than  five-sixteenths  of  one  inch  in  diameter,  three  cents 
per  pound;  but  no  chain  or  chains  of  any  description  shall 
pay  a lower  rate  of  duty  than  forty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

152.  Lap  welded,  butt  welded,  seamed,  or  jointed  iron  or 
steel  boiler  tubes,  pipes,  flues,  or  stays,  not  thinner  than 
number  sixteen  wire  gauge,  two  cents  per  pound;  welded  cyl- 
indrical furnaces,  made  from  plate  metal,  two  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound;  all  other  iron  or  s^eel  tubes,  finished,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 


i8 


Appendix  ‘B. 


cutlery: 

153.  Penknives  or  pocket  knives,  clasp  knives,  pruning 
knives,  and  budding  knives  of  all  kinds,  or  parts  thereof,  and 
erasers  or  manicure  knives,,  or  parts  thereof,  wholly  or  partly 
manufactured,  valued  at  not  more  than  forty  cents  per  dozen, 
forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  forty  cents 
per  dozen  and  not  exceeding  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  one  cent 
per  piece  and  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more 
than  fifty  cents  per  dozen  and  not  exceeding  one  dollar  and 
twenty-five  cents  per  dozen,  five  cents  per  piece  and  forty  per 
centum  ad  valorem ; valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and  twenty- 
five  cents  and  not  exceeding  three  dollars  per  dozen,  ten  cents 
per  piece  and  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem ; valued  at  more  than 
three  dollars  per  dozen,  twenty  cents  per  piece  and  forty  per 
centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That  blades,  handles,  or  other 
parts  of  either  or  any  of  the  foregoing  articles,  imported  in 
any  other  manner  than  assembled  in  finished  knives  or  erasers 
shall  be  subject  to  no  less  rate  of  duty  than  herein  provided 
for  pen  knives,  pocket  knives,  clasp  knives,  pruning  knives, 
manicure  knives,  and  erasers  valued  at  more  than  fifty  and 
not  more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen.  Razors  and 
razor  blades,  finished  or  unfinished,  valued  at  less  than  one 
dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  fifty  cents  per  dozen  and  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem  ; valued  at  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents 
per  dozen  and  less  than  three  dollars  per  dozen,  one  dollar  per 
dozen  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  three 
dollars  per  dozen  or  more,  one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents 
per  dozen  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  Scissors  and 
shears,  and  blades  for  the  same,  finished  or  unfinished, 
valued  at  not  more  than  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  fifteen 
cents  per  dozen  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at 
more  than  fifty  cents  and  not  more  than  one  dollar  and  seven- 
ty-five cents  per  dozen,  fifty  cents  per  dozen  and  fifteen  per 
centum  ad  valorem  ; valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and 
seventy-five  cents  per  dozen,  seventy-five  cents  per  dozen  and 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

154.  Swords,  sword  blades,  and  side  arms,  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

155.  Table,  butchers’,  carving,  cooks’,  hunting,  kitchen, 
bread,  butter,  vegetable,  fruit,  cheese,  plumbers’,  painters’, 
palette,  artists’,  and  shoe  knives,  forks  and  steels,  finished  or 
unfinished,  with  handles  of  mother-of-pearl,  shell  or  ivory, 
sixteen  cents  each;  with  handles  of  deer  horn,  twelve  cents 
each  ; with  handles  of  hard  rubber,  solid  bone,  celluloid  or 
any  pyroxyline  material,  five  cents  each  ; with  handles  of  any 
other  material  than  those  above  mentioned,  one  and  one-Talf 
cents  each,  and  in  addition,  on  all  the  above  articles,  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That  none  of  the  above 
named  articles  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  forty-five 
[v,.^r  centum  ad  valorem. 


Appendix  B. 


19 

156.  Files,  file  blanks,  rasps,  and  floats,  of  all  cuts  and 
kinds,  two  and  one-half  inches  in  length  and  under,  thirty 
cents  per  dozen  ; over  two  and  one-half  inches  in  length  and 
not  over  four  and  one-half  inches,  fifty  cents  per  dozen;  over 
four  and  one-half  inches  in  length  and  under  seven  inches, 
seventy-five  cents  per  dozen;  seven  inches  in  length  and  over, 
one  dollar  per  dozen. 

firearms: 

157.  Muskets,  muzzle-loading  shot  guns,  rifles,  and  parts 
thereof,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

158.  Double-barreled,  sporting, breech  loading  shotguns, 
combination  shot  guns  and  rifless,  valued  at  not  more  than 
five  dollars,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  each  and  in  addition 
thereto  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than 
five  dollars  and  not  more  than  ten  dollars,  four  dollars  each, 
and  in  addition  thereto  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem  each  ; 
valued  at  more  than  ten  dollars,  six  dollars  each;  double 
barrels  for  sporting  breech  loading  shot  guns  and  rifles  further 
advanced  in  manufacture  than  rough  bored  only,  three  dollars 
each;  stocks  for  double  barreled  sporting  breech  loading  shot 
guns  and  rifles  wholly  or  partially  manufactured,  three  dollars 
each;  and  in  addition  thereto  on  all  such  guns  and  rifles,  val- 
ued at  more  than  ten  dollars  each,  and  on  such  stocks  and 
barrels,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem  ; on  all  other  parts 
of  such  guns  or  rifles,  and  fittings  for  such  stocks  or  barrels, 
finished  or  unfinished,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided, 
That  all  double  barrel,  sporting,  breech  loading  shot  guns  and 
rifles  imported  without  a lock  or  locks  or  other  fittings  shall  be 
subject  to  a duty  of  six  dollars  each  and  thirty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  single  barreled  breech  loading  shot  guns,  or 
parts  thereof,  except  as  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  one  dollar  each  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem.  Revolving  pistols  or  parts  thereof,  seventy-five 
cents  each  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

159.  Sheets,  plates,  wares,  or  articles  of  iron,  steel  or 
other  metal  enameled  or  glazed  with  vitreous  glasses,  forty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

NAILS,  SPIKES,  TACKS,  AND  NEEDLES: 

160.  Cut  nails  and  cut  spikes  of  iron  or  steel,  six-tenths 
of  one  cent  per  pound. 

161.  Horseshoe  nails,  hob  nails,  and  all  other  wrought 
iron  or  steel  nails  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  two 
and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound. 

162.  Wire  nails  made  of  wrought  iron  or  steel,  not  less 
than  one  inch  in  length  and  not  lighter  than  number  sixteen 
wire  gauge,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound;  less  than  one  inch 
in  length  and  lighter  thannumb'er  sixteen  wire  gauge,  one  cent 
per  pound. 


20 


Appendix  B. 


163.  Spikes,  nuts,  and  washers,  and  horse,  mule,  or  ox 
shoes,  of  wrought  iron  or  steel,  one  cent  per  pound. 

164.  Cut  tacks,  brads,  or  sprigs,  not  exceeding  sixteen 
ounces  to  the  thousand,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  thousand; 
exceeding  sixteen  ounces  to  the  thousand,  one  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound. 

165.  Needles  for  knitting  or  sewing  machines,  including 
latch  needles,  one  dollar  per  thousand  and  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem  ; crochet  needles  and  tape  needles,  knit- 
ting and  all  other  needles,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  and  bodkins  of  metal,  twenty-hve  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

plates: 

166.  Steel  plates  engraved,  stereotype  plates,  electrotype 
plates,  and  plates  of  other  materials,  engraved  or  lithographed, 
for  printing  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

167.  Rivets  of  iron  or  steel,  two  cents  per  pound. 

SAWS: 

168.  Crosscut  saws,  six  cents  per  linear  foot;  mill  saws, 
ten  cents  per  linear  foot;  pit,  and  drag  saws,  eight  cents  per 
linear  foot;  circular  saws,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
steel  band  saws,  finished  or  further  advanced  than  tempered 
and  polished,  ten  cents  per  pound  and  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  hand,  back,  and  all  other  saws,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

169.  Screws,  commonly  called  wood  screws,  made  of 
iron  or  steel,  more  than  two  inches  in  length,  four  cents  per 
pound ; over  one  inch  and  not  more  than  two  inches  in  length, 
six  cents  per  pound;  over  one-half  inch  and  not  more  than 
one  inch  in  length,  eight  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  one- 
half  inch  and  less  in  length,  twelve  cents  per  pound. 

170.  Umbrella  and  parasol  ribs  and  stretchers,  composed 
in  chief  value  of  iron,  steel,  or  other  metal,  in  frames  or  other- 
wise, fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

171.  Wheels  for  railway  purposes,  or  parts  thereof,  made 
of  iron  or  steel,  and  steel-tired  wheels  for  railway  purposes, 
whether  wholly  or  partly  finished;  and  iron  or  steel  locomotive, 
car,  or  other  railway  tires  or  parts  thereof,  wholly  or  partly 
manufactured,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  and  ingots, 
cogged  ingots,  blooms,  or  blanks  for  the  same,  without  regard 
to  the  degree  of  manufacture,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per 
pound:  Providedy  That  when  wheels  for  railway  purposes,  or 
parts  thereof,  of  iron  or  steel,  are  imported  with  iron  or  steel 
axles  fitted  in  them,  the  wheels  and  axles  together  shall  be 
dutiable  at  the  same  rate  as  is  provided  for  the  wheels  when 
imported  separately. 

MISCELLANEOUS  METAL§  AND  MAUFACTURES  OF: 

172.  Aluminum,  and  alloys  of  any  kind  in  which  alu-s 


Appendix  B. 


21 


minum  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  in  crude 
form,  eight  cents  per  pound;  in  plates,  sheets,  bars,  and  rods, 
thirteen  cents  per  pound. 

173.  Antimony,  as  regulus  or  metal,  three-fourths  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

1 74.  Argentine,  albata,  or  German  silver,  unmanufactured, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

175.  Bronze  powder,  twelve  cents  per  pound;  bronze  or 
Dutch  metal  or  aluminum,  in  leaf,  six  cents  per  package  of 
one  hundred  leaves. 

176.  Copper  in  rolled  plates  called  braziers’  copper 
sheets,  rods,  pipes,  and  .copper  bottoms,  two  and  one-half  cents 
per  pound;  sheathing  or  yellow  metal  of  which  copper  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  and  not  composed  wholly 
or  in  part  of  iron  ungalvanized,  two  cents  per  pound. 

GOLD  AND  silver: 

177.  Gold  leaf,  one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents  per 
package  of  five  hundred  leaves. 

178.  Silver  leaf,  seventy-five  cents  per  package  of  five 
hundred  leaves. 

179.  Tinsel  wire,  lame  or  lahn,  made  wholly  or  in  chief 
value  of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  five  cents  per  pound; 
bullions  and  metal  threads,  made  wholly  or  in 
chief  value  of  tinsel  wire,  lame  or  lahn,  five  cents 
per  pound  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem ; 
laces,  embroideries,  braids,  galoons,  trimmings,  or  other 
articles  made  wholly  or  in  chief  value  of  tinsel  wire, 
lame  ‘or  lahn  bullions,  or  metal  threads,  sixty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

180.  Hooks  and  eyes,  metallic,  whether  loose,  carded  or 
otherwise,  including  weight  of  cards,  cartons,  and  immediate 
wrappings  and  labels,  five  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  and 
fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

lead: 

181.  Lead-bearing  ore  of  all  kinds,  one  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound  on  the  lead  contained  therein:  Ptovided, 
that  on  all  importations  of  lead-bearing  ores  the  duties  shall 
be  estimated  at  the  port  of  entry,  and  a bond  given  in  double 
the  amount  of  such  estimated  duties  for  the  transportation  of 
the  ores  by  common  carriers  bonded  for  the  transportation  of 
appraised  or  unappraised  merchandise  to  properly  equipped 
sampling  or  smelting  establishments,  whether  designated*  as 
bonded  warehouses  or  otherwise.  On  the  arrival  of  the  ores 
at  such  establishments  they  shall  be  sampled  according  to 
commercial  methods  under  the  supervision  of  Government 
officers,  who  shall  be  stationed  at  such  establishments,  and 
who  shall  submit  the  samples  thus  obtained,  to  a Government 
assayer,  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  who 
shall  make  a proper  assay  of  the  sample,  and  report  the  result 


22 


Appendix  B. 


to  the  proper  customs  officers,  and  the  import  entries  shall  be 
liquidated  thereon,  except  in  case  of  ores  that  shall  be  re- 
moved to  a bonded  warehouse  to  be  refined  for  exportation  as 
provided  by  law.  And  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  autho- 
rized to  make  all  necessary  regulations  to  enforce  the  pro- 
visions of  this  paragraph. 

182.  Lead  dross,  lead  bullion  or  base  bullion,  lead  in 
pigs  and  bars,  lead  in  any  form  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  old  refuse  lead  run  into  blocks  and  bars,  and  old 
scrap  lead  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured;  all  the  foregoing, 
two  and  one-eighth  cents  per  pound;  lead  in  sheets,  pipe,  shot, 
glaziers’  lead,  and  lead  wire,  two  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound. 

183.  Metallic  mineral  substances  in  a crude  state,  and 
metals  unwrought,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  monazite  sand  and  thorite,  six 
cents  per  pound. 

184.  Mica,  unmanufactured,  or  rough  trimmed  only,  six 
cents  per  pound  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  mica,  cut 
or  trimmed,  twelve  cents  per  pound  and  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

185.  Nickel,  nickel  oxide,  alloy  of  any  kind  in  which 
nickel  is  a component  material  of  chief  value,  in  pigs,  ingots, 
bars,  or  sheets,  six  cents  per  pound. 

186.  Pens,  metallic,  except  gold  pens,  twelve  cents  per 
gross. 

187.  Penholder  tips,  penholders  or  parts  thereof,  and 
gold  pens,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

188.  Pins  with  solid  heads,  without  ornamentation,  inclu- 
ding hair,  safety,  hat,  bonnet,  and  shawl  pins;  any  of  the  fore- 
going composed  wholly  of  brass,  copper,  iron,  steel,  or  other 
base  metal,  not  plated,  and  not  commonly  known  as  jewelry, 
thirty -five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

189.  Quicksilver,  seven  cents  per  pound.  The  flasks, 
bottles,  or  other  vessels  in  which  quicksilver  is  imported  shall 
be  subject  to  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  they  would  be  subjected 
to  if  imported  empty. 

190.  Type  metal,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  for 
the  lead  contained  therein;  new  types,  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

191.  Watch  movements,  whether  imported  in  cases  or 
not,  if  having  not  more  than  seven  jewels,  thirty-five  cents 
each;  if  having  more  than  seven  jewels  and  not  more  than 
eleven  jewels,  fifty  cents  each;  if  having  more  than  eleven 
jewels  and  not  more  than  Uiteen  jewels,  seventy-five  cents 
each;  if  having  more  than  fifteen  and  not  more  than  seventeen 
jewels,  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  each;  if  having  more 
than  seventeen  jewels,  three  dollars  each,  and  in  addition 
thereto,  on  all  the  foregoing,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; watch  cases  and  parts  of  watches,  including  watch 
dials,  chronometers,  box  or  ship,  and  parts  thereof,  clocks  and 


Appendix  B. 


23 


parts  thereof,  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  Act,  whether 
separately  packed  or  otherwise,  not  composed  wholly  or  in 
part  of  china,  porcelain,  parian,  bisque  or  earthenware,  forty 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  all  jewels  for  use  in  the  manufacture 
of  watches  or  clocks,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

192.  Zinc  in  blocks,  or  pigs,  one  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound;  in  sheets,  two  cents  per  pound;  old  and  worn-out,  fit 
only  to  be  remanufactured,  one  cent  per  pound. 

193.  Articles  or  wares  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  iron,  steel,  leaf’,  copper, 
nickel,  pewter,  zinc,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  aluminum,  or 
other  metal,  and  whether  partly  or  wholly  manufactured, 
forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SCHEDULE  D. 

WOOD  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF. 

194.  Timber  hewn,  sided,  or  squared  (not  less  than  eight 
inches  square),  and  round  timber  used  for  spars  or  in  building 
wharves,  one  cent  per  cubic  foot. 

195.  Sawed  boards,  planks,  deals,  and  other  lumber  of 
whitewood,  sycamore,  and  basswood,  one  dollar  per  thousand 
feet  board  measure;  sawed  lumber,  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  Act,  two  dollars  per-thousand  feet  board  measure;  but 
when  lumber  of  any  sort  is  planed  or  finished,  in  addition  to 
the  rates  herein  provided,  there  shall  be  levied  and  paid  for 
each  side  so  planed  or  finished  fifty  cents  per  thousand  feet 
board  measure;  and  if  planed  on  one  side  and  tongued  and 
grooved,  one  dollar  per  thousand  feet  board  measure;  and  if 
planed  on  two  sides  and  tongued  and  grooved,  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  per  thousand  feet,  board  measure;  and  in  estimating 
board  measure  under  this  schedule  no  deduction  shall  be 
made  on  board  measure  on  account  of  planing,  tonguing  and 
grooving:  Provided^  That  if  any  country  or  dependency  shall 
impose  an  export  duty  upon  saw  logs,  round  unmanufactured 
timber,  stave  bolts,  shingle  bolts,  or  heading  bolts,  exported  to 
the  United  States,  or  a discriminating  charge  upon  boom  sticks, 
or  chains  used  by  American  citizens  in  towing  logs,  the  amount 
of  such  export  duty,  tax  or  other  charge,  as  the  case  may 
shall  be  added  as  an  additional  duty  to  the  duties  imposed 
upc^n  the  articles  mentioned  in  this  paiagraph  when  imported 
from  such  country  or  dependency. 

196.  Paving  posts,  railroad  ties,  and  telephone,  trolley, 
electric  light,  and  telegraph  poles  of  cedar  or  other  woods, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

197.  Kindling  wood  in  bundles  and  not  exceeding  one- 
qnarter  of  a cubic  foot  each,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
bundle;  if  in  larger  bundles,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  for  each 
additional  quarter  of  a cubic  foot  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

198.  Sawed  boards,  planks,  deals,  and  all  forms  of  sawed 
cedar,  lignum-vitae,  lancewood,  ebony,  box,  granadilla,  maho 


24 


Appendix  B. 


gany,  rosewood,  satinv/ood,  and  all  other  cabinet  woods  not 
further  manufactured  than  sawed,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; veneers  of  wood,  and  wood,  unmanufactured,  not  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

199.  Clapboards,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  thousand. 

200.  Hubs  for  wheels,  posts,  heading-bolts,  stave-bolts, 
last-blocks,  wagon-blocks,  oar-blocks,  heading-blocks,  and  all 
like  blocks  or  sticks,  rough-hewn,  sawed  or  bored,  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  fence  posts,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

201.  Laths,  twenty  five  cents  per  one  thousand  pieces. 

202.  Pickets,  palings  and  staves  of  wood,  of  all  kinds,  ten 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

203.  Shingles,  thirty  cents  per  thousand. 

204.  Casks,  barrels,  and  hogsheads  (empty),  sugar-box 
shooks,  and  packing-boxes  (empty),  and  packing-box  shooks, 
of  wood,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

205.  Boxes,  barrels,  or  other  articles  containing  oranges, 
lemons,  limes,  grape  fruit,  shaddocks  or  pomelos,  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  Provided,  That  the  thin  wood,  so  called, 
comprising  the  sides,  tops  and  bottoms  of  orange  and  lemon 
boxes  of  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  ex- 
ported as  orange  and  lemon  box  shooks,  may  be  reimported  in 
completed  form,  filled  with  oranges  and  lemons,  by  the  pay- 
ment of  duty  at  one-half  the  rate  imposed  on  similar  boxes  of 
entirely  foreign  growth  and  manufacture. 

206.  Chair  cane  or  reeds,  wrought  or  manufactured  from 
rattans  or  reeds,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem;  osier  or  willow 
prepared  for  basket  makers’  use,  twenty  per  centum  ad  va- 
Iprem;  manufactures  of  osier  or  willow,  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

207.  Toothpicks  of  wood  or  other  vegetable  substance, 
two  cents  per  one  thousand  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; butchers’  and  packers’  skewers  of  wood,  forty  cents 
per  thousand. 

208.  House  or  cabinet  furniture,  of  wood,  wholly  or  par- 
tially finished,  and  manufactures  of  wood,  or  of  which  wood^is 
the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SCHEDULE  E. 

SUGAR,  MOLASSES,  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF. 

209.  Sugars  not  above  number  sixteen  Dutch  standard  in 
color,  tank  bottoms,  sirups  of  cane  juice,  melada,  concentrated 
^Uelada,  concrete  and  concentrated  molasses,  testing  by  the 
polariscppe  not  above  seventy-five  degrees,  ninety-five  one 
hundreths  of  one  cent  per  pound,  and  for  every  additional  de 
gree  shown  by  the  polariscopic  test,  thirty-five  one-thousandths 
of  one  cent  per  pound  additional,  and  fractions  of  a degree  in 
proportion;  and  on  sugar  above  number  sixteen  Dutch  stand- 


Appendix  B. 


25 


ard  in  color,  and  on  all  sugar  which  has  gone  through  a process 
of  refining,  one  cent  and  ninety-five  one  hundredths  of  one 
cent  per  pound;  molasses  testing  above  forty  degrees  and  not 
above  fifty-six  degrees  three  cents  per  gallon;  testing  fifty-six 
degrees  and  above,  six  cents  per  gallon;  sugar  drainings  and 
sugar  sweepings  shall  be  subject  to  duty  as  molasses  or  sugar, 
as  the  case  may  be,  according  to  polariscope  test:  Provided, 
That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  ab- 
rogate or  in  m any  manner  impair  or  affect  the  provisions  of 
the  treaty  of  commercial  reciprocity  concluded  between  the 
United  States  and  the  King  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  on  the 
thirtieth  day  of  January,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-five, 
or  the  provisions  of  any  Act  of  Congress  heretofore  passed  for 
the  execution  of  the  same. 

210.  Maple  sugar  and  maple  sirup,  four  cents  per  pound; 
glucose  or  grape  sugar,  o’ne  and  one-half  cents  per  pound; 
sugar  cane  in  its  natural  state,  or  unmanufactured,  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

21 1.  Saccharine,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  pound  arid 
ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

212.  Sugar  candy  and  all  confectionery  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  valued  at  fifteen  cents  per  pound  or 
less,  and  on  sugars  after  being  refined,  when  tinctured,  colored 
or  in  any  way  adulterated,  four  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  fifteen  cents  per 
pound,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  The  weight  and  the 
value  of  the  immediate  coverings,  other  than  the  outer  pack- 
ing case  or  other  covering,  shall  be  included  in  the  dutiable 
weight  and  the  value  of  the  merchandise. 

SCHEDULE  F. 

TABACCO  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF. 

213.  Wrapper  tobacco,  and  filler  tobacco  when  mixed  or 
packed  with  more  than  fifteen  per  centum  of  wrapper  tobacco, 
and  all  leaf  tobacco  the  product  of  two  or  more  countries  or 
dependencies  when  mixed  or  packed  together,  if  unstemmed, 
one  dollar  and  eighty-five  cents  per  pound;  if  stemmed,  two 
dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  pound;  filler  tobacco  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  if  unstemmed,  thirty-five  cents  per 
pound;  if  stemmed,  fifty  cents  per  pound. 

214.  The  term  wrapper  tobacco  as  used  in  this  Act  means 
that  quality  of  leaf  tobacco  which  is  suitable  for  cigar  wrap- 
pers and  the  term  filler  tobacco  means  all  other  leaf  tobacco. 
Collectors  of  customs  shall  not  permit  entry  to  be  made,  ex- 
cept under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  of  any  leaf  tobacco,  unless  the  invoices  of  the  same 
shall  specify  in  detail  the  character  of  such  tobacco,  whether 
wrapper  or  filler,  its  origin  and  quality.  In  the  examination 
for  classification  of  any  imported  leaf  tobacco,  at  least  one 
bale,  box,  or  package  in  every  ten,  and  at  least  one  in  every 


26 


Appendix  B. 


invoice,  shall  be  examined  by  the  appraiser  or  person  autho- 
rized by  law  to  make  such  examination,  and  at  least  ten  hands 
shall  be  examined  in  each  examined  bale,  box  or  package- 

215.  other  tobacco,  manufactured  or  unmanufactured, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  fifty-five  cents  per 
pound. 

216.  Snuff  and  snuff  flour,  manufactured  of  tobacco, 
ground  dry,  or  damp,  and  pickled,  scented,  or  otherwise,  of  all 
descriptions,  fifty-five  cents  per  pound. 

217.  Cigars,  cigarettes,  cheroots  of  all  kinds,  four  dollars 
and  fifty  cents  per  pound  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; and  paper  cigars  and  cigarettes,  including  wrappers, 
shall  be  subject  to  the  same  duties  as  are  herein  imposed  upon 
cigars. 

SCHEDULE  G. 

AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS  AND  PROVISIONS, 


ANIMALS,  LIVE: 

2t8.  Cattle,  if  less  than  one  year  old,  two  dollars  per 
head;  all  other  cattle,  if  valued  at  not  more  than  fourteen  dol- 
lars per  head,  three  dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  per  head; 
if  valued  at  more  than  fourteen  dollars  per  head,  twenty-seven 
and  one-half  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

219.  Swine,  one  dollhr  and  fifty  cents  per  head. 

220.  Horses  and  mules,  valued  at  one  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  or  less  per  head,  thirty  dollars  per  head;  if  valued  at 
over  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

221.  Sheep,  one  year  old  or  over,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents 
per  head,  less  than  one  year  old,  seventy-five  cents  per  head. 

222.  All  other  live  animals,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

BREADSTUFFS  AND  FARINACEOUS  SUBSTANCES: 

223.  Barley,  thirty  cents  per  bushel  of  forty-eight  pounds. 

224.  Barley-malt,  forty-five  cents  per  bushel  of  thirty- 
four  pounds. 

225.  Barley,  pearled,  patent,  or  hulled,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

226.  Buckwheat,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel  of  forty-eight 
pounds. 

227.  Corn  or  maize,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty-six 
pounds. 

228.  Corn  meal,  twenty  cents  per  bushel  of  forty-eight 
pounds. 

229.  Maccaroni,  vermicelli,  and  all  similar  preparations, 
one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 


Appendix  B. 


27 


230.  Oats,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel. 

231.  Oatmeal  and  rolled  oats,  one  cent  per  pound;  oat 
hulls,  ten  cents  per  hundred  pounds. 

232.  Rice,  cleaned,  two  cents  per  pound;  uncleaned  rice, 
or  rice  free  of  the  outer  hull  and  still  having  the  inner  cuticle 
on,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  pound;  rice  flour,  and  rice 
meal,  and  rice  broken  which  will  pass  through  a sieve  known 
commercially  as  a number  twelve  wire  sieve,  one-fourth  of  one 
cent  per  pound;  paddy,  or  rice  having  the  outer  hull  on,  three- 
fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

233.  Rye,  ten  cents  per  bushel;  rye-flour,  one-half  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

234.  Wheat,  twenty-five  cents  per  bushel. 

235.  Wheat  flour,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

DAIRY  products: 

236.  Butter,  and  substitutes  therefor,  six  cents  per  pound. 

237.  Cheese,  and  substitutes  therefor,  six  cents  per 
pound. 

238.  Milk,  fresh,  two  cents  per  gallon. 

239.  Mjlk,  preserved  or  condensed,  or  sterilized  by  heat- 
ing or  other  processes,  including  weight  of  immediate  cover- 
ings, two  cents  per  pound;  sugar  of  milk,  five  cents  per  pound. 

FARM  AND  FIELD  PRODUCTS: 

240.  Beans,  forty-five  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty  pounds. 

241.  Beans,  peas,  and  mushrooms,  prepared  or  preserved, 
in  tins,  jars,  bottles,  or  similar  packages,  two  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound,  including  the  weight  of  all  tins,  jars  and  other 
immediate  coverings;  all  vegetables,  prepared  or  preserved, 
including  pickles  and  sauces  of  all  kinds,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  and  fish  paste  or  sauce,  forty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

242.  Cabbages,  three  cents  each. 

243.  Cider,  five  cents  per  gallon. 

244.  Eggs,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  five 
cents  per  dozen. 

245.  Eggs,  yolk  of,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
albumen,  egg  or  blood,  three  cents  per  pound;  dried  blood, 
when  soluble,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

246.  Hay,  four  dollars  per  ton. 

247.  Honey,  twenty  cents  per  gallon. 

248.  Hops,  twelve  cents  per  pound;  hop  extract  and  lu- 
pulin,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

249.  Onions,  forty  cents  per  bushel;  garlic,  one  cent  per 
pound. 

250.  Pease,  green,  in  bulk  or  in  barrels,  sacks,  or  similar 
packages,  and  seed  pease,  forty  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty 
pounds;  pease,  dried,  not  specially  provided  for,  thirty  cents 
per  bushel;  split  pease,  forty  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty  pounds; 
pease  in  cartons,  papers,  or  other  small  packages,  one  cent 
per  pound. 


28 


^ Appendix  B. 


251.  Orchids,  palms,  dracaenas,  crotons  and  azaleas,  tu- 
lips, hyacinths,  narcissi,  jonquils,  lilies,  lilies  of  the  valley,  and 
all  other  bulbs,  bulbous  roots,  or  corms,  which  are  cultivated 
for  their  flowers,  and  natural  flowers  of  all  kinds,  preserved  or 
fresh,  suitable  for  decorative  purposes,  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

252.  Stocks,  cuttings  or  seedlings  of  Myrobolan  plum, 
Mahaleb  or  Mazzard  cherry,  three  years  old  or  less,  fifty  cents 
per  thousand  plants  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
stocks,  cuttings  or  seedlings,  of  pear,  apple,  quince  and  the 
St.  Julien  plum,  three  years  old  or  less,  and  evergreen  seed- 
lings, one  dollar  per  thousand  plants  and  fifteen  per  centum 
ad  valorem ; rose  plants,  budded,  grafted,  or  grown  on  their  own 
roots,  two  and  one-half  cents  each;  stocks,  cuttings  and  seed- 
lings of  all  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  deciduous  and  ever- 
green, shrubs  and  vines,  manetti,  multiflora,  and  brier  rose, 
and  all  trees,  shrubs,  plants  and  vines,  commonly  known  as 
nursery  or  greenhouse  stock,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  twenty -five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

253.  Potatoes,  twenty-five  cents  per  bushel  of  sixty 
pounds. 

254.  Seeds:  Castor  beans  or  seeds,  twenty-five  cents  per 
bushel  of  fifty  pounds;  flaxseed  or  linseed  and  other  oil  seeds 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  twenty-five  cents  per 
bushel  of  fifty-six  pounds;  poppy  seed,  fifteen  cents  per 
bushel;  but  no  drawback  shall  be  allowed  upon  oil  cake  made 
from  imported  seed,  nor  shall  any  allowance  be  made  for  dirt 
or  other  impurities  in  any  seed;  seeds  of  all  kinds  not  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

255.  Straw,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  ton. 

256.  Teazles,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

257.  Vegetables  in  their  natural  state,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

fish: 

258.  Fish  known  or  labeled  as  anchovis,  sardines,  sprats, 
brislings,  sardels,  or  sardellen,  packed  in  oil  or  otherwise,  in 
bottles,  jars,  tin  boxes  or  cans,  shall  be  dutiable  as  follows: 
When  in  packages  containing  seven  and  one-half  cubic  inches 
or  less  one  and  one-half  cents  per  bottle,  jar,  box  or  can;  con- 
taining more  than  seven  and  one-half  and  not  more  than 
twenty-one  cubic  inches,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  bottle,  jar, 
box  or  can;  containing  more  than  twenty-one  and  not  more 
than  thirty-three  cubic  inches,  five  cents  per  bottle,  jar,  box  or 
can;  containing  more  than  thirty-three  and  not  more  than 
seventy  cubic  inches,  ten  cents  per  bottle,  jar,  box  or  can;  if  in 
other  packages,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  All  other  fish 
(except  shellfish),  in  tin  packages,  thirty  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; fish  in  packages  containing  less  than  one-half  barrel, 
and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 


Appendix  B. 


‘ig 

259.  Fresh  water  fish  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

260.  Herrings,  pickled  or  salted,  one-half  of  one  cent  per 
pound;  herrings,  fresh,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

261.  Fish,  fresh,  smoked,  dried,  salted,  pickled,  frozen, 
packed  in  ice  or  otherwise  prepared  for  preservation,  not  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  Act,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per 
pound;  fish,  skinned  or  boned,  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per 
pound;  mackerel,  halibut  or  salmon,  fresh,  pickled  or  salted, 
one  cent  per  pound. 

FRUITS  AND  NUTS: 

262.  Apples,  peaches,  quinces,  cherries,  plums  and  pears, 
green  or  ripe,  twenty-five  cents  per  bushel;  apples,  peaches, 
pears,  and  other  edible  fruits,  including  berries,  when  dried, 
desiccated,  evaporated,  or  prepared  in  any  manner,  not  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  two 'cents  per  pound;  berries, 
edible,  in  their  natural  condition,  one  cent  per  quart;  cran- 
berries, twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

263.  Comfits,  sweetmeats,  and  fruits  preserved  in  sugar, 
molassses,  spirits,  or  in  their  own  juices,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  one  cent  per  pound  and  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  if  containing  over  ten  per  centum  of  al- 
cohol and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem  and  in  addition  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  proof  gallon  on  the  alcohol  contained  therin  in  excess  of 
ten  per  centum;  jellies  of  all  kinds,  thirty  five  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  pineapples  preserved  in  their  own  juice,  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

264.  F'igs, . plums,  prunes,  and  prunelles,  two  cents  per 
pound;  raisins  and  other  dried  grapes,  two  and  one-half  cents 
per  pound;  dates,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound;  currants, 
/ante  or  other,  two  cents  per  pound;  olives,  green  or  prepared, 
ill  bottles,  jars,  or  similar  packages,  twenty-five  cents  per 
gallon;  in  casks  or  otherwise  than  in  bottles,  jars,  or  similar 
packages,  fifteen  cents  per  gallon. 

265.  Grapes  in  barrels  or  other  packages,  twenty  cents 
per  cubic  foot  of  capacity  of  barrels  or  packages. 

266.  Oranges,  lemons,  limes,  grape  fruit,  shaddocks,  or 
pomelos,  one  cent  per  pound. 

267.  Orange  peel  or  lemon  peel,  preserved,  candied,  or 
dried,  and  cocoanut  meat  or  copra  desiccated,  shredded,  cut, 
or  similarly  prepared,  two  cents  per  pound;  citron  or  citron 
peel,  preserved,  candied,  or  dried,  four  cents  per  pound. 

268.  Pineapples,  in  barrels  and  other  packages,  seven 
cents  per  cubic  foot  of  the  capacity  of  barrels  or  packages;  in 
bulk,  seven  dollars  per  thousand. 

nuts: 

269.  Almonds,  not  shelled,  four  cents  per  pound;  clear 
almonds,  shelled,  six  cents  per  pound. 


30 


Appendix  B. 


270.  Filberts  and  walnuts  of  all  kinds,  not  shelled,  three 
cents  per  pound;  shelled  five  cents  per  pound. 

271.  Peanuts  or  ground  beans,  unshelled,  one-half  of  one 
cent  per  pound;  shelled,  one  cent  per  pound. 

272.  Nuts  of  all  kinds,  shelled  or  unshelled,  not  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  one  cent  per  pound. 

MEAT  products: 

273.  Bacon  and  hams,  five  cents  per  pound. 

274..  Fresh  beef,  veal,  mutton,  and  pork,  two  cents  per 
pound. 

275.  Meats  of  all  kinds,  prepared  or  preserved,  not  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  Act,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

276.  Extract  of  meat,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  thirty-five  cents  per  pound;  fluid  extract  of  meat,  fifteen 
cents  per  pound,  but  the  dutiable  weight  of  the  extract  of 
meat,  and  of  the  fluid  extract  of  meat  shall  not  include  the 
weight  of  the  package  in  which  the  same  is  imported. 

277.  Lard,  two  cents  per  pound. 

278.  Poultry,  live,  three  cents  per  pound;  dressed,  five 
cents  per  pound. 

279.  Tallow,  three-fourths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  wool 
grease,  including  that  known  commercially  as  degras  or 
brown  wool  grease,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTS’ 

280.  Chicory  root,  raw,  dried,  or  undried,  but  unground, 
one  cent  per  pound;  chicory-root,  burnt  or  roasted,  ground  or 
granulated,  or  in  rolls,  or  otherwise  prepared,  and  not  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  two  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound. 

281.  Chocolate  and  cocoa,  prepared  or  manufactured,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  valued  at  not  over  fifteen 
cents  per  pound,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  valued 
above  fifteen  and  not  above  twenty-four  cents  per  pound,  two 
and  one-half  cents  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
valued  above  twenty-four  and  not  above  thirty-five  cents  per 
pound,  five  cents  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
valued  above  thirty-five  cents  per  pound,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem.  The  weight  and  value  of  all  coverings,  other  than 
plain  wooden,  shall  be  included  in  the  dutiable  weight  and 
value  of  the  foregoing  merchandise;  powdered  cocoa,  un- 
sweetened, five  cents  per  pound. 

282.  Cocoa  butter  or  cocoa  butterine,  three  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound. 

283.  Dandelion-root  and  acorns  prepared,  and  articles 
used  as  coffee,  or  as  substitutes  for  coffee,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound. 

284.  Salt  in  bags,  sacks,  barrels,  or  other  packages, 
twelve  cents  per  hundred  pounds;  in  bulk  eight  cents  per  one 


Appendix  B. 


31 


hundred  pounds:  Provided,  That  imported  salt  in  bond  maybe 
used  in  curing  fish  taken  by  vessels  licensed  to  engage  in  the 
fisheries,  and  in  curing  fish  on  the  shores  of  the  navigable 
waters  of  the  United  States,  under  such  regulations  as  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe  ; and  upon  proof 
that  the  salt  has  been  used  for  either  of  the  purposes 
stated  in  this  proviso,  the  duties  on  the  same  shall  be  remitted: 
Provided  further,  That  exporters  of  meats,  whether  packed  or 
smoked,  which  have  been  cured  in  the  United  States  with  im- 
ported salt,  shall,  upon  satisfactory  proof,  under  such  regu- 
lations as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe,  that 
such  meats  have  been  cured  with  imported  salt,  have  refunded 
to  them  from  the  Treasury  the  duties  paid  on  the  salt  so  used 
in  curing  such  exported  meats,  in  amounts  not  less  than  one 
hundred  dollars. 

285.  Starch,  including  all  preparations,  from  whatever 
substance  produced,  fit  for  use  as  starch,  one  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound. 

286.  Dextrine,  burnt  starch,  gum  substitute,  or  British 
gum,  two  cents  per  pound. 

287.  Spices:  Mustard,  ground  or  prepared,  in  bottles  or 
otherwise,  ten  cents  per  pound;  capsicum  or  red  pepper,  or 
cayenne  pepper,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound;  sage,  one 
cent  per  pound;  spices  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
three  cents  per  pound. 

288.  Vinegar,  seven  and  one-half  cents  per  proof  gallon. 
The  standard  proof  for  vinegar  shall  be  taken  to  be  that 
strength  which  requires  thirty-five  grains  of  bicarbonate  of 
potash  to  neutralize  one  ounce  troy  of  vinegar. 

SCHEDULE  H. 

SPIRITS,  WINES,  AND  OTHER  BEVERAGES. 

SPIRITS. 

289.  Brandy  and  other  spirits  manufactured  or  distilled 
from  grain  or  other  materials,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  two  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per  proof  gallon. 

290.  Each  and  every  gauge  or  wine  gallon  of  measure- 
ment shall  be  counted  as  at  least  one  proof  gallon;  and  the 
standard  for  determining  the  proof  of  brandy  and  other  spirits 
or  liquors  of  any  kind  imported  shall  be  the  same  as  that  which 
is  defined  in  the  laws  relating  to  internal  revenue:  Provided, 
That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in 
his  discretion,  to  authorize  the  ascertainment  of  the  proof  of 
wines,  cordials,  or  other  liquors,  by  distillation  or  otherwise,  in 
cases  where  it  is  impractible  to  ascertain  such  proof  by  the 
means  prescribed  by  existing  laws  or  regulations:  A7id  Pro- 
vided further.  That  any  brandy  or  other  spirituous  or  distilled 
liquors  imported  in  any  sized  cask,  bottle,  jug,  or  other  pack- 
age, of  or  from  any  country,  dependency,  or  province  under 
whose  laws  similar  sized  casks,  bottles,  jugs,  or  other  package-s 


32 


Appendix  B. 


of  distilled  spirits,  wine,  or  other  beverage  put  up  or  filled  in 
the  United  States  are  denied  entrance  into  such  country,  de- 
pendency, or  province,  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  United  States; 
and  any  brandy  or  other  spirituous  or  distilled  li^quor  imported 
in  a cask  of  less  capacity  than  ten  gallons  from  any  country 
shall  be  forfeited  to  the  United  States. 

2gi.  On  all  compounds  or  preparations  of  which  distilled 
spirits  are  a component  part  of  chief  value,  there  shall  be 
levied  a duty  not  less  than  that  imposed  upon  distilled  spirits. 

292.  Cordials,  liqueurs,  arrack,  absinthe,  kirschwasser, 
ratafia,  and  other  spirituous  beverages  or  bitters  of  all  kinds, 
containing  spirits,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
two  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per  proof  gallon. 

293.  No  lower  rate  or  amount  of  duty  shall  be  levied*  col- 
lected, and  paid  on  brandy,  spirits,  and  other  spirituous  bever- 
ages than  that  fixed  by  law  tor  the  description  of  first  proof; 
but  it  shall  be  increased  in  proportion  for  any  greater  strength 
than  the  strength  of  first  proof,  and  all  imitations  of  brandy 
or  spirits  or  wines  imported  by  any  names  whatever  shall  be 
subject  to  the  highest  rate  of  duty  provided  for  the  genuine 
articles  respectively  intended  to  be  represented,  and  in  no 
case  less  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  gallon. 

294.  Bay  rum  or  bay  water,  whether  distilled  or  com- 
pounded, of  first  proof,  and  in  proportion  for  any  greater 
strength  than  first  proof,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  gallon. 

WINES: 

295.  Champagne  and  all  other  sparkling  wines  in  bottles 
containing  each  not  more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one 
pint,  eight  dollars  per  dozen;  containing  not  more  than  one 
pint  each  and  more  than  one-half  pint,  four  dollars  per  dozen; 
containing  one-half  pint  each  or  less,  two  dollars  per  dozen; 
in  bottles  or  other  vessels  containing  more  than  one  quart  each, 
in  addition  to  eight  dollars  per  dozen  bottles,  on  the  quantity  in 
excess  of  one  quart,  at  the  rate  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  gallon;  but  no  separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  levied 
on  the  bottles. 

296.  Still  wines,  including  ginger  wine  or  ginger  cordial 
and  vermuth,  in  casks  or  packages  other  than  bottles  or  jugs, 
if  containing  fourteen  per  centum  or  less  of  absolute  alcohol, 
forty  cents  per  gallon;  if  containing  more  than  fourteen  per 
centum  of  absolute  alcohol,  fifty  cents  pergallon.  In  bottles  or 
jugs,  per  case  of  one  dozen  bottles  or  jugs,  containing  each  not 
more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one  pint,  or  twenty-four 
bottles  or  jugs  containing  each  not  more  than  one  pint,  one 
dollar  and  sixty  cents  per  case;  and  any  excess  beyond  these 
quantities  found  in  such  bottles  or  jugs  shall  be  subject  to  a 
duty  of  five  cents  per  pint  or  fractional  part  thereof,  but  no 
separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  assessed  on  the  bottles  or 
jugs:  Provided,  That  any  wines,  ginger  cordial,  or  vermuth 
imported  containing  more  than  twenty-four  per  centum  of  al- 


Appendix  B. 


33 


cohol  shall  be  classed  as  spirits  and  pay  duty  accordingly: 
A?id  Provided  further^  That  there  shall  be  no  constructive  or 
other  allowance  for  breakage,  leakage,  or  damage  on  wines, 
liquors,  cordials,  or  distilled  spirits.  \Vines,  cordials,  brandy, 
and  other  spirituous  liquors,  including  bitters  of  all  kinds, 
and  bay  rum  or  bay  water,  imported  in  bottles  or  jugs,  shall  be 
packed  in  packages  containing  not  less  than  one  dozen  bottles 
or  jugs  in  each  package,  or  duty  shall  be  paid  as 
if  such  package  contained  at  least  one  dozen  bottles  or  jugs, 
and  in  addition  thereto,  duty  shall  be  collected  on  the  bottles 
or  jugs  at  the  rates  which  would  be  chargeable  thereon  if  im- 
ported empty.  The  percentage  of  alcohol  m wines  and  fruit 
juices  shall  be  determined  in  such  manner  as  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  shall  by  regulation  prescribe. 

297.  Ale,  porter,  and  beer,  in  bottles  or  jugs,  forty  cents 
per  gallon,  but  no  separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  assessed 
on  the  bottles  or  jugs;  otherwise  than  in  bottles  or  jugs,  twenty 
cents  per  gallon. 

298.  Malt  Extract,  fluid  in  casks,  twenty  cents  per 
gallon;  in  bottles  or  jugs,  forty  cents  per  gallon;  solid  or  con- 
densed, fort  / per  centum  ad  valorem. 

299.  Cherry  juice  and  prune  juice,  or  prune  wine,  and 
other  fruit  juices  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  con- 
taining no  alcohol  or  not  more  than  eighteen  per  centum  of 
alcohol,  sixty  cents  per  gallon;  if  containing  more  than  eight- 
een per  centum  of  alcohol,  sixty  cents  per  gallon,  and  in  ad- 
dition thereto  two  dollars  and  seven  cents  per  proof  gallon  on 
the  alcohol  contained  therein. 

300.  Ginger  ale,  ginger  beer,  lemonade,  soda  water,  and 
other  similar  beverages,  containing  no  alcohol  in  plain  green 
or  colored,  molded  or  pressed,  glass  bottles,  containing  each 
not  m.ore  than  three-fourths  of  a pint,  eighteen  cents  per 
dozen;  containing  more  than  three-fourths  of  a pint  each  and 
not  more  than  one  and  one-half  pints,  twenty-eight  cents  per 
dozen;  but  no  separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  assessed  on 
the  bottles;  it  imported  otherwise  than  in  plain  green  or 
colored,  molded  or  pressed,  glass  bottles,  or  in  such  bottles 
containing  more  than  one  and  one-half  pints  each,  fifty  cents 
per  gallon  and  in  addition  thereto  duty  shall  be  collected  on 
the  bottles,  or  other  coverings,  at  the  rates  which  would  be 
chargeable  thereon  if  imported  empty. 

301.  All  mineral  waters  and  all  imitations  of  natural 
mineral  waters,  and  all  artificial  mineral  waters  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  in  green  or  colored  glass  bottles,  con- 
taining not  more  than  one  pint,  twenty  cents  per  dozen 
bottles.  If  containing  more  than  one  pint  and  not  more  than 
one’  quart,  thirty  cents  per  dozen  bottles.  But  no  separate 
duty  shall  be  assessed  upon  the  bottles.  If  imported  other- 
wise than  in  plain  green  or  colored  glass  bottles,  or  if  imported 
in  such  bottles  containing  more  than  one  quart,  twenty-four 
cents  per  gallon,  and  in  addition  thereto  duty  shall  be  collec- 


34 


Appendix  B. 


ted  upon  the  bottles  or  other  covering  at  the  same  rates  that 
would  be  charged  thereon  if  imported  empty  or  separately. 

SCHEDULE  1. 

COTTON  MANUFACTURES. 

302.  Cotton  thread  and  carded  yarn,  warps  or  warp 
yarn,  in  singles,  whether  on  beams  or  in  bundles,  skeins  or 
cops,  or  in  any  other  form,  except  spool  thread  of  cotton  here- 
iiiafter  provided  for,  not  colored,  bleached,  dyed,  or  advanced 
beyond  the  condition  of  singles  by  grouping  or  twisting  two 
or  more  single  yarns  together,  three  cents  per  pound  on  all  num- 
bers up  to  and  including  number  fifteen,  one-fifth  of  a cent  per 
number  per  pound  on  all  numbers  exceeding  number  fifteen 
and  up  to  and  including  number  thirty,  and  one-fourth  of  a 
cent  per  number  per  pound  on  all  numbers  exceeding  number 
thirty;  colored,  bleached,  dyed,  combed  or  advanced  beyond 
the  condition  of  singles  by  grouping  or  twisting  two  or 
mrre  single  yarns  together,  whether  on  beams,  or  in  bundles, 
skeins  or  cops,  or  in  any  other  form,  except  spool  thread  of 
cotton  hereinafter  provided  for,  six  cents  per  pound  on  all 
numbers  up  to  and  including  number  twenty,  and  on  all  num- 
bers exceeding  number  twenty  and  up  to  number  eighty,  one 
fourth  of  one  cent  per  number  per  pound;  on  number  eighty 
and  above,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  per  number  per  pound; 
cotton  card  laps,  roping,  sliver  or  roping,  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

303.  Spool  thread  of  cotton,  including  crochet,  darning, 
and  embroidery  cottons  on  spools  or  reels,  containing  on  each 
spool  or  reel  not  exceeding  one  hundred  yards  of  thread,  six 
cents  per  dozen;  exceeding  one  hundred  yards  on  each  spool 
or  reel,  for  every  additional  hundred  yards  or  a fractional 
part  thereof  in  excess  of  one  hundred,  six  cents  per  dozen 
spools  or  reels;  if  otherwise  than  on  spools  or  reels  one-half  of 
one  cent  for  each  one  hundred  yards  or  fractional  part  there- 
of: Provided,  That  in  no  case  shall  the  duty  be  assessed  upon 
a less  number  of  yards  than  is  marked  on  the  spools  or  reels. 

304.  Cotton  cloth  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted,  or  printed,  and  not  exceeding  .fifty  threads  to  the 
square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  one  cent  per  square 
yard;  if  bleached  one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  sqaure  yard;  if 
dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  two  cents  per 
square  yard. 

305.  Cotton  cloth,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted  or  printed,  exceeding  fifty  and  not  exceeding  one 
hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and 
filling,  and  not  exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the  pound, 
one  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  six  and 
not  exceeding  nine  square  yards  to  the  pound,  one  and 
one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  nine  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  one  and  three-fourths  cents  per  square 
yard;  if  bleached,  and  not  exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the 


Appendix  B. 


35 


pound,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  six 
and  not  exceeding  nine  square  yards  to  the  pound,  one  and 
three-fourths  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  nine  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  two  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square  yard; 
if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  and  not  exceed- 
ing six  square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  and  three-fourths  cents 
per  square  yard;  exceeding  six  and  not  exceeding  nine  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  three  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square 
yard;  exceeding  nine  square  yards  to  the  pound,  three  and 
one-half  cents  per  square  yard:  Provided^  That  on  all  cotton 
cloth  not  exceeding  one  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch, 
counting  the  warp  and  filling,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored, 
stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over  seven  cents  per 
square  yard,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  bleached, 
valued  at  over  nine  cents  per  square  yard,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  and  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or 
printed,  valued  at  over  twelve  cents  per  square  yard,  there 
shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a duty  at  thirty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

306.  Cotton  cloth,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted,  or  printed,  exceeding  one  hundred  and  not  exceed- 
ing one  hundred  and  fifty  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting 
the  warp  and  filling,  and  not  exceeding  four  square  yards  to 
the  pound,  one  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding 
four  and  not  exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the  pound,  two 
cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  six  and  not  exceeding  eight 
square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  square 
yard;  exceeding  eight  square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  and 
three-fourths  cents  per  square  yard;  if  bleached,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding four  square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  and  one-half  cents 
per  square  yard;  exceeding  four  and  nc^t  exceeding  six  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  three  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding 
six  and  not  exceeding  eight  square  yards  to  the  pound,  three 
and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  eight  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  three  and  three-fourths  cents  per  square 
yard;  if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  and  not 
exceeding  four  square  yards  to  the  pound,  three  and  one-half 
cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  four  and  not  exceeding  six 
square  yards  to  the  pound,  three  and  three-fourths  cents  per 
square  yard ; exceeding  six  and  not  exceeding  eight  square  yards 
to  the  pound,  four  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square  yard ; exceed- 
ing eight  square  yards  to  the  pound,  four  and  one-half  cents 
per  square  yard:  Provided,  That  on  ail  cotton  cloth  exceeding 
one  hundred  and  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  threads 
to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  not  bleached, 
dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over 
nine  cents  per  square  yard,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
bleached,  valued  at  over  eleven  cents  per  square  yard,  thirty- 
five  per  centum  arl  valorem;  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted, 
or  printed,  valued  at  over  twelve  and  one-half  cents  per  square 


36 


Appendix  B. 


yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a duty  of  thirty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

307.  Cotton  cloth  not  bleached,  dyed,  /:olored,  stained, 
painted,  or  printed,  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  and  not 
exceeding  two  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting 
the  warp  and  filling,  and  not  exceeding  three  and  one-half 
square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  cents  per  square  yard;  exceed- 
ing three  and  one-half  and  not  exceeding  four  and  one-half 
square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  and  three-fourths  cents  per 
square  yard;  exceeding  four  and  one-half  and  not  exceeding 
six  square  yards  to  the  pound,  three  cents  per  square  yard; 
exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the  pound,  three  and  one-half 
cents  per  square  yard;  if  bleached,  and  not  exceeding  three 
and  one-half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  two  and  three-fourths 
cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  three  and  one-half  and  not 
exceeding  four  and  one-half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  three 
and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  four  and  one- 
half  and  not  exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the  pound,  four 
cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the 
pound,  four  and  one-fourth  cents  per  square  yard;  if  dyed, 
colored,  stained,  or  printed,  and  not  exceeding  three  and  one- 
half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  f9ur  and  one-fourth  cents  per 
square  yard;  exceeding  three  and  one-half  and  not  exceeding 
four  and  one-half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  four  and  one- 
half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  four  and  one-half  and 
not  exceeding  six  square  yards  to  the  pound,  four  and  three- 
fourths  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  six  square  yards  to 
the  pound,  five  cents  per  square  yard:  Provided,  That  on  all 
cotton  cloth  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  and  not  exceed- 
ing two  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp 
and  filling,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or 
printed,  valued  at  over  ten  cents  per  square  yard,  thirty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  bleached  valued  at  over  twelve  cents 
per  square  yard,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  dyed, 
colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  valued  at  over  twelve 
and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  col- 
lected, and  paid  a duty  of  forty  per  centum  adValorem. 

308.  Cotton  cloth  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted,  or  printed,  exceeding  two  hundred  and  not  exceeding 
three  hundred  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp 
and  filling,  and  not  exceeding  two  and  one  half  square  yards 
to  the  pound,  three  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  ex- 
ceeding two  and  one-half  and  not  exeeding  three  and  one- 
half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  four  cents  per  square  yard; 
exceeding  three  and  one-half  and  not  exceeding  five  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard; 
exceeding  five  square  yards  to  the  pound,  five  cents  per  square 
yard;  if  bleached,  and  not  exceediijg  two  and  one-half  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard! 
exceeding  two  and  one-half  and  not  exceeding  three  and  one- 
half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  five  cents  per  square  yard; 


Appendix  B. 


37 


exceeding  three  and  one-half  and  not  exceeding  five  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  five  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard; 
exceeding  five  square  yards  to  the  pound,  six  cents  per  square 
yard  ; if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  or  printed,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding three  and  one-half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  six 
and  three-fourth  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  three 
and  one-half  square  yards  to  the  pound,  seven 
cents  per  square  yard:  Provided,  That  on  all  such  cotton 
cloths  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted  or  printed, 
valued  at  over  twelve  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard; 
bleached,  valued  at  over  fifteen  cents  per  square  yard;  and 
dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted  or  printed  valued  at  over 
seventeen  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard,  there  shall  be 
levied,  collected  and  paid  a duty  of  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

309.  Cotton  cloth  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted,  or  printed,  exceeding  three  hundred  threads  to  the 
square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  and  not  exceeding 
two  square  yards  to  the  pound,  four  cents  per  square  yard;  ex- 
ceeding two  and  not  exceeding  three  square  yards  to  the 
pound,  four  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding 
three  and  not  exceeding  four  square  yards  to  the  pound,  five 
cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  four  square  yards  to  the 
pound,  five  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard;  if  bleached 
and  not  exceeding  two  square  yards  to  the  pound,  five  cents 
per  square  yard;  exceeding  two  and  not  exceeding  three 
square  yards  to  the  pound,  five  and  one-half  cents  per  square 
yard;  exceeding  three  and  not  exceeding  four  square  yards  to 
the  pound,  six  cents  per  square  yard;  exceeding  four  square 
yards  to  the  pound,  six  and  one-half  cents  per  square  yard; 
if  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted  or  printed,  and  not  exceeding 
three  square  yards -to  the  pound,  six  and  one-half  cents  per 
square  yard;  exceeding  three  square  yards  to  the  pound,  eight 
cents  per  square  yard;  Provided,  That  on  all  such  cotton 
cloths  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted  or  printed, 
valued  at  over  fourteen  cents  per  square  yard;  bleached,  val- 
ued at  over  sixteen  cents  per  square  yard;  and  dyed,  colored, 
stained,  painted  or  printed,  valued  at  over  twenty  cents  per 
square  yard,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected  and  paid  a duty 
of  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

310.  The  term  cotton  cloth,  or  cloth,  wherever  used  in  the 
paragraphs  of  this  schedule,  unless  otherwise  specially  pro- 
vided for,  shall  be  held  to  include  all  woven  fabrics  of  cotton 
in  the  piece  or  otherwise,  whether  figured,  fancy  or  plain,  the 
warp  and  filling  threads  of  which  can  be  counted  by  unravel 
ing  or  other  practicable  means. 

31 1.  Cloth,  composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber 
and  silk,  whether  known  as  silk-striped  sleeve-linings,  silk 
stripes,  or  otherwise,  of  which  cotton  is  the  component  material 
of  chief  value,  eight  cents  per  square  yard  and  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That^  no  such  cloth  shall  pay 


38 


Appendix  B. 


a less  rate  of  duty  than  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem.  Cotton 
cloth,  filled  or  coated,  three  cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty 
per  centum- ad  valorem. 

312.  Handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  composed  of  cotton, 
whether  in  the  piece  or  otherwise  and  whether  finished  or  un- 
finished, if  not  hemmed,  or  hemmed  only,  shall  pay  the  same 
rate  of  duty  on  the  cloth  contained  therein  as  is  imposed  on 
cotton  cloth  of  the  same  description,  weight,  and  count  of 
threads  to  the  square  inch;  but  such  handkerchiefs  or  mufflers 
shall  not  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem.  If  such  handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  are  hem- 
stitched, or  imitation  hemstitched,  or  revered,  or  have  drawn 
threads,  they  shall  pay  a duty  of  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem 
in  addition  to  the  duty  hereinbefore  prescribed,  and  in  no  case 
less  than  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  such  handker- 
chiefs or  mufflers  are  embroidered  in  any  manner,  whether 
with  an  initial  letter,  monogram  or  otherwise,  by  hand  or  ma- 
chinery, or  are  tamboured,  appliqued,  or  trimmed  wholly  or  in 
part  with  lace  or  with  tucking  or  insertion,  they  shall  not  pay 
a less  rate  of  duty  than  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

313.  Cotton  cloth  in  which  other  than  the  ordinary  warp 
and  filling  threads  have  been  introduced  in  the  process  of 
weaving  to  form  a figure,  whether  known  as  lappets  or  other- 
wise, and  whether  unbleached,  bleached,  dyed,  colored, 
stained,  painted  or  printed,  shall  pay,  in  addition  to  the  duty 
herein  provided  for  other  cotton  cloth  of  the  same  description 
or  condition,  weight,  and  count  of  threads  to  the  square  inch, 
one  cent  per  square  yard  if  valued  at  not  more  than  seven 
cents  pet  square  yard,  and  two  cents  per  square  yard  if  valued 
at  more  than  seven  cents  per  square  yard. 

314.  Clothing,  ready-made,  and  articles  of  wearing  ap- 
parel of  every  description,  including  neckties  or  neckwear 
composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  or  of  which  cotton 
or  other  vegetable  fiber  is  the  component  material  of  chief 
value,  made  up  or  manufactured,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  the 
tailor,  seamstress,  or  manufacturer,  and  not  otherwise  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That 
any  outside  garment  provided  for  in  this  paragraph  having 
india-rubber  as  a component  material  shall  pay  a duty  of  fif- 
teen cents  per  pound  and  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

315.  Plushes,  velvets,  velveteens,  corduroys,  and  all  pile 
fabrics,  cut  or  uncut;  any  of  the  foregoing  composed  of  cotton 
or  other  vegetable  fiber,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted  or  printed,  nine  cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted  or  printed,  twelve  cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That  corduroys  com- 
posed of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  weighing  seven  ounces 
or  over  per  square  yard,  shall  pay  a duty  of  eighteen  cents  per 
square  yard  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provi- 
ded further.  That  m^iufactures  or  articles  in  any  form  in- 


Appendix  B. 


39 


eluding  such  as  are  commonly  known  as  bias  dress  facings 
or  skirt  bindings,  made  or  cut  from  plushes,  velvets,  velvet- 
eens, corduroys,  or  other  pile  fabrics  composed  of  cotton  or 
other  vegetable  fabrics,  shall  be  subject  to  the  foregoing  rates 
of  duty  and  in  addition  thereto  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem: 
Provided  further ^ That  none  of  the  articles  or  fabrics  provided 
for  in  this  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  forty- 
seven  and  one-half  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

316.  Curtains,  table  covers,  and  all  articles  manufactured 
of  cotton  chenille  or  of  which  cotton  chenille  is  the  component 
material  of  chief  value,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

317.  Stockings,  hose  and  half-hose,  made  on  knitting  ma- 
chines or  frames,  composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber, 
and  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

318.  Stockings,  hose  and  half-hose,  selvedged,  fashioned, 
narrowed  or  shaped  wholly  or  in  part  by  knitting  machines  or 
frames,  or  knit  by  hand,  including  such  as  are  commercially 
known  as  seamless  stockings,  hose  and  half-hose,  and  clocked 
stockings,  hose  or  half-hose,  all  of  the  above,  composed  of  cot- 
ton or  other  vegetable  fiber,  finished  or  unfinished,  valued  at 
not  more  than  one  dollar  per  dozen  pairs,  fifty  cents  per  dozen 
pairs;  valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  per  dozen  pairs,  and  not 
more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs,  sixty 
cents  per  dozen  pairs;  valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs,  and  not  more  than  two  dollars  per 
dozen  pail's,  seventy  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  valued  at  more 
than  two  dollars  per  dozen  pairs,  and  not  more  than  three  dol- 
lars per  dozen  pairs,  one  dollar  and  twenty  cents  per  dozen 
pairs;  valued  at  more  than  three  dollars  per  dozen  pairs,  and 
not  more  than  five  dollars  per  dozen  pairs,  two  dollars  per 
dozen  pairs;  and  in  addition  thereto,  upon  all  the  foregoing, 
fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  five  dol- 
lars per  dozen  pairs,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

319.  Shirts  and  drawers,  pants,  vests,  union  suits,  combi- 
nation suits,  tights,  sweaters,  corset  covers,  and  all  underwear 
of  every  description  made  wholly  or  in  part  on  knitting  ma- 
chines or  frames,  or  knit  by  hand,  finished  or  unfinished,  not 
including  stockings,  hose  and  half-hose,  composed  of  cotton  or 
other  vegetable  fiber,  valued  at  not  more  than  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  per  dozen,  sixty  cents  per  dozen  and  fifteen  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  one  dollar  and  fifty 
cents  per  dozen  and  not  more  than  three  dollars  per  dozen,  one 
dollar  and  ten  cents  per  dozen,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifteen 
per  centnm  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  three  dollars 
per  dozen  and  not  more  than  five  dollars  per  dozen, 
one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  and  in  addition  thereto 
twenty  five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more  than  five 
dollars  per  dozen  and  not  more  than  seven  dollars  per  dozen, 
one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents  per  dozen,  and  in  addition 
thereto  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  more 


40 


Appendix  B. 


than  seven  dollars  per  dozen  and  not  more  than  fifteen  dollars 
per  dozen,  two  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per  dozen,  and  in 
addition  thereto  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued 
above  fifteen  dollars  per  dozen,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

320.  Bandings,  beltings,  bindings,  bone  casings,  cords, 
garters,  lining  for  bicycle  tires,  ribbons,  suspenders  and  braces, 
tapes,  tubing,  and  webs  or  webbing,  any  of  the  foregoing 
articles  made  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  hber,  whether  com- 
posed in  part  of  india-rubber  or  otherwise,  and  not  embroid- 
ered by  hand  or  machinery,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
spindle  banding,  woven,  braided  or  twisted  lamp,  stove  or 
candle  wicking  made  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  ten 
cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  loom 
harness  or  healds  made  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  or  of 
which  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber  is  the  component  mater- 
ial of  chief  value,  fifty  cents  per  pound  and  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  boot,  shoe  and  corset  lacings  made  of 
cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  twenty-five  cents  per  pound 
and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  labels,  for  garments  or 
other  articles,  composed  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  fifty 
cents  per  pound  and  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

321.  Cotton  table  damask,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
cotton  duck,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

322.  All  manufactures  of  cotton  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SCHEDULE  J. 

FLAX,  HEMP,  AND  JUTE,  AND  MaNUFACTUR^  OF. 

323.  Flax  Straw,  five  dollars  per  ton. 

324.  Flax,  not  hackled  or  dressed,  one  cent  per  pound. 

325.  Flax,  hackled,  known  as  “dressed  line,”  three  cents 
per  pound. 

326.  Tow  of  flax,  twenty  dollars  per  ton. 

327.  Hemp,  and  tow  of  hemp,  twenty  dollars  per  ton; 
hemp,  hackled,  known  as  “line  of  hemp,”  forty  dollars  per 
ton. 

328.  Single  yarns  made  of  jute,  not  finer  than  five  lea  or 
number,  one  cent  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
if  finer  than  five  lea  or  number,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem. 

329.  Cables  and  cordage,  composed  of  istle,  Tampico 
fiber,  manila,  sisal  grass  or  sunn,  or  a mixture  of  these  or  any 
of  them,  one-  cent  per  pound;  cables  and  cordage  made  of 
hemp,  tarred  or  untarred,  two  cents  per  pound. 

330.  Threads,  twines,  or  cords,  made  from  yarn  not  finer 
than  five  lea  or  number,  composed  of  flax,  hemp,  or  ramie,  or 
of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them  is  the  component 
material  of  chief  value,  thirteen  cents  per  pound;  if  made  from 
yarn  finer  than  five  lea  or  number,  three-fourths  of  one  cent 
per  pound  additional  for  each  lea  or  number,  or  part  of  a lea 
or  number,  in  excess  of  five, 


Appendix  B. 


41 


331.  Single  yarns  in  the  gray,  made  of  flax,  hemp,  or 
ramie,  or  a mixture  of  any  of  them,  not  finer  than  eight  lea  or 
number,  seven  cents  per  pound;  finer  than  eight  lea  or  num- 
ber and  not  finer  than  eighty  lea  or  number,  forty  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  single  yarns,  made  of  flax,  hemp,  or  ramie,  or  a 
mixture  of  any  of  them,  finer  than  eighty  lea  or  number,  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

332.  Flax  gill  netting,  nets,  webs,  and  seines,  shall  pay 
the  same  duty  per  pound  as  is  imposed  in  this  schedule  upon 
the  thread,  twine  or  cord  of  which  they  are  made,  and  in  addi- 
tion thereto  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

333.  Floor  mattings,  plain,  fancy  or  figured,  manufactured 
from  straw,  round  or  split,  or  other  vegetable  substances  not 
otherwise  provided  for,  including  what  are  commonly  known 
as  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  India  straw  mattings,  valued  at  not 
exceeding  ten  cents  per  square  yard,  three  cents  per  square 
\ard;  valued  at  exceeding  ten  cents  per  square  yard,  seven 
cents  per  square  yard  and  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

334.  Carpets,  carpeting,  mats  and  rugs  made  of  flax, 
hemp,  jute,  or  other  vegetable  fiber  (except  cotton),  valued  at 
not  exceeding  fifteen  cents  per  square  yard,  five  cents  per 
square  yard  and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued 
above  fifteen  cents  per  square  yard,  ten  cents  per  square  yard 
and  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

335.  Hydraulic  hose,  made  in  whole  or  in  part  of  flax, 
hemp,  ramie  or  jute,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

336.  Tapes  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  flax,  woven 
with  or  without  metal  threads,  on  reels,  spools  or  otherwise, 
and  designed  expressly  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  measur- 
ing tapes,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

337.  Oilcloth  for  floors,  stamped,  painted  or  printed,  in- 
cluding linoleum  or  corticene,  figured  or  plain,  and  all  other 
oilcloth  (except  silk  oilcloth)  under  twelve  feet  in  width  not 
specially  provided  for  herein,  eight  cents  per  square  yard  and 
fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  oilcloth  for  floors  and  linoleum 
or  corticene,  twelve  feet  and  over  in  width,  inlaid  linoleum  or 
corticene,  and  cork  carpets,  twenty  cents  per  square  yard  and 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  waterproof  cloth,  composed  of 
cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  whether  composed  in  part  of 
india  rubber  or  otherwise,  ten  cents  per  square  yard  and 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

338.  Shirt  collars  and  cuffs,  composed  of  cotton,  forty-five 
cents  per  dozen  pieces  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
composed  in  whole  or  in  part  of  linen,  forty  cents  per  dozen 
pieces  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

339.  Laces,  lace  window  curtains,  tidies,  pillow  shams,  bed 
sets,  iiisertings,  flouncings  and  other  lace  articles;  handker- 
chiefs, napkins,  wearing  apparel,  and  other  articles  made 
wholly  or  in  part  of  lace,  or  in  imitation  of  lace;  nets  or  net- 
tings, veils  and  veilings,  etamines,  vitrages,  neck  rufflings, 
ruchings,  tuckings,  flutings  and  quillings;  embroideries  and 


42 


Appendix  B. 


all  trimmings,  including  braids,  edgings,  insertings,  flouncings, 
galloons,  goring-?,  and  bands;  wearing  apparel,  handkerchiefs, 
and  other  articles  or  fabrics  embroidered  in  any  manner  by 
hand  or  machinery,  whether  with  a letter,  monogram  or  other- 
wise; tamboured  or  appliqued  articles,  fabrics  or  wearing  ap- 
parel; hemstitched  or  tucked  flouncings  or  skirtings,  and  art- 
icles made  wholly  or  in  part  of  rufflings,  tuckings,  or  ruchings; 
all  of  the  foregoing,  composed  wholly  or  in  chief  value  of  flax, 
cotton,  or  other  vegetable  fiber  and  not  elsewhere  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  whether  composed  in  part  of  india 
rubber  or  otherwise,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Providedy 
That  no  wearing  apparel  or  other  article  or  textile  fabric,  when 
embroidered  by  hand  or  machinery,  shall  pay  duty  at  a less 
rate  than  that  imposed  in  any  schedule  of  this  act  upon  any 
embroideries  of  the  materials  of  which  such  embroidery  is 
composed. 

340.  Lace  window  curtains,  pillow  shams,  and  bed  sets, 
finished  or  unfinished,  made  on  the  Nottingham  lace-curtain 
machine  or  on  the  Nottingham  warp  machine,  and  composed 
of  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber,  when  counting  five  points  or 
spaces  between  the  v/arp  threads  to  the  inch,  one  cent  per 
square  yard;  when  counting  more  than  five  such  points  or 
spaces  to  the  inch,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  square  yard  in  ad- 
dition for  each  such  point  or  space  to  the  inch  in  excess  of 
five;  and  in  addition  thereto  on  all  the  foregoing  articles  in 
this  paragraph,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided^ 
That  none  of  the  above-named  articles  shall  pay  a less  rate  of 
duty  than  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

341.  Plain  woven  fabrics  of  single  jute  yarns,  by  whatever 
name  known,  not  exceeding  sixty  inches  in  width,  weighing 
not  less  than  six  ounces  per  square  yard  and  not  exceeding 
thirty  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling, 
five- eighths  of  one  cent  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  if  exceeding  thirty  and  not  exceeding  fifty-five 
threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling, 
seven-eights  of  one  cent  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

342.  All  pile  fabrics  of  which  flax  is  the  component  ma- 
terial of  chief  value,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

343.  Bags  or  sacks  made  from  plain  woven  fabrics,  of 
single  jute  yarns,  not  dyed,  colored,  stained,  painted,  printed, 
or  bleached,  and  not  exceeding  thirty  threads  to  the  square 
inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  seven-eighths  of  one  cent 
per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

344.  Bagging  for  cotton,  gunny  cloth,  and  similar  fabrics, 
suitable  for  covering  cotton,  composed  of  single  yarns  made  of 
jute,  jute  butts  or  hemp,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored,  stained, 
painted  or  printed,  not  exceeding  sixteen  threads  to  the  square 
inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  and  weighing  not  less 
than  fifteen  ounces  per  square  yard,  six-tenths  of  one  cent  per 
square  yard. 


Appendix  B. 


43 


345.  Handkerchiefs  composed  of  flax,  hemp,  or  ramie,  or 
of  which  these  substances,  or  either  of  them,  is  the  component 
material  of  chief  value,  whether  in  the  piece  or  otherwise,  and 
whether  finished  or  unfinished,  not  hemmed  or  hemmed  only, 
fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  hemstitched,  or  imitation  hem- 
stitched or  revered,  or  with  drawn  threads,  but  not  embroidered 
or  initialed,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

346.  Woven  fabrics  or  articles  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  act,  composed  of  flax,  hemp,  or  ramie,  or  of  which  these 
substances  or  either  of  them  is  the  component  material  of  chief 
value,  weighing  four  and  one-half  ounces  or  more  per  square 
yard,  when  containing  not  more  than  sixty  threads  to  the 
square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  one  and  three- 
fourth  cents  per  square  yard;  containing  more  than  sixty  and 
not  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  threads  to  the  square 
inch,  two  and  three-fourths  cents  per  square  yard;  containing 
more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  and  not  more  than  one 
hundred  and  eighty  threads  to  the  square  inch,  six  cents  per 
square  yard;  containing  more  than  one  hundred  and  eighty 
threads  to  the  square  inch,  nine  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in 
addition  thereto,  on  all  the  foregoing,  thirty  per  centum  ad 
valorem:  Provided,  That  none  of  the  foregoing  articles  in 
this  paragraph  shall  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  tf^an  fifty  per 
centum  ad  valorem.  Woven  fabrics  of  flax,  hemp,  or  ramie, 
or  of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them  is  the  compo- 
nent material  of  chief  value,  including  such  as  is  known  as 
shirting  cloth,  weighing  less  than  four  and  one-half  ounces  per 
square  yard  and  containing  more  than  one  hundred  threads  to 
the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

347.  All  manufacrures  of  flax,  hemp,  ramie,  or  of  other 
vegetable  fiber,  or  of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them 
is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SCHEDULE  K. 

WOOL  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF  WOOL. 

348.  All  wools,  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca,  and  other 
like  animals,  shall  be  divided,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the 
duties  to  be  charged  thereon,  into  the  three  following  classes: 

349.  Class  one,  that  is  to  say,  merino,  mestiza,  metz,  or 
metis  wools,  or  other  wools  of  merino  blood,  immediate  or 
remote,  Down  clothing  wools  and  wools  of  like  character  with 
any  of  the  preceding,  including  Bagdad  wool,  China  lamb’s 
wool,  Castel  Branco,  Adrianople  skin  wool  or  butcher’s  wool, 
and  such  as  have  been  heretofore  usually  imported  into  the. 
United  States  from  Buenos  Ayres,  New  Zealand,  Australia, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Russia,  Great  Britain,  Canada,  Egypt, 
Morocco,  and  elsewhere,  and  all  wools  not  hereinafter  in- 
cluded in  classes  two  and  three. 


44 


Appendix  B. 


350.  Class  two,  that  is  to  say,  Leicester,  Cotswold,  Lin- 
colnshire, Down  combing  wools,  Canada  long  wools,  or  other 
like  combing  wools  of  English  blood,  and  usually  known  by 
the  terms  herein  used,  and  also  hair  of  the  camel,  Angora 
goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals. 

351.  Class  three,  that  is  to  say,  Donskoi,  native  South 
American,  Cordova,  Valparaiso,  native  Smyrna,  Russian 
camel’s  hair,  and  all  such  wools  of  like  character  as  have  been 
heretofore  usually  imported  into  the  United  States  from 
Turkey,  Greece,  Syria  and  elsewhere,  excepting  improved 
wools  hereinafter  provided  for. 

352.  The  standard  samples  of  all  wools  which  are  now  or 
may  be  hereafter  deposited  in  the  principal  custom-houses  of 
the  United  States,  under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  shall  be  the  standard  for  the  classification  of  wools 
under  this  Act,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized 
to  renew  these  standards  and  to  make  such  additions  to  them 
from  time  to  time  as  may  be  required,  and  he  shall  cause  to 
be  deposited  like  standards  in  other  custom-houses  of  the 
United  States  when  they  may  be  needed. 

353.  Whenever  wools  of  class  three  shall  have  been  im- 
proved by  the  admixture  of  merino  or  English  blood,  from 
their  present  j:haracter  as  represented  by  the  standard  samples 
now  or  hereafter  to  be  deposited  in  the  principal  custom- 
houses of  the  United  States,  such  improved  wools  shall  be 
classified  for  duty  either  as  class  one  or  as  class  two,  as  the 
case  may  be. 

354.  The  duty  on  wools  of  the  first  class  which  shall  be 
imported  washed  shall  be  twice  the  amount  of  the  duty  to 
which  they  would  be  subjected  if  imported  unwashed;  and  the 
duty  on  wools  of  the  first  and  second  classes  which  shall  be 
imported  scoured  shall  be  three  times  the  duty  to  which  they 
would  be  subjected  if  imported  unwashed.  The  duty  on  wools 
of  the  third  class,  if  imported  in  condition  for  use  in  carding  or 
spinning  into  yarns,  or  which  shall  not  contain  more  than  eight 
per  cent,  of  dirt  or  other  foreign  substance,  shall  be  three  times 
the  duty  to  which  they  would  otherwise  be  subjected. 

355.  Unwashed  wools  shall  be  considered  such  as  shall 
have  been  shorn  from  the  sheep  without  any  cleansing;  that 
is,  in  their  natural  condition.  Washed  wools  shall  be  con- 
sidered such  as  have  been  washed  with  water  only  on  the 
sheep’s  back,  or  on  the  skin.  Wools  of  the  first  and  second 
classes  washed  in  any  other  manner  than  on  the  sheep’s  back 
or  on  the  skin  shall  be  considered  scoured  wool. 

356.  The  duty  upon  wool  of  the  sheep  or  hair  of  the 
camel.  Angora  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals,  of  class 
one  and  class  two,  which  shall  be  imported  in  any  other  than 
ordinary  condition,  or  which  has  been  sorted  or  increased  in 
value  by  the  rejection  of  any  part  of  the  original  fleece,  shall 
be  twice  the  duty  to  which  it  would  be  otherwise  subject:  Pro^ 
vided,  That  skirted  wools  as  imported  in  eighteen  hundred  and 


Appendix  B. 


45 


ninety  and  prior  thereto  are  hereby  excepted.  The  duty  upon 
wool  of  the  sheep  or  hair  of  the  camel,  Angora  goat,  alpaca, 
and  other  like  animals  of  any  class  which  shall  be  changed  in 
its  character  or  condition  for  the  purpose  of  evading  the  duty, 
or  which  shall  be  reduced  in  value  by  the  admixture  of  dirt  or 
any  other  foreign  substance,  shall  be  twice  the  duty  to  which 
it  would  be  otherwise  subject.  When  the  duty  assessed  upon 
any  wool  equals  three  tjmes  or  more  that  which  would  be  as- 
sessed if  said  wool  was  imported  unwashed,  the  duty  shall  not 
be  double  on  account  of  the  wool  being  sorted.  If  any  bale  or 
package  of  wool  cr  hair  specified  in  this  Act  invoiced  or  en- 
tered as  of  any  specified  class,  or  claimed  by  the  importer  to 
be  dutiable  as  of  any  specified  class,  shall  contain  any  wool  or 
hair  subject  to  a higher  rate  of  duty  than  class  so  specified, 
the  whole  bale  or  package  shall  be  subject  to  the  highest  rate 
of  duty  chargeable  on  wool  of  the  class  subject  to  such  higher 
rate  of  duty,  and  if  any  bale  or  package  be  claimed  by  the 
importer  to  be  shoddy,  mungo,  flocks,  wool,  hair  or  other  ma- 
terial of  any  class  specified  in  this  Act,  and  such  bale  contain 
any  admixture  of  any  one  or  more  of  such  materials,  or  of  any 
other  material,  the  whole  bale  or  package  shall  be  subject  to 
duty  at  tho  highest  rate  imposed  upon  any  article  in  said  bale 
or  package. 

357.  The  duty  upon  all  wools  and  hair  of  the  first  class 
shall  be  eleven  cents  per  pound,  and  upon  all  wools  or  hair  of 
the  second  class  twelve  cents  per  pound. 

358.  On  wools  of  the  third  class  and  on  camel’s  hair  of 
the  third  class  the  value  of  which  shall  be  twelve  cents  or  less 
per  pound,  the  duty  shall  be  four  cents  per  pound. 

359.  On  wools  of  the  third  class  and  on  camel’s  hair  of 
the  third  class,  the'  value  whereof  shall  exceed  twelve  cents 
per  pound,  the  duty  shall  be  seven  cents  per  pound. 

360.  The  duty  on  wools  on  the  skin  shall  be  one  cent  less 
per  pound  than  is  imposed  in  this  schedule  on  other  wools  of 
the  same  class  and  condition,  the  quantity  and  value  to  be 
ascertained  under  such  rules  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
may  prescribe. 

361.  Top  waste,  slabbing  waste,  roving  waste,  ring  waste, 
and  garnetted  waste,  thirty  cents  per  pound. 

362.  Shoddy,  twenty-five  cents  per  pound;  noils,  wool 
extract,  yarn  waste,  thread  waste,  and  all  other  wastes  com- 
posed wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  and  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  Act,  twenty  cents  per  pound. 

363.  Woolen  rags,  mungo,  and  flocks,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

364.  Wool  and  hair  which  have  been  advanced  in  any 
manner  or  by  process  of  manufacture  beyond  the  washed  or 
scoured  condition,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  shall 
be  subject  to  the  same  duties  as  are  imposed  upon  manufac- 
tures of  wool  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

365.  On  yarns  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  valued  at 
not  more  than  thirty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall 


46 


Appendix  B. 


be  two  and  one-half  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  Act  on 
one  pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class;  valued  at  more 
than  thirty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  three 
and  one-half  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  Act  on  one  pound 
of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto, 
upon  all  the  forgoing,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

366.  On  cloths,  knit  fabrics,  and  all  manufactures  of 
overy  description  made  ‘wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  Act,  valued  at  not  more  than  forty  cents 
per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  three  times  the  duty 
imposed  by  this  Act  on  a pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first 
class;  valued  at  above  forty  cents  per  pound  and  not  above 
seventy  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  four 
times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  Act  on  one  pound  of  unwashed 
wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto,  upon  all  the 
foregoing,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  over  seventy 
cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  four  times  the 
duty  imposed  by  this  Act  on  one  pound  of  unwashed  wool  of 
the  first  class  and  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

367.  On  blankets,  and  flannels  for  underwear  composed 
wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  valued  at  not  more  than  forty  cents 
per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  the  same  as  the  duty 
imposed  by  this  Act  on  two  pounds  of  unwashed  wool  of  the 
first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty  per  centum  ad  valor- 
urn;  valued  at  more  than  forty  cents  and  not  more  than  fifty 
cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  three  times  the 
duty  imposed  by  this  Act  on  one  pound  of  unwashed  wool  of 
the  first  class,  and  in  addition  thereto  thirty-five  per  centum  ad 
valorem.  On  blankets  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool, 
valued  at  more  than  fifty  cents  per  pound,  the  duty  per  pound 
shall  be  three  times  the  duty  imposed  by  this  Act  on  one 
pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition 
thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  volorem.  Flannels  composed 
wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  valued  at  above  fifty  cents  per  pound, 
shall  be  classified  and  pay  the  same  duty  as  women’s  and 
children’s  dress  goods,  coat  linings,  Italian  cloths,  and  goods 
of  similar  character  and  description  provided  by  this  Act: 
Provided,  That  on  blankets  over  three  yards  in  length  the 
same  duties  shall  be  paid  as  on  cloths. 

368.  On  women’s  and  children’s  dress  goods,  coat  linings, 
Italian  cloths,  and  goods  of  similar  description  and  character 
of  which  the  warp  consists  wholly  of  cotton  or  other  vegetable 
material  with  the  remainder  of  the  fabric  composed  wholly  or 
in  part  of  wool,  valued  at  not  exceeding  fifteen  cents  per 
square  yard,  the  duty  shali  be  seven  cents  per  square  yard; 
valued  at  more  than  fifteen  cents  per  square  yard,  the  duty 
shall  be  eight  cents  per  square  yard;  and  in  addition  thereto 
on  all  the  foregoing  valued  at  not  above  seventy  cents  per 
pound,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  above  seventy 
cents  per  pound,  fifty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  Pf'ovided, 
That  on  all  the  foregoing  weighing  over  four  ounces  per  square 


Appendix  B. 


47 


yard,  the  duty  shall  be  the  same  as  imposed  by  this  schedule 
on  cloths. 

369.  On  women’s  and  children’s  dress  goods,  coat  linings, 
Italian  cloths,  bunting,  and  goods  of  similar  description  or 
character  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  and  not  special- 
ly provided  for  in  this  Act,  the  duty  shall  be  eleven  cents  per 
square  yard;  and  in  addition  thereto,  on  all  the  foregoing  val- 
ued at  not  above  seventy  cents  per  pound,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  valued  at  above  seventy  cents  per  pound,  fifty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  Provided,  That  on  all  the  foregoing, 
weighing  over  four  ounces  per  square  yard,  the  duty  shall  be 
the  same  as  imposed  by  this  schedule  on  cloths. 

370.  On  clothing,  ready-made,  and  articles  of  wearing  ap- 
parel of  every  description,  including  shawls  whether  knitted 
or  woven,  and  knitted  articles  of  every  description,  made  up 
or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part,  felts  not  woven  and  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  composed  -wholly  or  in  part 
of  wool,  the  duty  per  pound  shall  be  four  times  the  duty  im 
posed  by  this  Act  on  one  pound  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first 
class,  and  in  addition  thereto  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

371.  Webbings,  gorings,  suspenders,  braces,  bandings, 
beltings,  bindings,  braids,  galloons,  edgings,  insertings,  flounc- 
ings,  fringes,  gimps,  cords,  cords  and  tassels,  laces  and  other 
trimmings,  and  “articles  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  lace,  em- 
broideries, and  articles  embroidered  by  hand  or  machinery, 
head  nets,  netting,  buttons  or  barrel  buttons  or  buttons  of  other 
forms  for  tassels  or  ornaments,  and  manufactures  of  wool  orna- 
mented with  beads  or  spangles  of  whatever  material  com- 
posed, any  of  the  foregoing  made  of  wool  or  of  which  wool  is 
a component  material,  whether  composed  in  part  of  India  rub- 
ber or  otherwise,  fifty  cents  per  pound  and  sixty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

372.  Aubusson,  Axminster,  moquette,  and  chenille  car- 
pets figured  or  plain,  and  all  carpets  or  carpeting  of  like  char- 
acter or  description,  sixty  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in 
addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorum. 

373.  Saxony,  Wilton  and  ToUrnay  velvet  carpets,  figured 
or  plain,  and  all  carpets  or  carpeting  of  like  character  or  des- 
cription, sixty  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto 
forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

374.  Brussels  carpets,  figured  or  plain,  and  all  carpets  or 
carpeting  of  like  character  or  description,  , forty-four  cents 
per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto,  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

375.  Velvet  and  tapestry  velvet  carpets,  figured  or  plain, 
printed  on  the  warp  or  otherwise,  and  all  carpets  or  carpeting 
of  like  character  or  description,  forty  cents  per  square  yard, 
and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

376.  Tapestry  Brussels  carpets,  figured  or  plain,  and  all 
carpets  or  carpeting  of  like  character  or  description,  printed 


48 


Appendix  B. 


on  the  warp  or  otherwise,  twenty-eight  cents  per  square  yard, 
and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

377.  Treble  ingrain,  three-ply,  and  all  chain  Venetian 
carpets,  twenty-two  cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition 
thereto  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

378.  Wool  Dutch  and  two-ply  ingrain  carpets,  eighteen 
cents  per  square  yard,  and  in  addition  thereto  forty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

379.  Carpets  of  every  description  woven  whole  for  rooms, 
and  Oriental,  Berlin,  Aubusson,  Axminster,  and  similar  rugs, 
ten  cents  per  square  foot  and  in  addition  thereto,  forty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

380.  Druggets  and  bookings,  printed,  colored,  or  other- 
wise, twenty-two  cents  per  square  yard  and  in  addition  thereto 
forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

381.  Carpets-  and  carpeting  of  wool,  flax,  or  cotton,  or 
composed  in  part  of  either,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

382.  Mats,  rugs  for  floors,  screens,  covers,  hassocks,  bed 
sides,  art  squares,  and  other  portions  of  carpets  or  carpeting 
made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  and  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  Act,  shall  be  subjected  to  the  rate  of  duty  herein  im- 
posed on  carpets  or  carpeting  of  like  character  or  description. 

383.  Whenever,  in  any  schedule  of  this  Act,  the  word 
“wool”  is  used  in  connection  with  a manufactured  article  of 
which  it  is  a component  material,  it  shall  be  held  to  include 
wool  or  hair  of  the  sheep,  camel,  goat,  alpaca  or  other  animal, 
whether  manufactured  by  the  woolen,  worsted,  felt,  or  any 
other  process. 

SCHEDULE  L. 

SILKS  AND  SILK  GOODS. 

384.  Silk  partially  manufactured  from  cocoons  or  from 
waste  silk,  and  not  further  advanced  or  manufactured  than 
carded  or  combed  silk,  forty  cents  per  pound. 

385.  Thrown  silk,  not  more  advanced  than  singles,  tram, 
organizine,  sewing  silk,  twist,  floss,  and  silk  threads  or  yarns  of 
every  description,  except  spun  silk,  thirty  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; spun  silk  in  skeins,  cops,  warps,  or  on  beams,  valued  at 
not  exceeding  one  dollar  per  pound,  twenty  cents  per  pound 
and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  over  one  dollar 
per  pound  and  noL  exceeding  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per 
pound,  thirty  cents*  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem; valued  at  over  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  pound, 
and  not  exceeding  two  dollars  per  pound,  forty  cents  per 
pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  valued  at  over  two 
dollars  per  pound  and  not  exceeding  two  dollars  and  fifty 
cents  per  pound,  fifty  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  valued  at  over  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per 
pound,  sixty  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  va- 


Appendix  B. 


49 


lorem;  but  in  no  case  shall  the  foregoing  articles  pay  a less 
rate  of  duty  than  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

386.  Velvet,  velvet  or  plush  ribbons,  chenilles,  or  other 
pile  fabrics,  cut  or  uncut,  composed  of  siik,  or  of  which  silk  is 
the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  plushes,  composed  of  silk,  or  of 
which  silk  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  one  dollar 
per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  but  in  no  case 
shall  the  foregoing  articles  pay  a less  rate  of  duty  than  fifty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

387.  Woven  fabrics  in  the  piece,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  Act,  weighing  not  less  than  one  and  one-third  ounces 
per  square  yard  and  not  more  than  eight  ounces  per  square 
yard,  and  containing  not  more  than  twenty  per  centum  in 
weight  of  silk,  if  in  the  gum,  fifty  cents  per  pound,  and  if  dyed 
in  the  piece,  sixty  cents  per  pound;  if  containing  more  than 
twenty  per  centum  and  not  more  than  thirty  per  centum  in 
weight  of  silk,  if  in  the  gum,  sixty-five  cents  per  pound,  and  if 
dyed  in  the  piece,  eighty  cents  per  pound;  if  containing  more 
than  thirty  per  centum  and  not  more  than  forty-five  per  cent- 
um in  weight  of  silk,  if  in  the  gum,  ninety  cents  per  pound; 
and  if  dyed  in  the  piece,  one  dollar  and  ten  cents  per  pound, 
if  dyed  in  the  thread  or  yarn  and  containing  not  more  than 
thirty  per  centum  the  weight  of  silk,  if  black  (except  selvedges), 
seventy-five  cents  per  pound,  and  if  other  than  black,  ninety 
cents  per  pound;  if  containing  more  than  thirty  and  not  more 
than  forty-five  per  centum  in  weight  of  silk,  if  black  (except 
selvedges),  one  dollar  and  ten  cents  per  pound,  and  if  other 
than  black,  one  dollar  and  thirty  cents  per  pound;  if  containing 
more  than  forty-five  per  centum  in  weight  of  silk,  or  if  com- 
posed wholly  of  silk,  if  dyed  in  the  thread  or  yarn  and  weighted 
in  the  dyeing,  so  as  to  exceed  the  original  weight  of  the  raw 
silk,  if  black  (except  selvedges),  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per 
pound,  and  if  other  than  black,  two  dollars  and  twenty-five 
cents  per  pound;  if  dyed  in  the  thread  or  yarn  and  the  weight 
is  not  increased  by  dyeing  beyond  the  original  weight  of  the 
raw  silk,  three  dollars  per  pound;  if  in  the  gum,  two  dollars 
and  fifty  cents  per  pound;  if  boiled  off,  or  dyed  in  the  piece, 
or  printed,  three  dollars  per  pound;  if  weighing  less  than  one 
and  one-third  ounces  and  more  than  one-third  of  an  ounce  per 
square  yard,  if  in  the  gum,  or  if  dyed  in  the  thread  or  yarn, 
two  and  one-half  dollars  per  pound;  if  weighing  less  than  one 
and  one-third  ounces  and  more  than  one-third  of  an  ounce 
per  square  yard,  if  boiled  off,  three  dollars  per  pound;  if  dyed 
or  printed  in  the  piece,  three  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  per 
pound;  if  weighing  not  more  than  one-third  of  an  ounce  per 
square  yard,  four  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  pound;  but  in  no 
case  shall  any  of  the  foregoing  fabrics  in  this  paragraph  pay  a 
less  rate  of  duty  than  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

388.  Handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  composed  wholly  or  in 


50 


APPENDlk'B. 


part  of  silk,  whether  in  the  piece  or  otherwise,  finished  or  un- 
finished, if  not  hemmed  or  hemmed  only,  shall  pay  the  same 
rate  of  duty  as  is  imposed  on  goods  in  the  piece  of  the  same 
description,  weight  and  condition  as  provided  for  in  this 
schedule;  but  such  handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  shall  not  pay  a 
less  rate  of  duty  than  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  such 
handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  are  hemstitched  or  imitation  hem- 
stitched, or  revered  or  have  drawn  threads,  or  are  embroid- 
ered in  any  manner,  whether  with  an  initial  letter,  monogram, 
or  otherwise,  by  hand  or  machinery,  or  are  tamboured,  ap- 
pliqued,  or  are  made  and  trimmed  wholly  or  in  part  with 
lace,  or  with  tucking  or  insertion,  they  shall  pay  a duty  of  ten 
per  centum  ad  valorem  in  addition  to  the  duty  hereinbefore 
prescribed,  and  in  no  case  less  than  sixty  per  centum  ad  va- 
lorem. 

389.  Bandings,  including  hat  bands,  beltings,  bindings, 
bone  casings,  braces,  cords,  cords  and  tassels,  garters,  gorings, 
suspenders,  tubings,  and  webs  and  webbings,  composed 
wholly  or  in  part  of  silk,  and  whether  composed  in  part  of 
india-rubber  or  otherwise,  if  not  embroidered  in  any  manner 
by  hand  or  machinery,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

390.  Laces,  and  articles  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  lace, 
edgings,  insertings,  galloons,  chiffon  or  other  flouncings,  nets 
or  nettings  and  veilings,  neck  rufflings,  ruchings,  braids, 
fringes,  trimmings,  embroideries  and  articles  embroidered  by 
hand  or  machinery,  or  tamboured  or  appliqued,  clothing  ready 
made,  and  articles  of  wearing  apparel  of  every  description,  in- 
cluding knit  goods,  made  up  or  manufactured  in  whole  or  in 
part  by  the  tailor,  seamstress  or  manufacturer;  all  of  the  above 
named  articles  made  of  silk  or  of  which  silk  is  the  comnonent 
material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
and  silk  goods  ornamented  with  beads  or  spangles,  of  what- 
ever material  composed,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Pro- 
videdy  That  any  wearing  apparel  or  other  articles  provided  for 
in  this  paragraph  (except  gloves)  when  composed  in  part  of 
india-rubber,  shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of  sixty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

391.  All  manufactures  of  silk,  or  of  which  silk  is  the  com- 
ponent material  of  chief  value,  including  such  as  have  india- 
rubber  as  a component  material,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  and  all  Jacquard  figured  goods  in  the  piece,  made  on 
looms,  of  which  silk  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value, 
dyed  in  the  yarn,  and  containing  two  or  more  colors  in  the 
filling,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Providedy  That  all  man- 
ufactures of  which  wool  is  a component  material  shall  be  class- 
ified and  assessed  for  duty  as  manufactures  of  wool. 

392.  In  ascertaining  the  weight  of  silk  under  the  provis- 
ions of  this  schedule,  the  weight  shall  be  taken  in  the  condition 
in  which  found  in  the  goods,  without  deduction  therefrom  for 
any  dye,  coloring  matter,  or  other  foreign  substance  or  ma- 
terial 


Appendix  B. 


51 


SCHEDULE  M. 

PULP,  PAPERS,  AND  BOOKS.  PULP  AND  PAPER. 

393.  Mechanically  ground  wood  pulp,  one-twelfth  of  one 
cent  per  pound,  dry  weight;  chemical  wood  pulp,  unbleached, 
one-sixth  of  one  cent  per  pound,  dry  weight;  bleached,  one- 
fourth  of  one  cent  per  pound,  dry  weight:  Provided,  That 
if  any  country  or  dependency  shall  impose  an  export  duty  on 
pulp  wood  exported  to  the  United  States,  the  amount  of  such 
export  duty  shall  be  added,  as  an  additional  duty,  to  the  duties 
herein  imposed  upon  wood  pulp,  when  imported  from  such 
country  or  dependency. 

394.  Sheathing  paper  and  roofing  felt,  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

395.  Filter  masse  or  filter  stock,  composed  wholly  or  in 
part  of  wood  pulp,  wood  flour,  cotton  or  other  vegetable  fiber, 
one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

396.  Printing  paper,  unsized,  sized  or  glued,  suitable  for 
books  and  newspapers,  valued  at  not  above  two  cents  per 
pound,  three-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  two 
cents  and  not  above  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound,  four- 
tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  two  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound  and  not  above  three  cents  per  pound,  five- 
tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  three  cents  and 
not  above  four  cents  a pound,  six-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound; 
valued  above  four  cents  and  not  above  five  cents  per  pound, 
eight-tenths  of  one  cent  per  pound;  valued  above  five  cents 
per  pound,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That 
>f  any  country  or  dependency  shall  impose  an  export  duty 
on  wood  pulp  exported  to  the  United  States,  there  shall  be 
imposed  upon  printing  paper  when  imported  from  such 
country  or  dependency,  an  additional  duty  of  one-tenth  of 
one  cent  per  pound  for  each  dollar  of  export  duty  per  cord 
so  imposed,  and  proportionately  for  fractions  of  aMollar  of 
such  export  duty. 

397.  Papers  commonly  known  as  copying  paper,  stereo- 
type paper,  paper  known  as  bibulous  paper,  tissue  paper,  pot- 
tery paper,  and  all  similar  papers,  white,  colored  or  printed, 
weighing  not  over  six  pounds  to  the  ream  of  four  hundred  and 
eighty  sheets,  on  a basis  of  twenty  by  thirty  inches,  and 
whether  in  reams  or  any  other  form,  six  cents  per  pound  and 
fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  weighing  over  six  pounds 
and  not  over  ten  pounds  to  the  ream,  and  letter  copying  books, 
whether  wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  five  cents  per  pound 
and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  crepe  paper  and  filtering 
paper,  five  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

398.  Surface-coated  papers  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  two  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  if  printed,  or  wholly  or  partly  covered 
with  metal  or  its  solutions,  or  with  gelatin  or  flock,  three  cents 


Appendix  B. 


S2 

per  pound  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  parchment 
papers,  two  cents  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem, 
plain  basic  photographic  papers  for  albumenizing,  sensitizing, 
or  baryta  coating,  three  cents  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum 
ad  valorem;  albumenized  or  sensitized  paper  or  paper  other- 
wise surface  coated  for  photographic  purposes,  thirty  per* 
centum  ad  valorem. 

MANUFACTURES  OF  PAPER: 

399.  Paper  envelopes,  plain,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valo- 
rem; if  bordered,  embossed,  printed,  tinted,  or  decorated, 
thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

400.  Lithographic  prints  from  stone,  zinc,  aluminum,  or 
other  material,  bound  or  unbound  (except  cigar  labels,  flaps, 
and  bands,  lettered,  or  otherwise),  music  and  illustrations  when 
forming  a part  of  a periodical  or  newspaper  and  accompanying 
the  same,  or  if  bound  in  or  forming  a part  of  printed  books, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act),  on  paper  or  other  ma- 
terial not  exceeding  eight  one-thousandth  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness, twenty  cents  per  pound;  on  paper  or  other  material  ex- 
ceeding eight  one-thousandths  of  one  inch  and  not  exceeding 
twenty  one-thousandths  of  one  inch  in  thickness,  and  exceed- 
ing thirty-five  square  inches,  but  not  exceeding  four  hundred 
square  inches  cutting  size  in  dimensions,  eight  cents  per 
pound;  exceeding  four  hundred  square  inches  cutting  size  in 
dimensions,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  prints  exceed- 
ing eight  one-thousandths  of  one  inch  and  not  exceeding 
twenty  one-thousandths  of  one  inch  in  thickness,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding thirty-five  square  inches  cutting  size  in  dimensions,  five 
cents  per  pound;  lithographic  prints  from  stone,  zinc,  alumi- 
num, or  other  material,  on  cardboard  or  other  material,  ex- 
ceeding twenty  one-thousandths  of  one  inch  in  thickness,  six 
cents  per  pound;  lithographic  cigar  labels,  flaps  and  bands, 
lettered  or  blank,  printed  from  stone,  zinc,  aluminum  or  other 
material,  if  printed  in  less  than  eight  colors  (bronze  printing  to 
be  counted  as  two  colors),  but  not  including  labels,  flaps  and 
bands  printed  in  whole  or  in  part  in  metal  leaf,  twenty  cents 
per  pound.  Labels,  flaps  and  bands,  if  printed  entirely  in 
bronze  printing,  fifteen  cents  per  pound;  labels,  flaps  and 
bands  printed  in  eight  or  more  colors  but  not  including  labels, 
flaps  and  bands  printed  in  whole  or  in  part  in  metal  leaf,  thirty 
cents  per  pound;  labels,  flaps  and  bands  printed  in  whole  or 
in  part  in  metal  leaf,  fifty  cents  per  pound.  Books  of  paper  or 
other  material  for  children’s  use,  containing  illuminated  litho- 
graphic prints,  not  exceeding  in  weight  twenty-four  ounces 
each,  and  all  booklets  and  fashion  magazines  or  periodicals 
printed  in  whole  or  in  part  by  lithographic  process  or  deco- 
rated by  hand,  eight  cents  per  pound. 

401.  Writing,  letter,  note,  hand-made,  drawing,  ledger, 
bond,  record,  tablet  and  typewriter  paper,  weighing  not  less 
than  ten  pounds  and  not  more  than  fifteen  pounds  to  the  ream. 


Appendix  B. 


53 


two  cents  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem;  weigh- 
ing more  than  fifteen  pounds  to  the  ream,  three  and  one-half 
cents  per  pound  and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem;  but  if  any 
such  paper  is  ruled,  bordered,  embossed,  printed,  or  decorated 
in  any  manner,  it  shall  pay  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem  in  addi- 
tion to  the  foregoing  rates:  Provided,  That  in  computing  the 
duty  on  such  paper  every  one  hundred  and  eighty  thousand 
square  inches  shall  be  taken  to  be  a ream. 

402.  Paper  hangings  and  paper  for  screens  or  fireboards, 
and  all  other  paper  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  all  Jacquard  designs  of 
one-line  paper,  or  parts  of  such  designs,  finished  or  unfinished, 
thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem,  all  Jacquard  designs  cut  on 
Jacquard  cards,  or  parts  of  such  designs,  finished  or  unfin- 
ished, thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

MANUFACTURES  OF  PAPER: 

403.  Books  of  all  kinds,  including  blank  books  and 
pamphlets,  and  engravings  bound  or  unbound,  photographs, 
etchings,  maps,  charts,  music  in  books  or  sheets,  and  printed 
matter,  all  the  foregoing  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

404.  Photograph,  autograph  and  scrap  albums,  wholly  or 
partly  manufactured,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

405.  All  fancy  boxes  made  of  paper,  or  of  which  paper  is 
the  component  material  of  chief  value,  or  if  covered  with  sur- 
face-coated paper,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

406.  Playing  cards,  in  packs  not  exceeding  fifty-four 
cards  and  at  a like  rate  for  any  number  in  excess,  tzn  cents 
per  pack  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

407.  Manufactures  of  paper,  or  of  which  paper  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  Act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SCHEDULE  N. 

SUNDRIES. 

408.  Beads  of  all  kinds,  not  threaded  or  strung,  thirty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  fabrics,  nets  or  nettings,  laces,  em- 
broideries, galloons,  wearing  apparel,  ornaments,  trimmings 
and  other  articles  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  com- 
posed wholly  or  in  part  of  beads  or  spangles  made  of  glass  or 
paste,  gelatin,  metal  or  other  material  but  not  composed  in 
part  of  wool,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

409.  Braids,  plaits,  laces,  and  willow  sheets  or  squares, 
composed  wholly  of  straw,  chip,  grass,  palm  leaf,  willow,  osier, 
or  rattan,  suitable  for  making  or  ornamenting  hats,  bonnets  or 
hoods,  not  bleached,  dyed,  colored  or  stained,  fifteen  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  if  bleached,  dyed,  colored  or  stained, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  hats,  bonnets  and  hoods,  com- 
posed of  straw,  chip,  grass,  palm  leaf,  willow,  osier,  or  rattan, 
whether  wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  but  not  trimmed. 


54 


Appendix  B. 


thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if  trimmed,  fifty  percent- 
urn  ad  valorem.  But  the  terms  “grass”  and  “straw”  shall  be 
understood  to  mean  these  substances  in  their  natural  form  and 
structure  and  not  the  separated  fiber  thereof. 

410.  Brushes,  brooms  and  feather  dusters  of  all  kinds, 
and  hair  pencils,  in  quills  or  otherwise,  forty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

41 1.  Bristles,  sorted,  bunched  or  prepared,  seven  and  one- 
half  cents  per  pound. 

BUTTONS  AND  BUTTON  FORMS: 

412.  Trousers  buckles  made  wholly  or  partly  of  iron  or 
steel,  or  parts  thereof,  valued  at  not  more  than  fifteen  cents 
per  hundred,  five  cents  per  hundred;  valued  at  more  than  fif- 
teen cents  per  hundred  and  not  more  than  fifty  cents  per 
hundred,  ten  cents  per  hundred;  valued  at  more  than  fifty 
cents  per  hundred,  fifteen  cents  per  hundred;  and  in  addition 
thereto  on  each  and  all  of  the  above  buckles  or  parts  of 
buckles,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

413.  Button  forms:  Bastings,  mohair,  cloth,  silk,  or  other 
manufactures  of  cloth,  woven  or  made  in  patterns  of  such 
size,  shape  or  form,  or  cut  in  such  manner  as  to  be  fit  for 
buttons  exclusively,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

414.  Buttons  or  parts  of  buttons  and  button  molds  or 
blanks,  finished  or  unfinished,  shall  pay  duty  at  the  following 
rates,  the  line  button  measure  being  one-fortieth  of  one  inch, 
namely:  Buttons  known  commercially  as  agate  buttons, 
metal  trousers  buttons  (except  steel),  and  nickel  bar  buttons, 
one  twelfth  of  one  cent  per  line  per  gross;  buttons  of  bone, 
and  steel  trousers  buttons,  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per  line  per 
gross;  buttons  of  pearl  or  shell,  one  and  one-half  cents  per 
line  per  gross;  buttons  of  horn,  vegetable  ivory,  glass,  or 
metal,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  three-fourths  of 
one  cent  per  line  per  gross,  and  in  addition  thereto,  on  all  the 
foregoing  articles  in  this  paragraph,  fifteen  ppr  centum  ad 
valorem;  shoe  buttons  made  of  paper,  board,  papier  mache, 
pulp  or  other  similar  material,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  valued  at  not  exceeding  three  cents  per  gross,  one 
cent  per  gross;  buttons  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
and  all  collar  or  cuff  buttons  and  studs,  fifty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

415.  Coal,  bituminous,  and  all  coals  containing  less  than 
ninety-two  per  centum  of  fixed  carbon  and  shale,  sixty-seven 
cents  per  ton  of  twenty-eight  bushels,  eighty  pounds  to  the 
bushel;  coal  slack  or  culm  such  as  will  pass  through  a half- 
inch screen,  fifteen  cents  per  ton  of  twenty  eight  bushels, 
eighty  pounds  to  the  bushel : Providedy  That  on  all  coal  im- 
ported into  the  United  States,  which  is  afterwards  used  for 
fuel  on  board  vessels  propelled  by  steam  and  engaged  in 

, trade  with  foreign  countries,  or  in  trade  between  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  ports  of  the  United  States,  and  which  are  regis^ 


Appendix  B. 


55 


tered  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  a drawback  shall 
be  allowed  equal  to  the  duty  imposed  by  law  upon  such  coal, 
and  shall  be  paid  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  shall  prescribe;  coke,  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

416.  Cork  bark,  cut  into  squares  or  cubes,  eight  cents  per 
pound;  manufactured  corks  over  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  measured  at  larger  end,  fifteen  cents  per  pound; 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  and  less  in  diameter,  measured  at 
larger  end,  twenty-five  cents  per  pound;  cork,  artificial,  or 
cork  substitutes,  manufactured  from  cork  waste  and  not 
otherwise  provided  for,  eight  cents  per  pound. 

417.  Dice,  draughts,  chessmen,  chess  balls,  and  billiard, 
pool  and  bagatelle  balls,  of  ivory,  bone,  or  other  materials, 
fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

418.  Dolls,  doll  heads,  toy  marbles  of  whatever  materials 
composed,  and  all  other  toys  not  composed  of  rubber,  china, 
porcelain,  parian,  bisque,  earthen  or  stone  ware,  and  not  speci- 
ally provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  val- 
orem. 

419.  Emery  grams  and  emery  manufactured,  ground, 
pulverized,  or  refined,  one  cent  per  pound;  emery  wheels, 
emery  files,  and  manufactures  of  which  emery  is  the  compo- 
nent material  of  chief  value,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  va!^ 
orem. 


EXPLOSIVE  SUBSTANCES: 

420.  Firecrackers  of  all  kinds,  eight  cents  per  pound,  the 
weight  to  include  all  coverings,  wrappings,  and  packing  ma- 
terial. 

421.  Fulminates,  fulminating  powders,  and  like  articles, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  thirty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

422.  Gunpowder,  and  all  explosive  substances  used  for 
mining,  blasting,  artillery,  or  sporting  purposes,  when  valued 
at  twenty  cents  or  less  per  pound,  four  cents  per  pound;  val- 
ued above  twenty  cents  per  pound,  six  cents  per  pound. 

423.  Matches,  friction  or  lucifer,  of  all  descriptions,  per 
gross  of  one  hundred  and  forty-four  boxes,  containing  not 
more  lhan  one  hundred  matches  per  box,  eight  cents  per  gross; 
when  imported  otherwise  than  in  boxes  containing  not  more 
than  one  hundred  matches  each,  one  cent  per  one  thousand 
matches. 

424.  Percussion  caps,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
cartridges,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  blasting  caps, 
two  dollars  and  thirty-six  cents  per  one  thousand  caps. 

425.  Feathers  and  downs  of  all  kinds,  including  bird 
skins  or  parts  thereof  with  the  feathers  on,  crude  or  not 
dressed,  colored,  or  otherwise  advanced  or  manufactured  in 
any  manner,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  fifteen  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  when  dressed,  colored,  or  otherwise  ad- 


56 


Appendix  B. 


vanced  or  manufactured  in  any  manner,  including  quilts  of 
down  and  other  manufactures  of  down,  and  also  dressed  and 
finished  birds  suitable  for  millinery  ornaments,  and  artificial 
or  ornamental  feathers,  fruits,  grains,  leaves,  flowers,  and 
stems  or  parts  thereof,  of  whatever  material  composed,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

426.  Furs,  dressed  on  the  skin  but  not  made  up  into  arti- 
cles, and  furs  not  on  the  skin,  prepared  for  hatters’  use,  in- 
cluding fur  skins  carroted,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

427.  Fans  of  all  kinds,  except  common  palm  leaf  fans, 
fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

428.  Gun  v/ads  of  all  descriptions,  twenty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

429.  Hair,  human,  if  clean  or  drawn  but  not  manufac- 
tured, twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

430.  Hair,  curled,  suitable  for  beds  or  mattresses,  ten  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

431.  Haircloth,  known  as  “crinoline”  cloth,  ten  cents  per 
square  yard;  haircloth,  known  as  “hair  seating,”  and  hair 
press  cloth,  twenty  cents  per  square  yard. 

432.  Hats,  bonnets  or  hoods,  for  men’s,  women’s,  boys’, 
or  children’s  wear,  trimmed  or  untrimmed,  including  bodies, 
hoods,  plateaux,  forms  or  shapes,  for  hats  or  bonnets,  com- 
posed wholly  or  in  chief  value  of  fur  of  the  rabbit,  beaver,  or 
other  animals,  valued  at  not  more  than  five  dollars  per  dozen, 
two  dollars  per  dozen;  valued  at  more  than  five  dollars  per 
dozen  and  not  more  than  ten  dollars  per  dozen,  three  dollars 
per  dozen;  valued  at  more  than  ten  dollars  per  dozen  and  not 
more  than  twenty  dollars  per  dozen,  five  dollars  per  dozen; 
valued  at  more  than  twenty  dollars  per  dozen,  seven  dollars 
per  dozen;  and  in  addition  thereto  on  all  the  foregoing, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem.. 

433.  Indurated  fiber  ware  and  manufactures  of  wood  or 
other  pulp,  and  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for,  thirty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

JEWELRY  AND  PRECIOUS  STONES: 

434.  Articles  commonly  known  as  jewelery,  and  parts 
thereof,  finished  or  unfinished,  not  specially  provided  for  in 
this  Act,  including  precious  stones  set,  pearls  set  or  strung, 
and  cameos  in  frames,  sixty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

435.  Diamonds  and  other  precious  stones  advanced  in 
condition  or  value  from  their  natural  state  by  cleaving,  split- 
ting, cutting,  or  other  process,  and  not  set,  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem;  imitations  of  diamonds  or  other  precious  stones, 
composed  of  glass  or  paste,  not  exceeding  an  inch  in  dimen- 
sions, not  engraved,  painted,  or  otherwise  ornamented  or  deco- 
rated, and  not  mounted  or  set,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

436.  Pearls  in  their  natural  state,  not  strung  or  set, 
ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


Appendix  B. 


57 


LEATHER,  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF: 

437.  Hides  of  cattle,  raw  or  uncured,  whether  dry,  salted, 
or  pickled,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem:  P7'ovided^  That 
upon  all  leather  exported,  made  from  imported  hides,  there 
shall  be  allowed  a drawback  equal  to  the  amount  of  duty  paid 
on  such  hides,  to  be  paid  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe. 

438.  Band  or  belting  leather,  sole  leather,  dressed  upper 
and  all  other  leather,  calfskins  tanned  or  tanned  and  dressed, 
kangaroo,  sheep  and  goat  skins  (including  lamb  and  kid 
skins)  dressed  and  finished,  chamois  and  other  skins  and 
bookbinders’  calfskins,  all  the  foregoing  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  Act,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  skins 
for  morocco,  tanned  but  unfinished,  ten  per  centum  ad  val- 
orem; patent,  japanned,  varnished  or  enameled  leather, 
weighing  not  over  ten  pounds  per  dozen  hides  or  skins,  thirty 
cents  per  pound  and  twenty  per  cent  ad  valorem;  if  weighing 
over  ten  pounds  and  not  over  twenty-five  pounds  per  dozen, 
thirty  cents  per  pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem;  if 
weighing  over  twenty-five  pounds  per  dozen,  twenty  cents  per 
pound  and  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem;  pianoforte  leather  and 
pianoforte  action  leather,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
leather  shoe  laces,  finished  or  unfinished,  fifty  cents  per 
gross  pairs  and  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  boots  and 
shoes  made  of  leather,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem; 
Provided,  That  leather  cut  into  shoe  uppers  or  vamps  or 
other  forms,  suitable  for  conversion  into  manufactured  articles, 
shall  be  classified  as  manufactures  of  leather  and  pay  duty  ac- 
cordingly. 

GLOVES: 

439.  Gloves  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  leather,  whether 
wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  shall  pay  duty  at  the  follo^\ing 
rates,  the  lengths  stated  in  each  case  being  the  extreme  length 
when  stretched  to  their  full  extent,  namely: 

440.  Women’s  or  children’s  “glace”  finish,  Schmaschen 
(of  sheep  origin),  not  over  fourteen  inches  in  length,  one  dollar 
and  seventy-five  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  over  fourteen  inches 
and  not  over  seventeen  inches  in  length,  two  dollars  and  twenty- 
five  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  over  seventeen  inches  in  length,  two 
dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  men’s  “glace” 
finish,  Schmaschen  (sheep),  three  dollars  per  dozen  pairs. 

441.  Women’s  or  children’s  “glace”  finish,  lamb  or  sheep, 
not  over  fourteen  inches  in  length,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  dozen  pairs;  over  fourteen  and  not  over  seventeen  inches  in 
length,  three  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  over  seven- 
teen inches  in  length,  tourdollars  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs; 
men’s  “glace”  finish,  lamb  or  sheep,  four  dollars  per  dozen  pairs. 

442.  Women’s  or  children’s  “glace”  finish,  goat,  kid,  or 
other  leather  than  of  sheep  origin,  not  over  fourteen  inches  in 
length,  three  dollars  per  dozen  pairs;  over  fourteen  and  not 


58 


Appendix  B. 


over  seventeen  inches  in  length,  three  dollars  and  seventy-five 
cents  per  dozen  pairs;  over  seventeen  inches  in  length,'  four 
dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  men’s  “glace” 
finish  kid,  goat,  or  other  leather  than  of  sheep  origin,  four  dol- 
lars per  dozen  pairs. 

443.  Women’s  or  children’s,  of  sheep  origin,  with  exterior 
grain  surface  removed,  by  whatever  name  known,  not  over 
seventeen  inches  in  length,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per 
dozen  pairs;  over  seventeen  inches  in  length,  three  dollars 
and  fifty  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  men’s,  of  sheep  origin,  with 
exterior  surface  removed,  by  whatever  name  known,  four  dol- 
lars per  dozen  pairs. 

444.  Women’s  or  children’s  kid,  goat,  or  other  leather 
than  of  sheep  origin,  with  exterior  grain  surface  removed,  by 
whatever  name  known,  not  over  fourteen  inches  in  length, 
three  dollars  per  dozen  pairs;  over  fourteen  inches  and  not 
over  seventeen  inches  in  length,  three  dollars  and  seventy-five 
cents  per  dozen  pairs;  over  seventeen  inches  in  length,  four 
dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  men’s  goat, 
kid,  or  other  leather  than  of  sheep  origin,  with  exterior  grain 
surface  removed,  by  whatever  name  known,  four  dollars  per 
dozen  pairs. 

445.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing  rates  there  shall  be  paid 
the  following  cumulative  duties:  On  all  leather  gloves,  when 
lined,  one  dollar  per  dozen  pairs;  on  all  pique  or  prix  seam 
gloves,  forty  cents  per  dozen  pairs;  on  all  gloves  stitched  or 
embroidered,  with  more  than  three  single  strands  or  cords, 
forty  cents  per  dozen  pairs. 

446.  Glove  tranks,  with  or  without  the  usual  accompany- 
ing pieces,  shall  pay  seventy-five  per  centum  of  the  duty  pro- 
vided for  the  gloves  in  the  fabrication  of  Vv^hich  they  are  suit- 
able. 

447.  Harness,  saddles  and  saddlery,  or  parts  of  either,  in 
sets  or  in  parts,  finished  or  unfinished,  forty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 


MISCELLANEOUS  MANUFACTURES: 

448.  Manufactures  of  amber,  asbestos,  bladders,  cork, 
catgut  or  whipgut  or  worm  gut,  or  wax,  or  of  which  these  sub- 
stances or  either  of  them  is  the  component  material  of  chief 
value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

44g.  Manufactures  of  bone,  chip,  grass,  horn,  india-rub- 
ber, palm  leaf,  straw,  weeds  or  whalebone,  or  of  which  these 
substances  or  either  of  them  is  the  component  material  of 
chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,*thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem;  but  the  terms  “grass”  and  “straw”  shall 
be  understood  to  mean  these  substances  in  their  natural  form 
and  structure,  and  not  the  separated  fiber  thereof. 

450.  Manufactures  of  leather,  finished  or  unfinished,  man- 
ufactures of  fur,  gelatin,  guita-percha,  human  hair,  ivory 


Appendix  B. 


5g 


vegetable  ivory,  mother-of-pearl  and  shell,  plaster  of  paris, 
papier  mache,  and  vulcanized  india-rubber  known  as  “hard 
rubber,”  or  of  which  these  substances  or  either  of  them  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  Act,  and  shells  engraved,  cut,  ornamented,  or  otherwise 
manufactured,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

451.  Masks,  composed  of  paper  or  pulp,  thirty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

452.  Matting  made  of  cocoa  fiber  or  rattan,  six  cents  per 
square  yard;  mats  made  of  cocoa  fiber  or  rattan,  four  cents 
per  square  foot. 

453.  Musical  instruments  or  parts  thereof,  pianoforte  ac- 
tions and  parts  thereof,  strings  for  musical  instruments  not 
otherwise  enumerated,  cases  for  musical  instruments,  pitch 
pipes,  tuning  forks,  tuning  hammers,  and  metronom.es;  strings 
for  musical  instruments,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  steel  or 
other  metal,  all  the  foregoing,  forty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem^ 

454.  Paintings  in  oil  or  water  colors,  pastels,  pen  and  ink 
drawings,  and  statuary,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act, 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem;  but  the  term  “statuary”  as 
used  in  this  Act  shall  be  understood  to  include  only  such  stat- 
uary as  is  cut,  carved  or  otherwise  wrought  by  hand  from  a 
solid  block  or  mass  of  marble,  stone  or  alabaster,  or  from 
metal,  and  as  is  the  professional  production  of  a statuary  or 
sculptor  only. 

455.  Peat  moss,  one  dollar  per  ton. 

456.  Pencils  of  paper  or  wood  filled  with  lead  or  other 
material,  and  pencils  of  lead,  forty-five  cents  per  gross  and 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  slate  pencils,  covered 
with  wood,  thirty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem;  all  other  slate 
pencils,  three  cents  per  one  hundred. 

457.  Pencil  leads  not  in  wood,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

458.  Photographic  dry  plates  or  films,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

459.  Pipes  and  smokers’  articles:  Common  tobacco  pipes 
and  pipe  bowls  made  wholly  of  clay,  valued  at  not  more  than 
forty  cents  per  gross,  fifteen  cents  per  gross;  other  tobacco  pipes 
and  pipe  bowls  of  clay  fifty  cents  per  gross;  and  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem;  other  pipes  and  pipe  bowls  of  what- 
ever material  composed,  and  all  .smokers’  articles  whatsoever, 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  including  cigarette 
books,  cigarette  book  covers,  pouches  for  smoking  or  chewing 
tobacco,  and  cigarette  paper  in  all  forms,  sixty  per  centum  ad 
valorem. 

460.  Plows,  tooth  and  disk  harrows,  harvesters,  reapers, 
agricultural  drills,  and  planters,  mowers,  horserakes,  culti- 
vators, threshing  machines,  and  cotton  gins,  twenty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

461.  Plush,  black,  known  commercially  as  hatters’  plush, 
composed  of  silk,  or  of  silk  and  cotton,  such  as  is  used  exclu- 
sively for  making  men’s  hats,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 


6o 


Appendix  B. 


462.  Umbrellas,  parasols,  and  sunshades  covered  with 
material  other  than  paper,  fifty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 
Sticks  for  umbrellas,  parasols  or  sunshades,  and  walking 
canes,  finished  or  unfinished,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

463.  Waste,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  ten 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

FREE  LIST. 

Sec.  2.  That  on  and  after  the  passage  of  this  Act,  unless 
otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  the  following  ar- 
ticies  when  imported  shall  be  exempt  from  duty: 

464.  Acids:  Arsenic  or  arsenious,  benzoic,  carbolic,  flu- 
oric, hydrochloric  or  muriatic,  nitric,  oxalic,  phosphoric, 
phthalic,  picric  or  nitro-picric,  prussic,  silicic,  and  valerianic. 

465.  Aconite. 

466.  Acorns,  raw,  dried  or  undried,  but  unground. 

467.  Agates,  unmanufactured. 

468.  Albumen,  not  specially  provided  for. 

469.  Alizarin,  natural  or  artificial,  and  dyes  derived  from 
alizarin  or  from  anthracin. 

470.  Amber,  and  amberoid  unmanufactured,  or  crude 
gum. 

471.  Ambergris. 

472.  Aniline  salts. 

473.  Any  animal  imported  specially  for  breeding  pur- 
poses shall  be  admitted  free:  Provided,  That  no  such  animal 
shall  be  admitted  free  unless  pure  bred  of  a recognized  brted, 
and  duly  registered  in  the  book  of  record  established  for  that 
breed:  And  provided  fitrther,  That  certificate  of  such  record 
and  of  the  pedigree  of  such  animal  shall  be  produced  and 
submitted  to  the  customs  officer,  duly  authenticated  by  the 
proper  custodian  of  such  book  of  record,  together  with  the 
affidavit  of  the  owner,  agent  or  importer  that  such  animal  is 
the  identical  animal  described  in  said  certificate  of  record  and 
pedigree:  And  provided  further,  That  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture shall  determine  and  certify  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  what  are  recognized  breeds  and  pure  bred  anima.ls 
under  the  provisions  Of  this  paragraph.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  prescribe  such  additional  regulations  as  n av 
be  required  for  the  strict  enforcement  of  this  provision.  Cat- 
tle, horses,  sheep,  or  other  domestic  animals  straying  across 
the  boundary  line  into  any  foreign  country,  or  driven  acros  s 
such  boundary  line  by  the  owner  for  temporary  pasturage 
purposes  only,  together  with  their  offspring,  may  be  brought 
back  to  the  United  States  within  six  months  free  of  duty, 
under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 

474.  Animals  brought  into  the  United  States  temporari:y 
for  a period  not  exceeding  six  months,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
hibition or  competition  for  prizes  offered  by  any  agricultural 
or  racing  association;  but  a bond  shall  be  given  in  accordance 


Appendix  B. 


6i 


with  regulations  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury; 
also  teams  of  animals,  including  their  harness  and  tackle  and 
the  wagons  or  other  vehicles  actually  owned  by  persons  emi- 
grating from  foreign  countries  to  the  United  States  with  their 
families,  and  in  actual  use  for  the  purpose  of  such  emigration 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may 
prescribe;  and  wild  animals  intended  for  exhibition  in  zoolog- 
ical collections  for  scientific  and  educational  purposes,  and 
not  for  sale  or  profit. 

475.  Annatto,  roucou,  rocoa,  or  Orleans,  and  all  extracts  of. 

476.  Antimony  ore,  crude  sulphite  of. 

477.  Apatite. 

478.  Arrowroot  in  its  natural  state  and  not  manufactured. 

479.  Arsenic  and  sulphide  of,  or  orpiment. 

480.  Arseniate  of  aniline. 

481.  Art  educational  stops,  composed  of  glass  and  metal 
and  valued  at  not  more  than  six  cents  per  gross. 

482.  Articles  in  a .crude  state  used  in  dyeing  or  tanning 
and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

483.  Articles,  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of 
the  United  States,  when  returned  after  having  been  exported, 
without  having  been  advanced  in  value  or  improved  in  con- 
dition by  any  process  of  manufacture  or  other  means;  casks, 
barrels,  carboys,  bags,  and  other  vessels  of  American  manu- 
facture exported^ filled  with  American  products,  or  exported 
empty  and  returned  tilled  with  foreign  products,  including 
shooks  and  staves  when  returned  as  barrels  or  boxes;  also 
quicksilver  flasks  or  bottles,  of  either  domestic  or  foreign  man- 
ufacture, which  shall  have  been  actually  exported  from  the 
United  States;  but  proof  of  the  identity  of  such  articles  shall 
be  made,  under  general  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  but  the  exemption  of  bags  from 
duty  shall  apply  only  to  such  domestic  bags  as  may  be  im- 
ported by  the  exporter  thereof,  and  if  any  such  articles  are 
subject  to  the  internal  tax  at  the  time  of  exportation,  such  tax 
shall  be  proved  to  have  been  paid  before  exportation  and  not 
refunded:  Provided,  That  this  paragraph  shall  not  apply  to 
any  article  upon  which  an  allowance  of  drawback  has  been 
made,  the  reimportation  of  which  is  hereby  prohibited  except 
upon  payment  of  duties  equal  to  the  drawbacks  allowed;  or  to 
any  article  manufactured  in  bonded  warehouse  and  exported 
under  any  provision  of  law:  And  provided  further,  That  when 
manufactured  tobacco  which  has  been  exported  without  pay- 
ment of  internal-revenue  tax  shall  be  reimported  it  shall  be 
retained  in  the  custody  of  the  collector  of  customs  until  in- 
ternal-revenue stamps  in  payment  of  the  legal  duties  shall  be 
placed  thereon. 

484.  Asbestos  unmanufactured. 

485.  Ashes,  wood  and  lye  of,  and  beet-root  ashes. 

486.  Asafetida: 

487.  Balm  of  Gilead. 


62 


Appendix  B. 


488.  Barks,  cinchona  or  other  from  which  quinine  may  be 
extracted. 

489.  Baryta,  carbonate  of,  or  witherite. 

490.  Beeswax. 

491.  Binding  twine:  All  binding  twine  manufactured 
from  New  Zealand  hemp,  istle  or  tampico  fibre,  sisal  grass,  or 
sunn,  or  a mixture  of  any  two  or  more  of  them,  of  single  ply 
and  measuring  not  exceeding  six  hundred  feet  to  the  pound: 
Provided,  That  articles  mentioned  in  this  paragraph  if  import- 
ed from  a country  which  lays  an  import  duty  on  like  articles 
imported.from  the  United  States,  shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of 
one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

492.  Bells,  broken,  and  bell  metal  broken  and  fit  only  to 
be  remanufactured. 

493.  Birds,  stuffed,  not  suitable  for  millinery  ornaments. 

494.  Birds  and  land  and  water  fowls. 

495.  Bismuth. 

496.  Bladders,  and  all  integuments  and  intestines  of  ani- 
mals and  fish  sounds,  crude,  dried  or  salted  for  preservation 
only,  and  unmanufactured,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act. 

497.  Blood,  dried,  not  specially  provided  for. 

498.  Bolting  cloths,  composed  of  silk,  imported  expressly 
for  milling  purposes,  and  so  permanently  marked  as  not  to  be 
available  for  any  other  use. 

499.  Bones,  crude,  or  not  burned,  calcined,  ground,  steam- 
ed, or  otherwise  manufactured,  and  bone  dust  or  animal  car- 
bon, and  bone  ash,  fit  only  for  fertilizing  purposes. 

500.  Books,  engravings,  photographs,  etchings,  bound  or 
unbound,  maps  and  charts  imported  by  authority  or  for  the 
use  of  the  United  States  or  for  the  use  of  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress. 

501.  Books,  maps,  music,  engravings,  photographs,  etch- 
ings, bound  or  unbound,  and  charts,  which  shall  have  been 
printed  more  than  twenty  years  at  the  date  of  importation,  and 
all  hydrographic  charts,  and  publications  issued  for  their  sub- 
scribers or  exchanges  by  scientific  and  literary  associations  or 
academies,  or  publications  of  individuals  for  gratuitious  pri- 
vate circulation,  and  public  documents  issued  by  foreign 
Governments. 

502.  Books  and  pamphlets  printed  exclusively  in  lang- 
uages other  than  English;  also  books  and  music,  in  raised 
print,  used  exclusively  by  the  blind. 

503.  Books,  maps,  music,  photographs,  etchings,  litho- 
graphic prints,  and  charts,  specially  imported,  not  more  than 
two  copies  in  any  one  invoice,  in  good  faith,  for  the  use  or  by 
order  of  any  society  or  institution  incorporated  or  established 
solely  for  religious,  philosophical,  educational,  scientific,  or 
literary  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  or 
for  the  use  or  by  order  of  any  college,  academy,  school,  or 
seminary  of  learning  in  the  United  States,  or  any  State  or  pub- 


Appendix  B,  63 

lie  library,  and  not  for  sale,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe. 

504.  Books,  libraries,  usual  and  reasonable  furniture,  and 
similar  household  effects  of  persons  or  families  from  foreign 
countries,  all  the  foregoing  if  actually  used  abroad  by  them 
not  less  than  one  year,  and  not  intended  for  any  other  person 
or  persons,  nor  for  sale. 

505.  Brass,  old  brass,  clippings  from  brass  or  Dutch  met- 
al, all  the  foregoing,  fit  only  for  remanufacture. 

506.  Brazil  paste. 

507.  Brazilian  pebble,  unwrought  or  unmanufactured. 

508.  Breccia,  in  block  or  slabs. 

509.  Bristles,  crude,  not  sorted,  bunched,  or  prepared. 

510.  Broom  corn. 

51 1.  Bullion,  gold  or  silver. 

512.  Burgundy  pitch. 

513.  Cadmium. 

514.  Calamine. 

515.  Camphor,  crude. 

516.  Castor  or  castoreum. 

517.  Cat  gut,  whip  gut,  or  worm  gut,  unmanufactured. 

518.  Cerium. 

519.  Chalk,  crude,  not  ground,  precipitated,  or  otherwise 
manufactured. 

520.  Chromate  of  iron  or  chromic  ore. 

521.  Civet,  crude. 

522.  Clay;  Common  blue  clay  in  casks  suitable  for  the 
manufacture  of  crucibles. 

523.  Coal,  anthracite,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  and  coal  stores  of  American  vessels,  but  none  shall  be 
unloaded. 

524.  Coal  tar,  crude,  pitch  of  coal  tar,  and  products  of 
coal  tar  known' as  dead  or  creosote  oil,  benzol,  toluol,  naph- 
thalin,  xylol,  phenol,  cresol,  toluidine,  xylidin,  cumidin  t ini- 
trotoluol,  binitrobenzol,  benzidin,  tolidin,  dianisdin,  naphtol, 
naphtylamin,  diphenylamin,  benzaldehyde,  benzyl  chloride, 
resorcin,  nitro-benzol,  and  nitro-toluol;  all  the  foregoing  not 
medicinal  and  not  colors  or  dyes. 

525.  Cobalt  and  cobalt  ore. 

1526.  Cocculus  indicus. 

527.  Cochineal. 

528.  Cocoa,  or  cacao,  crude,  and  fiber,  leaves,  and  shells  of. 

529.  Coffee. 

530.  Coins,  gold,  silver,  and  copper. 

531.  Coir,  and  coir  yarn. 

532.  Copper  in  plates,  bars,  ingots,  or  pigs,  and  other 
forms,  not  manufactured  or  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

533.  Old  copper,  fit  only  for  manufacture,  clipping  from 
new  copper,  and  all  composition  metal  of  which  copper  is  a 
component  material  of  chief  value  not  specially  provided  for 
in  this  Act. 


64 


Appendix  B. 


534.  Copper,  regulus  of,  and  black  or  coarse  copper,  and 
copper  cement. 

535.  Coral,  marine,  uncut,  and  unmanufactured. 

536.  Cork  wood,  or  cork  bark,  unmanufactured. 

537.  Cotton,  and  cotton  waste  or  flocks. 

538.  Cryolite,  or  Kryolith. 

539.  Cudbear. 

540.  Curling  stones,  or  quoits,  and  curling-stone  handles. 

541.  Curry,  and  curry  powder. 

542.  Cutch. 

543.  Cuttlefish  bone. 

544.  Dandelion  roots,  raw,  dried,  or  undried,  but  un- 
ground. 

545.  Diamonds  and  other  precious  stones,  rough  or  un- 
cut, and  not  advanced  in  condition  or  value  from  their  natural 
state  by  cleaving,  splitting,  cutting,  or  other  process,  including 
miners’,  glaziers’,  and  engravers’  diamonds  not  set,  and  dia- 
mond dust  or  bort. 

546.  Divi-divi. 

547.  Dragon’s  blood. 

548.  Drugs,  such  as  barks,  beans,  berries,  balsams,  buds, 
bulbs,  and  bulbous  roots,  excrescences,  fruits,  flowers,  dried 
fibers  and  dried  insects,  grains,  gums,  and  gum  resin,  herbs, 
leaves,  lichens,  mosses,  nuts,  nut-galls,  roots,  and  stems,  spices, 
vegetables,  seeds  aromatic  and  seeds  of  morbid  growth,  weeds, 
and  woods  used  expressly  for  dyeing;  any  of  the  foregoing 
which  are  drugs  and  not  edible  and  are  in  a crude  state,  and 
not  advanced  in  value  or  condition  by  refining  or  grinding,  or 
by  other  process,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

54g.  Eggs  of  birds,  fish,  and  insects:  Provided^  however, 
That  this  shall  not  be  held  to  include  the  eggs  of  game  birds 
or  eggs  of  birds  not  used  for  food,  the  importation  of  which  is 
prohibited  except  specimens  for  scientific  collections,  nor  fish 
roe  preserved  for  food  purposes. 

550.  Emery  ore. 

551.  Ergot. 

552.  Fans,  common  palm  leaf,  plain  and  not  ornamented 
or  decorated  in  any  manner,  and  palm-leaf  in  its  natural  state, 
not  colored,  dyed,  or  otherwise  advanced  or  manufactured. 

553.  Felt,  adhesive,  for  sheathing  vessels. 

554.  Fibrin,  in  all  forms. 

555.  Fish,  fresh,  frozen,  or  packed  in  ice,  caught  in  the 
Great  Lakes  or  other  fresh  waters  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States. 

556.  Fish  skins. 

557.  Flint,  flints,  and  flint  stones,  unground. 

55k  Fossils. 

55Q.  Fruits  or  berries,  green,  ripe,  or  dried,  and  fruits  in 
brine,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

560.  Fruit  plants,  tropical  and  semi-tropical,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  propagation  or  cultivation. 


Appendix  B. 


65 


561.  Furs,  undressed. 

562.  F ur  skins  of  all  kinds  not  dressed  in  any  manner  and 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

563.  Gambier. 

564.  Glass  enamel,  white,  for  watch  and  clock  dials. 

565.  Glass  plates  or  discs,  rough-cut  or  unwrought,  for 
use  in  the  manufacture  of  optical  instruments,  spectacles,  and 
eye  glasses,  and  suitable  only  for  such  use;  Pi'ovided,  however, 
That  such  discs  exceeding  eight  inches  in  diameter  may  be 
polished  sufficiently  to  enable  the  character  of  the  glass  to  be 
determined. 

566.  Grasses  and  fibers;  Istle  or  Tampico  fiber,  jute,  jute 
butts,  manila,  sisal  grass,  sunn,  and  all  other  textile  grasses  or 
fibrous  vegetable  substances,  not  dressed  or  manufactured  in 
any  manner,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

567.  Gold-beaters’  molds  and  gold-beaters’  skins. 

568.  Grease,  and  oils  (except  fish  oils),  such  as  are  com- 
monly used  in  soap  making  or  in  wire-drawing,  or  for  stuffing 
or  dressing  leather^  and  which  are  fit  only  for  such  uses,  and 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

569.  Guano,  manures,  and  all  substances  used  only  for 
manure. 

570.  Gutta  percha,  crude. 

571.  Hair  of  horse,  cattle,  and  other  animals,  cleaned  or 
uncleaned,  drawn  or  undrawn,  but  unmanufactured,  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  Act;  and  human  hair,  raw,  un- 
cleaned, and  not  drawn. 

572.  Hide  cuttings,  raw,  with  or  without  hair,  and  all 
other  glue  stock. 

573.  Hide  rope. 

574.  Hones  and  whetstones. 

575.  Hoofs,  unmanufactured. 

576.  Hop  roots,  for  cultivation. 

577.  Horns,  and  parts  of,  unmanufactured,  including  horn 
strips  and  tips. 

578.  Ice. 

579.  India  rubber,  crude,  and  milk  of,  and  old  scrap  or 
refuse  India  rubber  which  has  been  worn  out  by  use  and  is  fit 
only  for  remanufacture. 

580.  Indigo. 

581.  Iodine,  crude. 

582.  Ipecac. 

583.  Iridium. 

584.  Ivory  tusks  in  their  natural  state  or  cut  vertically 
across  the  grain  only,  with  the  bark  left  intact,  and  vegetable 
ivory  in  its  natural  state. 

585.  Jalap. 

586.  Jet,  unmanufactured. 

1587.  Joss-stick,  or  Toss  light. 

588.  Junk,  old. 

589.  Kelp. 


66 


Appendix  ll. 


590.  Kieserite. 

591.  Kyanite,  or  cyanite,  and  kaninite* 

592.  Lac  dye,  crude,  seed,  button,  stick,  and  shell. 

593.  Lac  spirits. 

^94.  Lactarene. 

595.  Lava,  unmanufactured. 

596.  Leeches. 

597.  Lemon  juice,  lime  juice,  and  sour  orange  juice. 

598.  Licorice  root,  unground. 

599.  Lifeboats  and  life-saving  apparatus  specially  im- 
ported by  societies  incorporated  or  established  to  encourage 
the  saving  of  human  life. 

600.  Lime,  citrate  of. 

601.  Lithographic  stones,  not  engraved. 

602.  Litmus,  prepared  or  not  prepared. 

603.  Loadstones. 

604.  Madder  and  munjeet,  or  India  madder,  ground  or 
prepared,  and  all  extracts  of. 

605.  Magnesite,  crude  or  calcined,  not  purified. 

606.  Magnesium,  not  made  up  into  articles. 

607.  Manganese,  oxide  and  ore  of. 

608.  Manna. 

609.  Manuscripts. 

610.  Marrow,  crude. 

61 1.  Marshmallow  or  althea  roots,  leaves  or  flowers,  nat- 
ural or  unmanufactured. 

612.  Medals  of  gold,  silver  or  copper  and  other  metallic 
articles  actually  bestowed  as  trophies  or  prizes,  and  received 
and  accepted  as  honorary  distinctions. 

613.  Meerschaum,  crude  or  unmanufactured. 

614.  Minerals,  crude  or  not  advanced  in  value  or  condi- 
tion by  refining  or  by  grinding  or  by  other  processes  of  manu- 
facture, not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

615.  Mineral  salts  obtained  by  evaporation  from  mineral 
waters,  when  accompanied  by  a duly  authenticated  certificate 
and  satisfactory  proof  showing  that  they  are  in  no  way  artifi- 
cially prepared,  and  are  only  the  product  of  a designated 
mineral  spring. 

616.  Models  of  inventions  and  other  improvements  in  the 
arts,  including  patterns  for  machinery,  but  no  article  shall  be 
deemed  a model  or  pattern  which  can  be  fitted  for  use  other- 
wise. 

617.  Moss,  seaweeds,  and  vegetable  substances,  crude  or 
unmanufactured,  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act. 

618.  Musk,  crude,  in  natural  pods. 

619.  Myrobolans. 

620.  Needles,  hand  sewing,  and  darning. 

921.  Newspapers  and  periodicals;  but  the  term  “period- 
icals” as  herein  used  shall  be  understood  to  embrace  only  un- 
bound or  paper-covered  publications,  issued  within  six  months 


Appendix  B. 


67 


of  the  time  of  entry,  containing  current  literature  of  the  day 
and  issued  regularly  at  stated  periods,  as  weekly,  monthly,  or 
quarterly. 

622.  Nuts:  Brazil  nuts,  cream  nuts,  palm  nuts  and  palm- 
nut  kernels;  cocoanirts  in  the  shell  and  broken  cocoanut  meat 
or  copra,  not  shredded,  dessicated,  or  prepared  in  any  manner. 

623.  Nux  vomica. 

624.  Oakum. 

625.  Oil  cake. 

626.  Oils:  Almond,  amber,  crude  and  rectified  amber- 
gris, anise  or  anise  seed;  aniline,  aspic  or  spike  lavender,  berg- 
amot, cajeput,  caraway,  cassia  cinnamon,  cedrat,  chamomile, 
citronella  or  lemon  grass,  civet,  cocoanut,  fennel,  ichthyol, 
jasmine  or  jasimine,  juglandium,  juniper,  lavender,  lemon, 
limes,  mace,  neroli  or  orange  flower,  enfleurage  grease,  nut 
oil  or  oil  of  nuts  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this 
Act,  orange  oil,  olive  oil  for  manufacturing  or  mechanical 
purposes  fit  only  for  such  use  and  valued  at  not  more  than 
sixty  cents  per  gallon,  ottar  of  roses,  palm,  rosemary  or  an- 
thoss,  sesame,  or  sesamum  seed  or  bean,  thyme,  origanum  red 
or  white,  valerian;  and  also  spermacetti,  whale  and  other  fish 
oils  of  American  fisheries,  and  all  fish  and  other  products 
of  such  fisheries;  petroleum,  crude  or  refined:  Provided, 
That  if  there  be  imported  into  the  United  States  crude 
petroleum  or  the  products  of  crude  petroleum  produced  in 
any  country  which  imposes  a duty  on  petroleum  or  its  products 
exported  from  the  United  States,  there  shall  in  such  cases  be 
levied,  paid,  and  collected  a duty  upon  said  crude  petroleum 
or  its  products  so  imported  equal  to  the  duty  imposed  by  such 
country. 

627.  Orange  and  lemon  peel,  not  preserved,  candied  or 
dried. 

628.  Orchil,  or  orchil  liquid. 

629.  Ores  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  or  nickel,  and  nickel 
matte;  sweepings  of  gold  and  silver. 

630.  Osmium. 

631.  Palladium. 

632.  Paper  stock,  crude  of  every  description,  including 
all  grasses,  fibers,  rags  (other  than  wool),  waste,  including  jute 
waste,  shavings,  clippings,  old  paper,  rope  ends,  waste  rope, 
and  waste  bagging,  including  old  gunny  cloth  and  old  gunny 
bags,  fit  only  to  be  converted  into  paper. 

633.  Paraffin. 

634.  Parchment  and  vellum. 

635.  Pearl,  mother  of,  and  shells,  not  sawed,  cut,  polished 
or  otherwise  manufactured,  or  advanced  in  value  from  the 
natural  state. 

636.  Personal  effects,  not  m.erchandise,  of  citizens  of  the 
United  Sta.tes  dying  in  foreign  countries. 

637.  Pewter  and  britannia  metal,  old,  and  fit  only  to  be 
remanufactured. 


68 


Appendix  H. 


638.  Philosophical  and  scientific  apparatus,  utensils,  in- 
struments, and  preparations,  including  bottles  and  boxes  con- 
taining the  same,  specially  imported  in  good  faith  for  the  use 
and  by  order  of  any  society  or  institution  incorporated  or  es- 
tablished solely  for  religious,  philosophical,- educational,  scieii- 
titic,  or  literary  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine 
arts,  or  for  the  use  or  by  order  of  any  college,  academy, 
school,  or  seminary  of  learning  in  the  Unitea  States,  or  any 
State  or  public  library,  and  not  for  sale,  subject  to  such  regu- 
lations as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe. 

639.  Phosphates,  crude. 

640.  Plants,  trees,  shrubs,  roots,  seed-cane  and  seeds,  im- 
ported by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  or  the  United  States 
Botanic  Garden. 

641.  Platina,  in  ingots,  bars,  sheets,  and  wire. 

642.  Platinum,  unmanufactured,  and  vases,  retorts  and 
other  apparatus,  vessels,  and  parts  thereof  composed  of  pla- 
tinum, for  chemical  uses. 

643.  Plumbago. 

644.  Potash,  crude,  or  “black  salts;”  carbonate  of  potash, 
crude  or  refined;  hydrate  of,  or  caustic  potash,  not  including 
refined  in  sticks  or  rolls;  nitrate  of  potash  or  saltpeter,  crude; 
sulphate  of  potash,  crude  or  refined,  and  muriate  of  potash. 

645.  Professional  books,  implements,  instruments,  and 
tools  of  trade,  occupation,  or  employment,  in  the  actual  pos- 
session at  the  time,  of  persons  emigrating  to  the  United  States; 
but  this  exemption  shall  not  be  construed  to  include  machin- 
ery or  other  articles  imported  for  use  in  any  manufacturing 
establishment,  or  for  any  other  person  or  persons,  or  for  sale, 
nor  shall  it  be  construed  to  include  theatrical  scenery,  prop- 
erties, and  apparel;  but  such  articles  brought  by  proprietors 
or  managers  of  theatrical  exhibitions  arriving  from  abroad  for 
temporary  use  by  them  in  such  exhibitions,  and  not  for  any 
other  person,  and  not  for  sale,  and  which  have  been  used  by 
them  abroad,  shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty  under  such  regu- 
lations as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe;  but 
bonds  shall  be  given  for  the  payment  to  the  United  States  of 
such  duties  as  may  be  imposed  by  law  upon  any  and  all  such 
articles  as  shall  not  be  exported  within  six  months  after  such 
importation:  Provided,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
may  in  his  discretion  extend  such  period  for  a’further  term  of 
six  months  in  case  application  shall  be  made  therefor. 

646.  Pulu. 

647.  Quinia,  sulphate  of,  and  all  alkaloids  or  salts  of  cin- 
chona bark. 

648.  Rags,  not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this 

Act. 

649.  Regalia  and  gems,  statuary,  and  specimens  or  casts 
of  sculpture,  where  specially  imported  in  good  faith  for  the  use 
and  by  order  of  any  society  incorporated  or  established  solely 
for  religious,  philosophical,  educational,  scientific,  or  literary 


Appendix  B. 


69 


purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  or  for  the 
use  and  by  order  of  any  college,  academy,  school,  or  seminary 
of  learning  in  the  United  States,  or  any  State  or  public  library, 
and  not  for  sale;  but  the  term  “regalia”  as  herein  used  shall 
be  held  to  embrace  only  such  insignia  of  rank  or  office  or  em- 
blems as  may  be  worn  upon  the  person  or  borne  in  the  hand 
during  public  exercises  ot  the  society  or  institution,  and  shall 
not  include  articles  of  furniture  or  fixtures,  or  of  regular  wear- 
ing apparel,  nor  personal  property  of  individuals. 

650.  Rennets,  raw  or  prepared. 

651.  Saffron  and  safflower,  and  extract  of,  and  saffron 
cake. 

652.  Sago,  crude. 

653.  Salacin. 

654.  Salep,  or  Salop. 

655.  Sausages,  bologna. 

656.  Seeds:  Anise,  caraway,  cardamom,  cauliflower,  cori- 
ander, cotton,  cummin,  fennel,  fenugreek,  hemp,  hoarhound, 
mangel-wurzel,  mustard,  rape.  Saint  John’s  bread  or  bean, 
sugar  beet,  sorghum  or  cane  for  seed;  bulbs  and  bulbous  roots, 
not  edible  and  not  otherwise  provided  tor;  all  flower  and  grass 
seeds,  all  the  foregoing  not  especially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

657.  Sheep  dips,  not  including  compounds  or  prepara- 
tions that  can  be  used  for  other  purposes. 

658.  Shotgun  barrels,  in  single  tubes,  forged,  rough 
bored, 

659.  Shrimps  and  other  shell  fish. 

660.  Silk,  raw,  or  as  reeled  from  the  cocoon,  but  not 
doubled,  twisted,  or  advanced  m manufacture  in  any  way. 

661.  Silk  cocoons  and  silk  waste. 

662.  Silkworm’s  eggs. 

663.  Skeletons  and  other  preparations  of  anatomy. 

664.  Skins  of  all  kinds,  raw  (except  sheepskins  with  the 
wool  on),  and  hides  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

665.  Soda,  nitrate  of,  or  cubic  nitrate. 

666.  Specimens  of  natural  history,  botany,  and  mineral- 
ogy, when  imported  for  scientific  public  collections,  and  not 
for  sale. 

667.  Spices:  Cassia,  cassia  vera,  and  cassia  buds;  cinna- 
mon and  chips  of;  cloves  and  clove  stems;  mace;  nutmegs; 
pepper,  black  or  white,  and  pimento;  all  the  foregoing  when 
unground;  ginger  root,  unground  and  not  preserved  or  can- 
died. 

668.  Spunk. 

669.  Spurs  and  stilts  used  in  the  manufacture  of  earthen, 
porcelain,  and  stone  ware. 

670.  Stamps;  foreign  postage  or  revenue  stamps,  can- 
celed or  uncanceled. 

671.  Stone  and  sand:  burrstone  in  blocks,  rough  or  un- 
manufactured; clift'  stone,  unmianufactured:  rotten  stone,  trip- 


70 


Appendix  B. 


oli,  and  sand,  crude  or  manufactured,  not  otherwise  provided 
for  in  this  Act. 

672.  Storax  or  styrax. 

673.  Strontia,  oxide  of,  and  brotoxide  of  strontian,  and 
strontianite,  or  mineral  carbonate  of  strontia. 

674.  Sulphur,  lac  or  precipitated,  and  sulphur  or  brim- 
stone, crude,  in  bulk,  sulphur  or  as  pyrites,  or  sulphuret  of 
iron  in  its  natural  state,  containing  in  excess  of  twenty-five  per 
centum  of  sulphur,  and  sulphur  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

675.  Sulphuric  acid  which  at  the  temperature  of  sixty 
degrees  Fahrenheit  does  not  exceed  the  specific  gravity  of  one 
and  three  hundred  and  eighty  thousandths,  for  use  in  manu- 
facturing super  phosphate  of  lime  or  artificial  manures  of  any 
kind,  or  for  any  agricultural  purposes;  Provided,  That  upon 
all  sulphuric  acid  imported  from  any  country,  whether  inde- 
pendent or  a dependency,  which  imposes  a duty  upon  sul- 
phuric acid  imported  into  such  country  from  the  United  States, 
there  shall  be  levied  and  collected  a duty  of  one-fourth  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

676.  Tamarinds. 

677.  Tapioca,  cassava  or  cassady. 

678.  Tar  and  pitch  of  wood. 

679.  Tea  and  tea  plants. 

680.  Teeth,  natural  or  unmanufactured. 

681.  Terra  alba,  not  made  from  gypsum  or  plaster  rock. 

682.  Terra  japonica. 

683.  Tin  ore,  cassiterite,  or  black  oxide  of  tin,  and  tin  in 
bars,  blocks,  pigs,  or  grain  or  granulated. 

684.  Tobacco  stems. 

685.  Tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans. 

686.  Turmeric. 

687.  Turpentine,  Venice. 

688.  Turpentine,  spirits  of. 

68g.  Turtles. 

690.  Types,  old,  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured. 

691.  Uranium,  oxide  and  salts  of. 

692.  Vaccine  virus. 

693.  Valonia. 

694.  Verdigris,  or  subacetate  of  copper. 

695.  Wax,  vegetable  or  mineral. 

.696.  Wafers,  unleavened  or  not  edible. 

697.  Wearing  apparel,  articles  of  personal  adornment, 
toilet  articles,  and  similar  personal  effects  of  persons  arriving 
in  the  United  States;  but  this  exemption  shall  only  include 
such  articles  as  actually  accompany  and  are  in  the  use  of,  and 
as  are  necessary  and  appropriate  for  the  wear  and  use  of  such 
persons,  for  the  immediate  purposes  of  the  journey  and  present 
comfort  and  convenience,  and  shall  not  be  held  to  apply  to 
merchandise  or  articles  intended  for  other  persons  or  for  sale: 
P^'ovided,  That  in  case  of  residents  of  the  United  States  return- 
ing from  abroad,  all  wearing  apparel  and  other  personal  effects 


Appendix  B. 


71 


taken  by  them  out  of  the  United  States  to  foreign  countries 
shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty,  without  regard  to  their  value, 
upon  their  identity  being  established,  under  appropriate  rules 
and  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, but  no  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  in  value  of  articles 
purchased  abroad  by  such  residents  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  admitted  free  of  duty  upon  their  return. 

698.  Whalebone,  unmanufactured. 

699.  Wood:  Logs  and  round  unmanufactured  timber,  in- 
cluding pulp-woods,  firewood,  handlebolts,  shingle-bolts,  gun- 
blocks  for  gunstocks  rough-hewn  or  sawed  or  planed  on  one 
side,  hop-poles,  ship-timber  and  ship-planking;  all  the  fore- 
going not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

700.  Woods:  Cedar,  lignum-vitae,  lancewood,  ebony,  box, 
granadilla,  mahogany,  rosewood,  satinwood,  and  all  forms  of 
cabinet  woods,  in  the  log,  rough,  or  hewn  only;  briar  root  or 
briar  wood  and  similar  wood  unmanufactured,  or  not  further 
advanced  than  cut  into  blocks  suitable  for  the  arttcles  into 
which  they  are  intended  to  be  converted;  bamboo,  rattan, 
reeds  unmanufactured,  India  malacca  joints,  and  sticks  of 
partridge,  hair  wood,  pimento,  orange,  myrtle  and  other  woods 
not  specially  provided  for  in  this  Act,  in  the  rough,  or  not  fur- 
ther advanced  than  cut  into  lengths  suitable  for  sticks  for  um- 
brellas, parasols,  sunshades,  whips,  fishing-rods,  or  walking- 
canes. 

701.  Works  of  art,  drawings,  engravings,  photographic 
pictures,  and  philosophical  and  scientific  apparatus  brought  by 
professional  artists,  lecturers,  or  scientists  arriving  from 
abroad  for  use  by  them  temporarily  for  exhibition  and  in  il- 
lustration, promotion,  and  encouragement  of  art,  science,  or 
industry  in  the  United  States,  and  not  for  sale,  shall  be  ad- 
mitted free  of  duty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  shall  prescribe;  but  bonds  shall  be  given  for  the 
payment  to  the  United  States  of  such  duties  as  may  be  im- 
posed by  law  upon  any  and  all  such  articles  as  shall  not  be 
exported  within  six  months  after  such  importation:  Provided^ 
That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may,  in  his  discretion,  ex- 
tend such  period  for  a further  term  of  six  months  in  cases 
where  applications  therefor  shall  be  made. 

702.  Works  of  art,  collections  in  illustration  of  the  prog- 
ress of  the  arts,  sciences,  or  manufactures,  photographs,  works 
in  terra  cotta,  parian,  pottery  or  porcelain,  antiquities  and  ar- 
tistic copies  thereof  in  metal  or  other  material,  imported  in 
good  faith  for  exhibition  at  a fixed  place  by  any  State  or  by 
any  society  or  institution  established  for  the  encouragement 
of  the  arts,  science,  or  education,  or  for  a municipal  corpora- 
tion, and  all  like  articles  imported  in  good  faith  by  any  society 
or  association,  or  for  a municipal  corporation  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  a public  monument,  and  not  intended  for  sale,  nor 
for  any  other  purpose  than  herein  expressed;  but  bonds  shall 
be  given  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of 


72 


Appendix  B. 


the  Treasury  may  prescribe,  for  the  payment  of  lawful  duties 
which  may  accrue  should  any  of  the  articles  aforesaid  be  sold, 
transferred,  or  used  contrary  to  this  provision,  and  such  arti- 
cles shall  be  subject,  at  any  time,  to  examination  and  inspec- 
tion by  the  proper  officers  of  the  customs:  Provided,  That  the 
privileges  of  this  and  the  preceding  section  shall  not  be  al- 
lowed to  associations  or  corporations  engaged  in  or  connected 
with  business  of  a private  or  commercial  character. 

703.  Works  of  art,  the  production  of  American  artists  re- 
siding temporarily  abroad,  or  other  works  of  art,  including 
pictorial  paintings  on  glass,  imported  expressly  for  presenta- 
tion to  a national  institution,  or  to  any  State  or  municipal  cor- 
poration, or  incorporated  religious  society,  college,  or  other 
public  institution,  except  stained  or  painted  window-glass  or 
stained  or  painted  glass  windows;  but  such  exemption  shall  be 
subject  to  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
may  prescribe. 

704.  Yams. 

705.  Zaffer. 

Sec.  3.  That  for  the  purpose  of  equalizing  the  trade  of 
the  United  States  with  foreign  countries,  and  their  colonies, 
producing  and  exporting  to  this  country  the  following  articles: 
Argols,  or  crude  tartar,  or  wine  lees,  crude;  brandies,  or  other 
spirits  manufactured  or  distilled  from  grain  or  other  materials; 
champagne  and  all  other  sparkling  wines;  still  wines  and  ver- 
muth; paintings  and  statuary;  or  any  of  them,  the  President 
be,  and  he  is  hereby  authorized,  as  soon  as  may  be  after  the 
passage  of  this  Act,  and  from  time  to  time  thereafter,  to  enter 
into  negotiations  with  the  governments  of  those  countries  ex- 
porting to  the  United  States  the  above-mentioned  articles,  or 
any  of  them,  with  a view  to  the  arrangement  of  commercial 
agreements  in  which  reciprocal  and  equivalent  concessions 
may  be  secured  in  favor  of  the  products  and  manufactures  of 
the  United  States;  and  whenever  the  government  of  any 
country,  or  colony,  producing  and  exporting  to  the  United 
States  the  above-mentioned  articles,  or  any  of  them,  shall  en- 
ter into  a commercial  agreement  with  the  United  States,  or 
make  concessions  in  favor  of  the  products,  or  manufactures 
thereof,  which,  in  the  judgment  of  the  President  shall  be  re- 
ciprocal and  equivalent,  he  shall  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  author- 
ized and  empowered  to  suspend,  during  the  time  of  such 
agreement  or  concession,  by  proclamation  to  that  effect,  the 
imposition  and  collection  of  the  duties  mentioned  in  this  Act, 
on  such  article  or  articles  so  exported  to  the  United  States 
from  such  country  or  colony,  and  thereupon  and  thereafter  the 
duties  levied,  collected  and  paid  upon  such  article  or  articles 
shall  be  as  follows,  namely: 

Argols,  or  crude  tarter,  or  wine  lees,  crude,  five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

Brandies,  or  other  spirits  manufactured  or  distilled  from 


Appendix  B. 


73 


grain  or  other  materials,  one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents  per 
proof  gallon. 

Champagne  and  all  other  sparkling  wines,  in  bottles  con- 
taining not  more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one  pint,  six 
dollars  per  dozen;  containing  not  more  than  one  pint  each  and 
more  than  one-half  pint,  three  dollars  per  dozen;  containing 
one-half  pint  each  or  less,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen; 
in  bottles  or  other  vessels  containing  more  than  one  quart 
each,  in  addition  to  six  dollars  per  dozen  bottles  on  the  quan- 
tities in  excess  of  one  quart,  at  the  rate  of  one  dol  ar  and 
ninety  cents  per  gallon. 

Still  wines,  and  vermuth,  in  casks,  thirty-five  cents  per 
gallon;  in  bottles  or  jugs,  per  case  of  one  dozen  bottles  or  jugs 
containing  each  not  more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one  pint, 
or  twenty-four  bottles  or  jugs  containing  each  not  more  than 
one  pint,  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  per  case,  and  any 
excess  beyond  these  quantities  found  in  such  bottles  or  jugs 
shall  be  subject  to  a duty  of  four  cents  per  pint  or  fractional 
part  thereof,  but  no  separate  or  additional  duty  shall  be  as- 
sessed upon  the  bottles  or  jugs. 

Paintings  in  oil  or  water  colors,  pastels,  pen  and  ink  draw- 
ings, and  statuary,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

The  President  shall  have  power,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty, 
whenever  he  shall  be  satisfied  that  any  such  agreement  in  this 
Section  mentioned  is  not  being  fully  executed  by  the  Govern- 
ment with  which  it  shall  have  been  made,  to  revoke  such  sus- 
pension and  notify  such  Government  thereof. 

And  it  is  further  provided  that  with  a view  to  secure  re- 
ciprocal trade  with  countries  producing  the  following  articles, 
whenever  and  so  often  as  the  President  shall  be  satisfied  that 
the  the  Government  of  any  country,  or  colony  of  such  Govern- 
ment, producing  and  exporting  directly  or  indirectly  to  the 
United  States  coffee,  tea,  and  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans, 
and  vanilla  beans,  or  any  of  such  articles,  imposes  duties  or 
other  exactions  upon  the  agricultural,  manufactured,  or  other 
products  of  the  United  States,  which,  in  view  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  such  coffee,  tea,  and  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka,  beans, 
and  vanilla  beans,  into  the  United  States,  as  in  this  Act  here- 
inbefore provided  for,  he  may  deem  to  be  reciprocally  un- 
equal and  unreasonable,  he  shall  have  the  power  and  it  shall 
be  his  duty  to  suspend,  by  proclamation  to  that  effect,  the  pro- 
visions of  this  Act  relating  to  the  free  introduction  of  such 
coffee,  tea,  and  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans,  and  vanilla 
beans,  of  the  products  of  such  country  or  colony,  for  such  time 
as  he  shall  deem  just;  and  in  such  case  and  during  such  sus- 
pension duties  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  upon  coffee, 
tea,  and  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans,  and  vanilla  beans, 
the  products  or  exports,  direct  or  indirect,  from  such  desig- 
nated country,  as  follows: 

On  coffee,  three  cents  per  pound. 

On  tea,  ten  cents  per  pound. 


74 


Appendix  B. 


On  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans,  fifty  cents  per  pound; 
vanilla  beans,  two  aollars  per  pound;  vanilla  beans,  commer- 
cially known  as  cuts,  one  dollar  per  pound. 

Sec.  4.  That  whenever  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  with 
a view  to  secure  reciprocal  trade  with  foreign  countries,  shall, 
within  the  period  of  two  years  from  and  after  the  passage  of 
this  Act,  enter  into  commercial  treaty  or  treaties  with  any 
other  country  or  countries  concerning  the  admission  into  any 
such  country  or  countries  of  the  goods,  wares  and  merchandise 
of  the  United  States  and  their  use  and  disposition  therein, 
deemed  to  be  for  the  interests  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
such  treaty  or  treaties,  in  consideration  of  the  advantages  ac- 
cruing to  the  United  States  therefrom,  shall  provide  for  the  re- 
duction during  a specified  period,  not  exceeding  five  years,  of 
the  duties  imposed  by  this  Act.  to  the  extent  of  not  more  than 
twenty  per  centum  thereof,  upon  such  goods,  wares,  or  mer- 
chandise as  may  be  designated  therein  of  the  country  or  coun- 
tries with  which  such  treaty  or  treaties  shall  be  made  as  in  this 
section  provided  for;  or  shall  provide  for  the  transfer  during 
such  period  from  the  dutiable  list  of  this  Act  to  the  free 
list  thereof  of  such  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  being  the 
natural  products  of  such  foreign  country  or  countries  and  not 
of  the  United  States;  or  shall  provide  for  the  retention  upon 
the  free  list  of  this  Act  during  a specified  period,  not  exceed- 
ing five  years,  of  such  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  now  in- 
cluded in  said  free  list  as  maybe  designated  therein;  and 
when  any  such  treaty  shall  have  been  duly  ratified  by  the 
Senate  and  approved  by  Congress,  and  public  proclamation 
made  accordingly,  then  and  thereafter  the  duties  which  shall 
be  collected  by  the  United  States  upon  any  of  the  designated 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  from  the  foreign  country  with 
which  such  treaty  has  been  made,  shall  during  the  period  pro- 
vided for,  be  the  duties  specified  and  provided  for  in  such 
treaty,  and  none  other. 

Sec.  5.  That  whenever  any  country,  dependency,  or  col- 
ony shall  pay  or  bestow,  directly  or  indirectly,  any  bounty  or 
grant  upon  the  exportation  of  any  article  or  merchandise  from 
such  country,  dependency,  or  colony,  and  such  article  or 
merchandise  is  dutiable  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  then 
upon  the  importation  of  any  such  article  or  merchandise  into 
the  United  States,  whether  the  same  shall  be  imported  directly 
from  the  country  of  production  or  otherwise,  and  whether  such 
article  or  merchandise  is  imported  in  the  same  condition  as 
when  exported  from  the  country  of  production  or  has  been 
changed  in  condition  by  remanufacture  or  otherwise,  there 
shall  be  levied  and  paid,  in  all  such  cases,  in  addition  to  the 
duties  otherwise  imposed  by  this  Act,  an  additional  duty  equal 
to  the  net  amount  of  such  bounty  or  grant,  however  the  same 
be  paid  or  bestowed.  The  net  amount  of  all  such  bounties  or 
grants  shall  be  from  time  to  time  ascertained,  determined,  and 


Appendix  B. 


75 


declared  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  who  shall  make  all 
needful  regulations  for  the  identification  of  such  articles  and 
merchandise  and  for  the  assessment  and  collection  of  such  ad- 
ditional duties. 

Sec.  6.  That  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on 
the  importation  of  all  raw  or  unmanufactured  articles,  not 
enumerated  or  provided  for  in  this  Act,  a duty  of  ten  per 
centum  ad  valorem,  and  on  all  articles  manufactured  in  whole 
or  in  part,  not  provided  for  in  this  Act,  a duty  of  twenty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  7.  That  each  and  every  imported  article,  not  enum- 
erated in  this  Act,  which  is  similar,  either  in  material,  quality, 
texture,  or  the  use  to  which  it  may  be  applied,  to  any  article 
enumerated  in  this  Act  as  chargeable  with  duty,  shall  pay  the 
same  rate  of  duty  which  is  levied  on  the  enumerated  article 
which  it  most  resembles  in  any  of  the  particulars  before  men- 
tioned; and  if  any  nonenumerated  article  equally  resembles 
two  or  more  enumerated  articles  on  which  different  rates  of 
duty  are  chargeable,  there  shall  be  levied  on  such  nonenum- 
erated article  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  is  chargeable  on  the 
article  which  it  resem^bles  paying  the  highest  rate  of  duty;  and 
on  articles  not  enumerated,  manufactured  of  two  or  more  ma- 
terials, the  duty  shall  be  assessed  at  the  highest  rate  at  which 
the  same  would  be  chargeable  if  composed  wholly  of  the  com- 
ponent material  thereof  of  chief  value;  and  the  words  “compo- 
nent material  of  chief  value,”  wherever  used  in  this  Act,  shall  be 
held  to  mean  that  component  material  which  shall  exceed  in 
value  any  other  single  component  material  of  the  article;  and 
the  value  of  each  component  material  shall  be  determined  by 
the  ascertained  value  of  such  material  in  its  condition  as 
found  in  the  article.  If  two  or  more  rates  of  duty  shad  be  ap- 
plicable to  any  imported  article,  it  shall  pay  duty  at  tlie  high- 
est of  such  rates. 

Sec.  8.  That  all  articles  of  foreign  manufacture,  such  as 
are  usually  or  ordinarily  marked,  stamped,  branded,  or  la- 
beled, and  all  packages  containing  such  or  other  imported 
articles,  shall,  respectively,  be  plainly  marked,  stamped, 
brancfed,  or  labeled  in  legible  English  words  in  a conspicuous 
place,  so  as  to  indicate  the  country  of  their  origin  and  the 
quantity  of  their  contents;  and  until  so  marked,  stamped, 
branded,  or  labeled  they  shall  not  be  delivered  to  the  im- 
porter. Should  any  article  of  imported  merchandise  be 
marked,  stamped,  branded,  or  labeled  so  as  to  indicate  a 
quantity,  number,  or  measurement  in  excess  of  the  quantity, 
nurnber,  or  measurement  actually  contained  in  such  article,  no 
delivery  of  the  same  shalkbe  made  to  the  importer  until  the 
mark,  stamp,,  brand,  or  label,  as  the  case  may  be,  shall  be 
changed  so  as  to  conform  to  the  facts  of  the  case. 

Sec.  g.  That  section  thirty-three  hundred  and  forty-one 
of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States  be,  and  hereby  is, 
amended  to  read  as  follows: 


76 


Appendix  B. 


“Sec.  3341.  The  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  shall 
cause  to  be  prepared,  for  the  payment  of  such  tax,  suitable 
stamps  denoting  the  amount  of  tax  required  to  be  paid  on  the 
hogsheads,  barrels,  and  halves,  thirds,  quarters,  sixths,  and 
eighths  c-f  a barrel  of  such  fermented  liquors  (and  shall  also 
cause  to  be  pre[)ared  suitable  permits  for  the  purpose  herein- 
after mentioned),  and  shall  furnish  the  same  to  the  collectors 
of  internal  revenue,  who  shall  each  be  required  to  keep  on 
hand  at  all  times  a sufficient  supply  of  permits  and  a supply 
of  stamps  equal  in  amount  to  two  months’  sales  thereof,  if 
there  be  any  brewery  or  brewery  warehouse  in  his  district; 
and  such  stamps  shall  be  sold,  and  permits  granted  and  de- 
livered by  such  collectors,  only  to  the  brewers  of  their  dis- 
trict, respectively. 

“Such  collectors  shall  keep  an  account  of  the  number  of 
permits  delivered  and  of  the  number  and  value  of  the  stamps 
sold  by  them  to  each  brewer. 

Sec.  10.  That  section  thirty-three  hundred  and  ninety- 
four  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  as  amended, 
be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  further  amended,  so  as  to  read  as 
follows: 

“Upon  cigars  which  shall  be  manufactured  and  sold,  or 
removed  for  consumption  or  sale,  there  shall  be  assessed  and 
collected  the  following  taxes,  to  be  paid  by  the  manufacturer 
thereof:  On  cigars  of  all  descriptions  made  of  tobacco,  or  any 
substitute  therefor  and  weighing  more  than  three  pounds  per 
thousand,  three  dollars  per  thousand;  on  cigars,  made  of  to- 
bacco, or  any  substitute  therefor,  and  weighing  not  more  than 
three  pounds  per  thousand,  one  dollar  per  thousand;  on  cigar- 
ettes, made  of  tobacco,  or  any  substitute  therefor,  and  weigh- 
ing more  than  three  pounds  per  thousand,  three  dollars  per 
thousand;  on  cigarettes,  made  of  tobacco,  or  any  substitute 
therefor,  and  weighing  not  more  than  three  pounds  per 
thousand,  one  dollar  per  thousand:  Provided,  That  all  rolls  of 
tobacco,  or  any  substitute  therefor,  wrapped  with  tobacco, 
shall  be  classed  as  cigars,  and  all  rolls  of  tobacco,  or  any  sub- 
stitute therefor,  wrapped  in  paper  or  any  substance  other  than 
tobacco,  shall  be  classed  as  cigarettes.  • 

“And  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  with  the 
approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  provide  dies 
and  adhesive  stamps  for  cigars  weighing  not  more  than  three 
pounds  per  thousand:  Provided,  That  such  stamps  shall  be  in 
denominations  of  ten,  twenty,  fifty  and  one  hundred,  and  the 
laws  and  regulations  governing  the  packing  and  removal  for 
sale  of  cigarettes,  and  the  affixing  and  canceling  of  the  stamps 
on  the  packages  thereof,  shall  apply  to  cigars  weighing  not 
more  than  three  pounds  per  thousand. 

“None  of  the  packages  of  smoking  tobacco  and  fine-cut 
chewing  tobacco  and  cigarettes  prescribed  by  law  shall  be 
permitted  to  have  packed  in,  or  attached  to,  or  connected  with 
them,  any  article  or  thing  wh  itsoever  other  than  the  manu- 


Appendix  B. 


77 


facturers’  wrappers  and  labels,  the  internal  revenue  stamp  and 
the  tobacco  or  cigarettes,  respectively,  put  up  therein,  on 
which  tax  is  required  to  be  paid  under  the  internal  revenue 
laws;  nor  shall  there  be  affixed  to,  or  branded,  stamped, 
marked,  written,  or  printed  upon,  said  packages,  or  their  con- 
tents, any  promise  or  offer  of,  or  any  order  or  certificate  for, 
any  gift,  prize,  premium,  payment  or  reward.” 

Sec.  II.  That  no  article  of  imported  merchandise  which 
shall  copy  or  simulate  the  name  or  trade-mark  of  any  do- 
mestic manufacture  or  manufacturer,  or  which  shall  bear  a 
name  or  mark,  which  is  calculated  to  induce  the  public  to  be- 
lieve that  the  article  is  manufactured  in  the  United  States, 
shall  be  admitted  to  entry  at  any  custom-house  of  the  United 
States.  And  in  order  to  aid  the  officers  of  the  customs  in  en- 
forcing this  prohibition,  any  domestic  manufacturer  who  has 
adopted  trade  marks  may  require  his  name  and  residence  and 
a description  of  his  trade-marks  to  be  recorded  in  books 
which  shall  be  kept  for  that  purpose  in  the  Department  of  the 
Treasury,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  shall  prescribe,  and  may  furnish  to  the  Department 
facsimiles  of  such  trade-marks;  and  thereupon  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  shall  cause  one  or  more  copies  of  the  same  to 
be  transmitted  to  each  collector  or  other  proper  officer  of  the 
customs. 

Sec.  12.  That  all  materials  of  foreign  production  which 
may  be  necessary  for  the  construction  of  vessels  built  in  the 
United  States  for  foreign  account  and  ownership,  or  for  the 
purpose  of  being  employed  in  the  foreign  trade,  including  the 
trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacihc  ports  of  the  United 
States,  and  all  such  materials  necessary  for  the  building  of 
their  machinery,  and  all  articles  necessary  for  their  outfit  and 
equipment,  may  be  imported  in  bond  under  such  regulations 
as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe;  and  upon 
proof  that  such  materials  have  been  used  for  such  purposes  no 
duties  shall  be  paid  thereon.  But  vessels  receiving  the  benefit 
of  this  section  shall  not  be  allowed  to  engage  in  the  coastwise 
trade  of  the  United  States  more  than  two  months  in  any  one 
year  except  upon  the  payment  to  the  United  States  of  the 
chities  of  which  a rebate  is  herein  allowed:  Provided,  That 
vessels  built  in  the  United  States  for  foreign  account  and 
ownership  shall  not  be  allowed  to  engage  in  the  coastwise 
trade  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  13.  That  all  articles  of  foreign  or  domestic  production 
needed  for  the  repair  of  American  vessels  engaged  in  foreign 
trade,  including  the  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports 
of  the  United  States,, may  be  withdrawn  from  bonded  ware- 
houses free  of  duty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  14.  That  the  sixteenth  section  of  an  Act  entitled  “An 
Act  to  remove  certain  burdens  on  the  American  merchant 
marine  and  encourage  the  American  foreign  carrying  trade. 


78 


Appendix  B. 


and  for  other  purposes,”  approved  June  twenty-sixth,  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-four,  be  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

“Sec.  i6.  That  all  articles  of  foreign  production  needed 
and  actually  withdrawn  from  bonded  warehouses  and  bonded 
manufacturing  warehouses  for  supplies  (not  including  equip- 
ment) of  vessels  of  the  United  States  engaged  in  foreign  trade, 
or  in  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  may  be  so  withdrawn  from  said  bonded  warehouses 
free  of  duty  or  of  internal  revenue  tax,  as  the  case  may  be, 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may 
prescribe;  but  no  such  articles  shall  be  landed  at  any  port  of 
the  United  States.” 

Sec.  15.  That  all  articles  manufactured  in  whole  or  in  part 
of  imported  materials,  or  of  materials  subject  to  internal  revenue 
tax,  and  intended  for  exportation  without  being  charged  with 
duty,  and  without  having  an  internal  revenue  stamp  affixed 
thereto,  shall,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  prescribe,  in  order  to  be  so  manufactured  and 
exported,  be  made  and  manufactured  in  bonded  warehouses 
similar  to  those  known  and  designated  in  Treasury  Regula- 
tions as  bonded  warehouses,  class  six:  Provided,  That  the 
manufacturer  of  such  article  shall  first  give  satisfactory  bonds 
for  the  faithful  observance  of  all  the  provisions  of  law  and  of 
such  regulations  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury:  Provided  further,  That  the  manufacture  of  dis- 
tilled spirits  from  grain,  starch,  molasses  or  sugar,  including 
all  dilutions  or  mixtures  of  them  or  either  of  tlTem,  shall  not 
be  permitted  in  such  manufacturing  warehouses. 

Whenever  goods  manufactured  in  any  bonded  warehouse 
established  under  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  paragraph 
shall  be  exported  directly  therefrom  or  shall  be  duly  laden  for 
transportation  and  immediate  exportation  under  the  supervis- 
ion of  the  proper  officer  who  shall  be  duly  designated  for  that 
purpose,  such  goods  shall  be  exempt  from  duty  and  from  the 
requirements  relating  to  revenue  stamps. 

Any  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  such  goods,  and 
any  packages,  coverings,  vessels,  brands  and  labels  used  in 
putting  up  the  same  may,  under  the  regulations  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  be  conveyed  without  the  payment  of  rev- 
enue tax  or  duty  into  any  bonded  manufacturing  warehouse, 
^and  imported  goods  may,  under  the  aforesaid  regulations, 
’be  transferred  without  the  exaction  of  duty  from  any  bonded 
warehouse  into  any  bonded  manufacturing  warehouse;  but  this 
privilege  shall  not  be  held  to  apply  to  implements,  machinery, 
or  apparatus  to  be  used  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  any 
bonded  manufacturing  warehouse  or  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
business  carried  on  therein. 

No  articles  or  materials  received  into  such  bonded  manu- 
facturing warehouse  shall  be  withdrawn  or  removed  therefrom 
except  for  direct  shipment  and  exportation  or  for  transporta- 
tion and  immediate  exportation  in  bond  under  the  supervision 


Appendix  B. 


79 


of  the  officer  duly  designated  therefor  by  the  collector  of  the 
port,  who  shall  certify  to  such  shipment  and  exportation,  or 
ladening  for  transportation,  as  the  case  may  be,  describing  the 
articles  by  their  mark  or  otherwise,  the  quantity,  the  date  of 
exportation,  and  the  name  of  the  vessel.  All  labor  performed 
and  services  rendered  under  these  provisions  shall  be  under 
the  supervision  of  a duly  designated  officer  of  the  customs  and 
at  the  expense  of  the  manufacturer. 

A careful  account  shall  be  kept  by  the  collector  of  all  mer- 
chandise delivered  by  him  to  any  bonded  manufacturing  ware- 
house, and  a sworn  monthly  return,  verihed  by  the  customs 
officers  in  charge,  shall  be  made  by  the  manufacturers  con- 
taining a detailed  statement  of  all  imported  merchandise  used 
by  him  in  the  manufacture  of  exported  articles. 

Before  commencing  business  the  proprietor  of  any  manu- 
facturing warehouse  shall  file  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury a list  of  all  the  articles  intended  to  be  manufactured  in 
such  warehouse,  and  state  the  formula  of  manufacture  and  the 
names  and  quantities  of  the  ingredients  to  be  used  therein. 

Articles  manufactured  under  these  provisions  may  be 
withdrawn  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  prescribe  for  transportation  and  delivery  into 
any  bonded  warehouse  at  an  exterior  port  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  immediate  export  therefrom. 

The  provisions  of  Revised  Statutes  thirty-four  hundred 
and  thirty-three  shall,  so  far  as  may  be  practicable,  apply  to 
any  bonded  manufacturing  warehouse  established  under  this 
act  and  to  the  merchandise  conveyed  therein. 

Sec.  i6.  That  all  persons  are  prohibited  from  importing 
into  the  United  States  from  any  foreign  country  any  obscene 
book,  pamphlet,  paper,  writing,  advertisement,  circular,  print, 
picture,  drawing,  or  other  representation,  figure  or  image  on 
or  of  paper  or  other  material,  or  any  cast,  instrument  or  other 
article  of  an  immoral  nature,  or  any  drug  or  medicine,  or  any 
article  whatever  for  the  prevention  of  conception  or  for  caus- 
ing unlawful  abortion,  or  any  lottery  ticket  or  any  advertise- 
ment of  any  lottery.  No  such  articles,  whether  imported 
separately  or  contained  in  packages  with  other  goods  entitled 
to  entry,  shall  be  admitted  to  entry;  and  all  such  articles  shall 
be  proceeded  against,  seized,  and  forfeited  by  due  course  of 
law.  All  such  prohibited  articles  and  the  packages  in  which 
they  are  contained  in  the  course  of  importation  shall  be  de- 
tained by  the  officer  of  customs,  and  proceedings  taken  against 
the  same  as  hereinafter  prescribed,  unless  it  appears  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  collector  of  customs  that  the  obscene  articles 
contained  in  the  package  were  inclosed  therein  without  the 
knowledge  or  consent  of  the  importer,  owner,  agent  or  con- 
signee: Provided,  That  the  drugs  hereinbefore  mentioned, 
when  imported  in  bulk  and  not  put  up  for  any  nf  the  purposes 
hereinbefore  specified,  are  excepted  from  the  operation  of  this 
section. 


/ 


8o  Appendix  B. 

Sec.  17.  That  whoever,  being  an  officer,  agent  or  employe 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  shall  knowingly  aid  or 
abet  any  person  engaged  in  any  violation  of  any  of  the  provis- 
ions of  law  prohibiting  importing,  advertising,  dealing  in,  ex- 
hibiting, or  sending  or  receiving  by  mail  obscene  or  indecent 
publications  or  representations,  or  means  for  preventing  con- 
ception or  procuring  abortion,  or  other  articles  of  indecent  or 
immoral  use  or  tendency,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a misde- 
meanor, and  shall  for  every  offense  be  punishable  by  a fine  of 
not  more  than  $5,000,  or  by  imprisonment  at  hard  labor  for  not 
more  than  ten  years,  or  both. 

Sec.  18.  That  any  Judge  of  any  District  or  Circuit  Court 
of  the  United  States,  within  the  proper  district,  before  whom 
complaint  in  writing  of  any  violation  of  the  two  preceding 
sections  is  made,  to  the  satisfaction  of  such  Judge,  and  founded 
on  knowledge  or  belief,  and  if  upon  belief,  setting  forth  the 
grounds  of  such  belief,  and  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation  of 
the  complainant,  may  issue,  conformably  to  the  Constitution,  a 
warrant  directed  to  the  Marshal  or  any  Deputy  Marshal  in  the 
proper  district,  directing  him  to  search  for,  seize,  and  take 
possession  of  any  such  article  or  thing  mentioned  in  the  two 
preceding  sections,  and  to  make  due  and  immediate  return 
thereof  to  the  end  that  the  same  may  be  condemned  and  de- 
stroyed by  proceedings,  which  shall  be  conducted  in  the  same 
manner  as  other  proceedings  in  the  case  of  municipal  seizure, 
and  with  the  same  right  of  appeal  or  writ  of  error 

Sec.  19.  That  machinery  for  repair  may  be  imported  into 
the  United  States  without  payment  of  duty,  under  bond,  to  be 
given  in  double  the  appraised  value  thereof,to  be  withdrawn  and 
exported  after  said  machinery  shall  have  been  repaired;  and  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  and  directed  to  pre- 
scribe such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  to  pro- 
tect the  revenue  against  fraud  and  secure  the  identity  and 
character  of  all  such  importations  when  again  withdrawn  and 
exported,  restricting  and  limiting  the  export  and  withdrawal 
to  the  same  port  of  entry  where  imported,  and  also  limiting  all 
bonds  to  a period  of  time  of  not  more  than  six  months  from  the 
date  of  the  importation. 

Sec.  20.  That  the  produce  of  the  forests  of  the  State  of 
Maine  upon  the  Saint  John  River  and  its  tributaries,  owned  by 
American  citizens,  and  sawed  or  hewed  in  the  province  of  New 
Brunswick  by  American  citizens,  the  same  being  otherwise  un- 
manufactured in  whole  or  in  part,  which  is  now  admitted  into 
the  ports  of  the  United  States  free  of  duty,  shall  continue  to  be 
so  admitted,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  shall  from  time  to  time  prescribe. 

Sec.  21.  That  the  produce  of  the  forests  of  the  State  of 
Maine  upon  the  Saint  Croix  River  and  its  tributaries  owned  by 
American  citizens,  and  sawed  or  hewed  in  the  province  of  New 
Brunswick  by  American  citizens,  the  same  being  otherwise  un- 
manufactured in  whole  or  in  part,  shall  be  admitted  into  the 


Appendix  B. 


8i 


ports  of  the  United  States  free  of  duty,  under  such  regulations 
as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  from  time  to  time  pre- 
scribe. 

Sec.  22.  That  a discriminating  duty  of  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem,  in  addition  to  the  duties  imposed  by  law,  shall  be 
levied,  collected  and  paid  on  all  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise 
which  shall  be  imported  in  vessels  not  of  the  United  States,  or 
which,  being  the  production  or  manufacture  of  any  foreign 
country  not  contiguous  to  the  United  States,  shall  come  into 
the  United  States  from  such  contiguous  country;  but  this  dis- 
criminating duty  shall  not  apply  to  goods,  wares,  or  merchan- 
dise which  shall  be  imported  in  vessels  not  of  the  United 
States,  entitled  at  the  time  of  such  importation  by  treaty  or 
convention  to  be  entered  in  the  ports  of  the  United  States  on 
payment  of  the  same  duties  as  shall  then  be  payable  on  goods, 
wares  and  merchandise  imported  in  vessels  of  the  United 
States,  nor  to  such  foreign  products  or  manufactures  as  shall 
be  imported  from  such  contiguous  countries  in  the  usual  course 
of  strictly  retail  trade. 

Sec.  23.  That  no  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  unless  in 
cases  provided  for  by  treaty,  shall  be  imported  into  the  United 
States  from  any  foreign  port  or  place,  except  in  vessels  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  such  foreign  vessels  as  truly  and  wholly 
belong  to  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  that  country  of  which  the 
goods  are  the  growth,  production  or  manufacture,  or  from 
which  such  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  can  only  be,  or  most 
usually  are,  first  shipped  for  transportation.  All  goods,  wares, 
or  merchandise  imported  contrary  to  this  section,  and  the 
vessel  wherein  the  same  shall  be  imported,  together  with  her 
cargo,  tackle,  apparel,  and  furniture,  shall  be  forfeited  to  the 
United  States;  and  such  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  ship  or 
vessel,  and  cargo  shall  be  liable  to  be  seized,  prosecuted,  and 
condemned  in  like  manner,  and  under  the  same  regulations, 
restrictions  and  provisions  as  have  been  heretofore  established 
for  the  recovery,  collection,  distribution,  and  remission  of  for- 
feitures to  the  United  States  by  the  several  revenue  laws. 

Sec.  24.  That  the  preceding  section  shall  not  apply  to 
vessels  or  goods,  wa^es  or  merchandise  imported  in  vessels  of 
a foreign  nation  which  does  not  maintain  a similar  regulation 
against  vessels  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  25.  That  the  importation  of  neat  cattle  and  the  hides 
of  neat  cattle  from  any  foreign  country  into  the  United  States 
is  prohibited:  Provided,  That  the  operation  of  this  section 
shall  be  suspended  as  to  any  foreign  country  or  countries, 
or  any  parts  of  such  country  or  countries,  whenever  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  shall  officially  determine,  and  give  public 
notice  thereof  that  such  importation  will  not  tend  to  the  intro- 
duction or  spread  of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  among 
the  cattle  of  the  United  States;  and  the  Secretary'' cd  the 
Treasury  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered,  and  it  shall  be 
his  duty,  to  make  all  necessary  orders  and  regii^'^'^ioLS  tj  carry 


82 


Appendix  B. 


this  section  into  effect,  or  to  suspend  the  same  as  herein  pro- 
vided, and  to  send  copies  thereof  to  the  proper  officers  in  the 
United  States,  and  to  such  officers  or  agents  of  the  United 
States  in  foreign  countries  as  he  shall  judge  necessary. 

Sec.  26.  That  any  person  convicted  of  a wilful  violation  of 
any  of  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  section  shall  be  fined 
not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars,  or  imprisoned  not  exceed- 
ing one  year,  or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  27.  That  upon  the  reimportation  of  articles  once  ex- 
ported, of  the  growth,  product  or  manufacture  of  the  United 
States,  upon  which  no  internal  tax  has  been  assessed  or  paid, 
or  upon  which  such  tax  has  been  paid  and  refuhded  by  allow- 
ance or  drawback,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected  and  paid  a 
duty  equal  to  the  tax  imposed  by  the  internal  revenue  laws 
upon  such  articles,  except  articles  manufactured  in  bonded 
warehouses  and  exported  pursuant  to  law,  which  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  if  originally  imported. 

Sec.  28.  That  whenever  any  vessel  laden  with  merchan- 
dise, in  whole  or  in  part,  subject  to  duty,  has  been  sunk  in  any 
river,  harbor,  bay,  or  waters  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States,  and  within  its  limits,  for  the  period  of  two 
years,  and  is  abandoned  by  the  owner  thereof,  any  person  who 
may  raise  such  vessel  shall  be  permitted  to  bring  any  mer- 
chandise recovered  therefrom  into  the  port  nearest  to  the 
place  where  such  vessel  was  so  raised  free  from  the  payment 
of  any  duty  thereupon,  but  under  such  regulations  as  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  29.  That  the  works  of  manufacturers  engaged  in  smelt- 
ing or  refining  metals,  or  both  smelting  and  refining,  in  the 
United  States  may  be  designated  as  bonded  warehouses  under 
such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  pre- 
scribe: Provided^  That  such  manufacturers  shall  first  give 
satisfactory  bonds  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  Ores  or 
metals  in  any  crude  form  requiring  smelting  or  refining  to 
make  them  readily  available  in  the  arts,  imported  into  the 
United  States  to  be  smelted  or  refined  and  intended  to  be  ex- 
ported in  a refined  but  unmanufactured  state,  shall,  under  such 
rules  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe,  and  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  proper  officer,  be  removed  in  original 
packages  or  in  bulk  from  the  vessel  or  other  vehicle  on  which 
they  have  been  imported,  or  from  the  bonded  warehouse  in 
which  the  same  may  be,  into  the  bonded  warehouse  in  which 
such  smelting  or  refining,  or  both,  may  be  carried  on,  for  the 
purpose  of  being  smelted  or  refined,  or  both,  without  payment 
of  duties  thereon,  and  may  there  be  smelted  or  refined,  to- 
gether with  other  metals  of  home  or  foreign  production;  Pro- 
vided, That  each  day  a quantity  of  refined  metal  equal  to 
ninety  per  centum  of  the  amount  of  imported  metal  smelted 
or  refined  that  day  shall  be  set  aside,  and  such  metal  so  set 
aside  shall  not  be  taken  from  said  works  except  for  transporta- 
tion to  another  bonded  warehouse  or  for  exportation,  under 


Appendix  B, 


83 


the  direction  of  the  proper  officer  having  charge  thereof  as 
aforesaid,  whose  certificate,  describing  the  articles  by  their 
marks  or  otherwise,  the  quantity,  the  date  of  importation,  and 
the  name  of  vessel  or  other  vehicle  by  which  it  was  imported, 
with  such  additional  particulars  as  may  from  time  to  time  be 
required,  shall  be  received  by  the  collector  of  customs  as  suf- 
ficient evidence  of  the  exportation  of  the  meta-l,  or  it  may  be 
removed  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury may  prescribe,  upon  entry  and  payment  of  duties,  for 
domestic  consumption,  and  the  exportation  of  the  ninety  per 
centum  of  metals  hereinbefore  provided  for  shall  entitle  the 
ores  and  metals  imported  under  the  provisions  of  this  section 
to  admission  without  payment  of  the  duties  thereon:  Provided 
furthery  That  in  respect  to  lead  ores  imported  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  section  the  refined  metals  set  aside  shall  either 
be  reexported  or  the  regular  duties  paid  thereon  within  six 
months  from  the  date  of  the  receipt  of  the  ore.  All  labor  per- 
formed and  services  rendered  under  these  regulations  shall  be 
under  the  supervision  of  an  officer  of  the  customs,  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  at  the  expense 
of  the  manufacturer. 

Sec.  30.  That  where  imported  materials  on  which  duties 
have  been  paid  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  manu- 
factured or  produced  in  the  United  States,  there  shall  be  al- 
lowed on  the  exportation  of  such  articles  a drawback  equal  in 
amount  to  the  duties  paid  on  the  materials  used,  less  one  per 
centum  of  such  duties:  Providedy  That  when  the  articles  ex- 
ported are  made  in  part  from  domestic  materials,  the 
imported  materials,  or  the  parts  of  the  articles  made  from 
such  materials,  shall  so  appear  in  the  completed  articles 
that  the  quantity  or  measure  thereof  may  be  ascertained: 
And  provided  fu7‘thery  That  the  drawback  on  any  article 
allowed  under  existing  law  shall  be  continued  at  the  rate 
herein  provided.  That  the  imported  materials  used  in  the 
manufacture  or  production  of  articles  entitled  to  drawback 
of  customs  duties  when  exported  shall,  in  all  cases  where 
drawback  of  duties  paid  on  such  materials  is  claimed,  be  iden- 
tified, the  quantity  of  such  material  used  and  amount  of  duties 
paid  thereon  shall  be  ascertained,  the  facts  of  the  manufacture 
or  production  of  such  articles  in  the  United  States  and  their 
exportation  therefrom  shall  be  determined,  and  the  drawback 
due  thereon  shall  be  paid  to  the  manufacturer,  producer,  or 
exporter,  to  the  agent  of  either  or  to  the  person  to  whom  such 
manufacturer,  producer,  exporter,  or  agent  shall  in  writing 
order  such  drawback  paid,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe. 

Sec.  31.  That  all  goods,  wares,  articles,  and  merchandise 
manufactured  wholly  or  in  part  in  any  foreign  country  by 
convict  labor  shall  not  be  entitled  to  entry  at  any  of  the  ports 
of  the  United  States,  and  the  importation  thereof  is  hereby 
prohibited,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized 


84 


Appendix  B. 


and  directed  to  prescribe  such  regulations  as  may  be  necessary 
for  the  enforcement  of  this  provision. 

Sec.  32.  That  sections  seven  and  eleven  of  the  Act  entitled 
“An  Act  to  simplify  the  laws  in  relation  to  the  collection  of  the 
revenues,”  approved  June  tenth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety, 
be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows; 

Sec.  7.  That  the  owner,  consignee,  or  agent  of  any  imported 
merchandise  which  has  been  actually  purchased  may,  at  the 
time  when  he  shall  make  and  verify  his  written  entry  of  such 
merchandise,  but  not  afterwards,  make  such  addition  in  the 
entry  to  the  cost  or  value  given  in  the  invoice  or  pro  forma 
invoice  or  statement  in  form  of  an  invoice,  which  he  shall  pro- 
duce with  his  entry,  as  in  his  opinion  may  raise  the  same  to  the 
actual  market  value  or  wholesale  price  of  such  merchandise  at 
the  time  of  exportation  to  the  United  States,  in  t«he  principal 
markets  of  the  country  from  which  the  same  has  been  import- 
ed; but  no  such’ add  it  ion  shall  be  made  upon  entry  to  the  in- 
voice value  of  any  imported  merchandise  obtained  otherwise 
than  by  actual  purchase;  and  the  collector  within  whose  dis- 
trict any  merchandise  may  be  imported  or  entered,  whether 
the  same  has  been  actually  purchased  or  procured  otherwise 
than  by  purchase,  shall  cause  the  actual  market  value  or  whole- 
sale price  of  such  merchandise  to  be  appraised;  and  if  the  ap- 
praised value  of  any  article  of  imported  merchandise  subject 
to  an  ad  valorem  duty  or  to  a duty  based  upon  or  regulated  in 
any  manner  by  the  value  thereof  shall  exceed  the  value  de- 
clared in  the  entry,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid, 
in  addition  to  the  duties  imposed  by  law  on  such  merchandise, 
an  additional  duty  of  one  per  centum  of  the  total  appraised 
value  thereof  for  each  one  per  centum  that  such  appraised 
value  exceeds  the  value  declared  in  the  entry,  but  the  ad- 
ditional duties  shall  only  apply  to  the  particular  article  or 
articles  in  each  invoice  that  are  so  undervalued,  and  shall  be 
limited  to  fifty  per  centum  of  the  appraised  value  of  such  art- 
icle or  articles.  Such  additional  duties  shall  not  be  construed 
to  be  penal,  and  shall  not  be  remitted,  nor  payment  thereof  in 
any  way  avoided,  except  in  cases  arising  from  a manifest  cler- 
ical error,  nor  shall  they  be  refunded  in  case  of  exportation  of 
the  merchandise,  or  on  any  other  account,  nor  shall  they  be 
subject  to  the  benefit  of  drawback:  Provided^  That  if  the  ap- 
praised value  of  any  merchandise  shall  exceed  the  value  de- 
clared in  the  entry  by  more  than  fifty  per  centum,  except  when 
arising  from  a manifest  clerical  error,  such  entry  shall  be  held 
to  be  presumptively  fraudulent,  and  the  collector  of  customs 
shall  seize  such  merchandise  and  proceed  as  in  case  of  for- 
feiture for  violation  of  the  customs  laws,  and  in  any  legal  pro- 
ceedings that  may  result  from  such  seizure,  the  undervaluation 
as  shown  by  the  appraisal  shall  be  presumptive  evidence  of 
fraud,  and  the  burden  of  proof  shall  be  on  the  claimant  to  re- 
but the  same  and  forfeiture  shall  be  adjudged  unless  he  shall 
rebut  such  presumption  of  fraudulent  intent  by  sufficient  evi- 


Appendix  B. 


85 


dence.  The  forfeiture  provided  for  in  this  section  shall  apply 
to  the  whole  of  the  merchandise  or  the  value  thereof  in  the 
case  or  package  containing  the  particular  article  or  articles  in 
each  invoice  which  are  undervalued:  Provided,  further.  That 
all  additional  duties,  penalties  or  forfeitures  applicable  to 
merchandise  entered  by  a duly  certified  invoice,  shall  be  alike 
applicable  to  merchandise  entered  by  a pro  forma  invoice  or 
statement  in  the  form  of  an  invoice,  and  no  forfeiture  or  dis- 
ability of  any  kind,  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  be  remitted  or  mitigated  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  The  duty  shall  not,  however,  be  assessed  in  any 
case  upon  an  amount  less  than  the  invoice  or  entered  value: 

Sec.  II.  That,  when  the  actual  market  value  as  defined  by 
law,  of  any  article  of  imported  merchandise,  wholly  or  partly 
manufactured  and  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty,  or  to  a duty 
based  in  whole  or  in  part  on  value,  cannot  be  otherwise  ascer- 
tained to  the  satisfaction  of  the  appraising  officer,  such  officer 
shall  use  all  available  means  in  his  power  to  ascertain  the  cost 
of  production  of  such  merchandise  at  the  time  of  exportation 
to  the  United  States,  and  at  the  place  of  manufacture;  such 
Cost  of  production  to  include  the  cost  of  materials  and  of  fab- 
rication, all  general  expenses  covering  each  and  every  outlay 
of  whatsoever  nature  incident  to  such  production,  together 
with  the  expense  of  preparing  and  putting  up  such  merchan- 
dise ready  for  shipment,  and  an  addition  of  not  less  than  eight 
nor  more  than  fifty  per  centum  upon  the  total  cost  as  thus 
ascertained;  and  in  no  case  shall  such  merchandise  be  ap- 
praised upon  original  appraisal  or  reapprai^ement  at  less  than 
the  total  cost  of  production  as  thus  ascertained.  It  shall  be 
lawful  for  appraising  officers,  in  determining  the  dutiable  value 
of  such  merchandise,  to  take  into  consideration  the  wholesale 
price  at  which  such  or  similar  merchandise  is  sold  or  offered 
for  sale  in  the  United  States,  due  ailovvance  being  made  for 
estimated  duties  thereon,  the  cost  of  transportation,  insurance, 
and  other  necessary  expenses  from  the  place  of  shipment  to 
the  United  States,  and  a reasonable  commission,  if  any  has 
been  paid,  not  exceeding  six  per  centum. 

Sec.  33.  That  on  and  after  the  day  when  this  Act  shall  go 
into  effect  all  goods,  wares  and  merchandise  previously  im- 
ported, for  which  no  entry  has  been  made,  and  all  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandise  previously  entered  without*payment  of  duty 
and  under  bond  for  warehousing,  transportation,  or  any  other 
purpose,  for  which  no  permit  of  delivery  to  the  importer  or  his 
agent  has  been  issued,  shall  be  subjected  to  the  duties  imposed 
by  this  Act  and  to  no  other  duty,  upon  the  entry  of  the  with- 
drawal thereof:  Provided,  That  when  duties  are  based  upon 
the  weight  of  merchandise  deposited  in  any  pnblic  or  private 
bonded  warehouse,  said  duties  shall  be  levied  and  collected 
upon  the  weight  of  such  merchandise  at  the  time  of  its  entry. 

Sec.  34.  That  sections  one  to  twenty-four,  both  inclusive,  of 
an  Act  entitled  “An  Act  to  reduce  taxation,  to  provide  revenue 


86 


Appendix  B. 


for  the  Government,  and  for  other  purposes,”  which  became  a 
law  on  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  August,  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety-four,  and  all  Acts  and  parts  of  Acts  inconsistent  with 
the  provisions  of  this  Act  are  hereby  repealed,  said  repeal  to 
take  effect  on  and  after  the  passage  of  this  Act,  but  the  repeal 
of  existing  laws  or  modifications  thereof  embraced  in  this  Act 
shall  not  affect  any  act  done,  or  any  right  accruing  or  accrued, 
or  any  suit  or  proceedings  had  or  commenced  in  any  civil 
cause  before  the  said  repeal  or  modifications;  but  all  rights 
and  liabilities  under  said  laws  shall  continue  and  may  be  en- 
forced in  the  same  manner  as  if  said  repeal  or  modifications 
had  not  been  made.  Any  offences  commited  and  all  penalties 
or  forfeitures  or  liabilities  incurred  prior  to  the  passage  of  this 
Act  under  any  statute  embraced  in  or  changed,  modified,  or 
repealed  by  this  Act  may  be  prosecuted  or  punished  in  the 
same  manner  and  with  the  same  effect  as  if  this  Act  had  not 
been  passed.  All  Acts  of  limitation,  whether  applicable  to 
civil  causes  and  proceedings  or  to  the  prosecution  of  offences 
or  for  the  recovery  of  penalties  or  forfeitures  embraced  in  or 
modified,  changed,  or  repealed  by  this  Act  shall  not  be  affect- 
ed thereby;  and  all  suits,  proceedings,  or  prosecutions,  whether 
civil  or  criminal,  for  causes  arising  or  acts  done  or  committed 
prior  to  the  passage  of  this  Act,  may  be  commenced  and  pros- 
ecuted within  the  same  time  and  with  the  same  effect  as  if  this 
Act  had  not  been  passed:  And  provided  further  ^ That  nothing 
in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  to  repeal  the  provisions  of  sec- 
tion three  thousand  and  fifty-eight  of  the  Revised  Statutes  as 
amended  by  the  Act  approved  February  twenty-third,  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-seven,  in  respect  to  the  abandonment  of 
merchandise  to  underwriters  or  the  salvors  of  property,  and 
the  ascertainment  of  duties  thereon:  And  provided  further, 
That  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  to  repeal  or  in  any 
manner  affect  the  sections  numbered  seventy-three,  seventy- 
four,  seventy-five,  seventy-six,  and  seventy-seven  of  an  Act 
entitled  “An  Act  to  reduce  taxation,  to  provide  revenue  for 
the  Government,  and  for  other  purposes,”  which  became  a law 
on  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  August,  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninet^fe-four. 

Approved  July  24,  1897. 


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